SPLAT!

Incidence

Mortality rate

Correlation

Communicable

Non-communicable

Epidemiology

Aetiology

Relative risk

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Biology(16 - 18)

Biology(16 - 18)

Disease & Lifestyle Cancer and Coronary

heart disease

Disease & Lifestyle Cancer and Coronary

heart disease

LO

• Analyse and interpret data to provide evidence, recognising correlations and causal relationships associated with cancer and coronary heart disease.

How are data on disease interpreted and analysed?

• Epidemiology- study of pattern and incidence of disease. Aim is to find means of control and prevention.

Conclusions:•Risk of lung cancer decreases the sooner you quit smoking•Risk of lung cancer increases with age•Difference in risk is less extreme between 45 and 55. After 55 larger difference between groups EXCEPT between those who still smoke and those who quit at 55.

Looking at data critically• Has the right factor been measured and have

the right questions been asked?• How was the data gathered, were teh

methods reliable and was the right apparatus used?

• Do those collecting the data have a vested interest in the outcome of the research?

• Has the study been repeated, with the same results and conclusions, by other people?

• Are there still unanswered questions?

1..10 11...20 21...30 31...40 40+0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1-4 years since quitting30+ years since quitting

1. State 2 correlations shown.

2. Explain why the informatio0n provided does not show a causal relationship between the correlations you have identified.

3. The y-axis of the bar chart is labelled ‘Relative risk of lung cancer’. Explain what this means.

Cigarettes smoked per day before giving up smoking.

Rela

tive

risk

of lu

ng c

ance

r

A tumour (neoplasm) is tissue composed of cells that have grown abnormally

In normal tissue, mitosis is a controlled process such that growth is regulated

When the regulatory processes that control cell division break down, cells divide uncontrollably and

form tumours (abnormal masses/neoplasms)

Tumours may be benign or malignant; it is the malignant tumours that are classified as cancers

Cancer and CHD

What are the factors that contribute to the incidence of cancer?

Individual susceptibility to cancer is the result of a combination of different factors

The risk of developing cancer depends on:

• Heredity (genetic makeup)• Environmental exposure to carcinogens• Personal lifestyleA carcinogen is an agent that increases the

likelihood of cancer developing and includes certain chemicals, radiation and some viruses

Environmentalchemicals and toxins

Tobacco and tobacco smoke carcinogens

Genetic factors

Viruses

Radiation e.g., UV radiation and X-rays

Diet and alcohol

Physical activity

Coronary heart disease

• CHD causes around 114,000 deaths a year in the UK and is the most common cause of premature death

• Although death rates from CHD in the UK have been falling, they have not decreased as fast as in some other countries

What is CHD

• Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a narrowing of the coronary arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart

• Coronary heart disease usually results from the build up of fatty material in the walls of the arteries; this is known as atherosclerosis and is usually accompanied by a loss of elasticity of the arteries involved

Risk factorsThere are many factors which increase the risk of coronary

heart disease; some of these risks are controllable, e.g. diet, whereas others are unavoidable and are based on genetics and advancing age.

• Family history• Age (65 and over)• Male gender• Tobacco smoking and Passive smoking• High blood pressure• High cholesterol levels in the blood• Poor diet that is high in saturated fats• Diabetes mellitus• Overweight and Obesity• Lack of physical activity and exercise

TASK

Complete sheet 1.9 and the PPQ.