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Splash Screen
Chapter Menu
Essential Question
Section 1: The Colonial Period
Section 2: Uniting for Independence
Section 3: The Articles of Confederation
Section 4: The Constitutional Convention
Chapter Summary
Essential Question
How did the critical period of the Revolution and the early years of the republic define our basic government institutions?
Section 1-Content Vocabulary
Content Vocabulary
• limited government
• representative government
• separation of powers
Section 1-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• establish
• contract
• revolutionary
Section 1-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
As you read, create a time line that reflects basic English and American documents on representative government.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 1-Polling Question
Which aspect of the colonial government was most important when developing new practices?
A. a written constitution
B. a legislature of elected representatives
C. the separation of powers between the executive and the legislature A B C
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Section 1
An English Political Heritage
• The English colonists advanced two basic political principles:
– limited government—the concept that a monarch’s power is limited, not absolute
– representative government—a government in which people elect delegates to make laws and conduct government
• The Magna Carta came to represent the idea of limited government to protect from:
Section 1
– unjust punishment and the loss of life, and
– levying of taxes without popular consent.
• The Petition of Right limited the power of Charles I by preventing him from collecting tax without Parliament’s consent.
An English Political Heritage (cont.)
• The English Bill of Rights advanced several principles including:
Section 1
– Monarchs do not have absolute authority.
An English Political Heritage (cont.)
– The monarch must have Parliament’s consent to suspend laws, levy taxes, and maintain an army.
– The monarch cannot interfere with parliamentary elections.
Section 1
• John Locke’s theory of a social contract was based on natural rights to:
– life,
An English Political Heritage (cont.)
– liberty, and
– property.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 1 – DQ1
The English Bill of Rights was established to
A. limit the power of the monarch.
B. strengthen the monarchy’s absolute power.
C. permanently dismantle the monarchy.
A B C
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Section 1
Colonial Governments
• Colonial governments established practices that became key to the nation’s system of government, including:
– a written constitution
– a legislature of elected representatives
• The English founded thirteen colonies along the eastern coast of North America between 1607 and 1733.
The Thirteen Colonies
Section 1
Colonial Governments (cont.)
– the separation of powers between the executive and the legislature
• The Mayflower Compact was the first colonial plan for self-government.
• The General Fundamentals was the first system of law in the English colonies.
• The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut was America’s first formal constitution.
• The Virginia House of Burgesses was the first colonial legislature in America.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 1 – DQ2
America’s first formal written constitution was
A. the Mayflower Compact.
B. the English Bill of Rights.
C. the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.
A B C
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Section 2-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• dramatically
• draft
• constitution
Section 2-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
Create a graphic organizer like the one below. Track the actions of the British government and American colonists to illustrate how their relations weakened.
A. A
B. B
Section 2-Polling Question
A. the Stamp Act of 1756
B. the Coercive Acts
Which of these contributed most to conflict between the British government and the colonies?
A B
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Section 2
The Colonies on Their Own
• Two events contributed to growing tension between the British government and the colonies:
– After success in the French and Indian War, the British government thought that the colonies had an obligation to help pay the war debt.
– The Stamp Act of 1756 increased Britain’s revenue but angered the colonists.
Section 2
• The Boston Tea Party was a protest by colonists that led to Parliament passing the Coercive Acts.
The Colonies on Their Own (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 2 – DQ1
What led to Parliament passing the Coercive Acts?
A. the Intolerable Acts
B. the Stamp Act of 1756
C. the Boston Tea Party
A B C
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Section 2
Colonial Unity
• By the 1760s colonial leaders began to take action against British oppression.
• The first meeting organized by colonies to protest the British government was called the Stamp Act Congress.
• Committees of correspondence were organized to urge resistance to the British.
• The Intolerable Acts prompted Massachusetts and Virginia to organize the First Continental Congress.
Section 2
– Delegates agreed on imposing an embargo, prohibiting trade with Britain.
– This led to the first battle of the Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts.
• Delegates from the thirteen colonies gathered for the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia and immediately assumed the powers of a central government.
Colonial Unity (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 2 – DQ2
What was the purpose of the committees of correspondence?
A. to urge colonial resistance to the British government
B. to encourage compliance with the British government
C. to present a viable alternative to the Coercive Acts
A B C
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Section 2
Independence
• Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution to the Continental Congress declaring the independence of the colonies.
• Thomas Jefferson wrote a draft of the Declaration of Independence that was prepared by a congressional committee.
• The final draft was approved on July 4 and signed by all 56 delegates.
Section 2
Independence (cont.)
• The Declaration of Independence has three parts:
– a statement of purpose and basic human rights,
– a list of specific complaints against George III, and
– a statement of the colonists’ determination to separate from Great Britain.
Section 2
Independence (cont.)
• The Declaration of Independence transformed the colonies into states.
• By 1776, 10 states adopted their own written constitutions.
Comparing Governments
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2 – DQ3
A B C D
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In June 1776, what Virginian declared independence by introducing a resolution in the Continental Congress?
A. Samuel Adams
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. Thomas Paine
D. Richard Henry Lee
Section 3-Content Vocabulary
Content Vocabulary
• ratify
• unicameral
• cede
• ordinance
Section 3-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• legislature
• levy
• precedent
Section 3-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
Use a graphic organizer similar to the one shown to help take notes on the Articles of Confederation.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3-Polling Question
A. no Congressional power to collect tax
B. no Congressional power to regulate trade
C. no Congressional power to enforce laws
Which is the greatest weakness of the Articles of Confederation?
A B C
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Section 3
Government Under the Articles of Confederation
• By March 1781, all 13 colonies had ratified or approved, the Articles of Confederation.
• The central government under the Articles was a unicameral, or single-chamber, legislature.
• When the legislature, or Congress, was not in session, the government was run by a Committee of the States.
Section 3
• Each state had one vote in Congress—no matter its size or population.
Government Under the Articles of Confederation (cont.)
• Congress had only those powers mentioned in the Articles, such as:
– make war and peace,
– raise and equip a navy,
– maintain an army by asking states for troops, and
– regulate Indian affairs.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3 – DQ1
Under the Articles of Confederation the government was to be run by a Committee of States when
A. state legislatures were not in session.
B. Congress was not in session.
C. a dispute between states could not be settled by Congress.
A B C
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Section 3
Weaknesses of the Articles
• Because the Articles of Confederation created an ineffective national government, it had several weaknesses:
– Congress did not have the power to levy or collect taxes.
– Congress did not have the power to regulate trade.
Government Under the Articles of Confederation
– Congress could only advise and request that states comply with its laws and the Articles.
– Amending the Articles required all states to agree.
Section 3
– Laws needed the approval of 9 of the 13 states.
Weaknesses of the Articles (cont.)
Government Under the Articles of Confederation
Section 3
Weaknesses of the Articles (cont.)
– The central government did not have an executive branch.
– The government had no national court system.
Government Under the Articles of Confederation
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3 – DQ2
To amend or change the Articles of Confederation required which of these?
A. approval of 9 states.
B. approval of three-fifths of the states.
C. approval of all states.
A B C
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Section 3
Achievements
• The Articles established a fair and consistent policy for settling and developing the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.
– Individual states ceded, or yielded, their land claims in the West to the central government.
– Congress then passed two land ordinances, or laws, that set out how the lands would be organized.
Section 3
Achievements (cont.)
– The Ordinance of 1785 provided for the surveying and division of the territory.
– The Ordinance of 1787 provided that once territories reached a certain population, they could achieve equal statehood.
• Congress set up the departments of Foreign Affairs, War, Marine, and the Treasury under a single permanent secretary.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3 – DQ3
The Ordinance of 1787 stated that
A. population size determined statehood.
B. statehood was determined by geographical size.
C. states must cede Western land claims to the government. A B C
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Section 3
The Need for Stronger National Government
• After the war, the states faced growing problems.
– States quarreled over borders, tariffs and taxes on goods from another state.
– The central government owed $40 million to foreign governments and unpaid American soldiers.
– The states’ debt led to an economic depression.
Section 3
The Need for Stronger National Government (cont.)
• Economic troubles led to Shays’s Rebellion–an uprising by armed groups of farmers that forced several courts to close to prevent farm foreclosures.
• In 1787 Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, who favored stronger national government, persuaded the delegates to hold a convention in Philadelphia to revise the Articles.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ4
A B C D
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Who led an uprising of farmers attempting to prevent farm foreclosures?
A. Alexander Hamilton
B. Daniel Shays
C. James Madison
D. George Washington
Section 4-Content Vocabulary
Content Vocabulary
• interstate commerce
• extralegal
• anarchy
Section 4-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• advocate
• modification
• publish
Section 4-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
Use a graphic organizer similar to one below to list the issues at the Constitutional Convention and how they were settled.
A. A
B. B
Section 4-Polling Question
A. the Electoral College
B. the four-year presidential term limit
In your opinion, which has had the greatest impact on the way our current government functions?
A B
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Section 4
The Convention Begins
• In 1787 the Constitutional Convention began work on revising the Articles.
• Leaders of the convention included:
– George Washington
– Benjamin Franklin
– James Wilson
– Gouveneur Morris
– James Madison
Section 4
• Each state would have one vote on all questions and a majority vote of the present states would make decisions.
• Convention delegates agreed to abandon the former government and begin again.
• The delegates reached a consensus on many basic issues:
The Convention Begins (cont.)
– All favored limited and representative government.
Section 4
– All agreed that the powers of the national government should be divided among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
– All believed in limiting state power to coin money or interfere with creditors’ rights.
– All agreed to strengthen the national government.
The Convention Begins (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4 – DQ1
A B C D
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Which of these issues did delegates agree on during the Constitutional Convention?
A. abandonment of the former government
B. increasing the power of states to assess creditors’ rights
C. granting states the power to coin money
D. strengthen the power of the states under the articles
Section 4
Decisions and Compromises
• The Virginia Plan introduced 15 resolutions that proposed a government based on three principles:
– a strong national legislature with two chambers,
– a strong national executive to be chosen by the national legislature, and
– a national judiciary to be appointed by the legislature.
Section 4
• The New Jersey Plan called for government based on keeping key features of the Articles including a unicameral legislature with one vote for each state.
– Congress would be given the power to impose tax and regulate trade.
– A weak executive, of more than one person, would be elected by Congress.
– A national judiciary with limited power would be appointed by the executive.
Decisions and Compromises (cont.)
Section 4
• The Connecticut Compromise, which was adopted, suggested a legislative branch with two parts
– a House of Representatives, with state representation based on population, and
– a Senate, with two members from each state.
Decisions and Compromises (cont.)
Section 4
• The Three-Fifths Compromise stated that instead of counting all slaves when determining representation, only three-fifths were to be counted for both tax purposes and representation.
• Another compromise established that Congress had the power to regulate interstate commerce and foreign commerce.
Decisions and Compromises (cont.)
Section 4
• Some Northern states wanted to abolish slavery but compromised knowing that the Southern states would not accept the Constitution if it interfered with slavery.
• The Electoral College, in which each state selects electors to choose the president, was established.
Decisions and Compromises (cont.)
Section 4
• A four-year presidential term provided a compromise between those who favored a longer term and those who feared a longer term created too much presidential power.
• The Constitution was completed on September 17, 1787 and signed by thirty-nine delegates.
Decisions and Compromises (cont.)
A. A
B. B
Section 4 – DQ2
Northern states knew the Southern states would not accept the new Constitution if
A. slaves were counted when determining representation.
B. it interfered with slavery.
A B
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Section 4
Ratifying the Constitution
• The debate over the ratification of the Constitution divided the people of the states into two groups.
– The Federalists favored the Constitution and argued that without a strong national government, anarchy, or political disorder, would triumph.
Ratifying the Constitution
– The Anti-Federalists opposed the new Constitution and complained that it was extralegal because Congress authorized the Convention only to revise the Articles.
Section 4
Ratifying the Constitution (cont.)
• Anti-Federalists argued that the Constitution lacked a Bill of Rights to protect the rights of the states.
Ratifying the Constitution
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 4 – DQ3
Federalists argued in favor of
A. a strong national government.
B. a weak national government.
C. abolishing slavery.
A B C
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Chapter Summary start
English Traditions
• The Magna Carta established the principle of limited government
• The English Bill of Rights limited the powers of the monarch
• House of Commons exemplified representative government
Chapter Summary
Colonial Independence
• Declaration of Independence formally separated colonies from England
• Articles of Confederation emphasized state governments over a strong federal government
Chapter Summary
New Constitutional Government
• New government balanced need for strong central government with continued state power
• Inclusion of Bill of Rights ensured ratification of new government
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