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Echinoderms

Sponges

Cnidarians

Chordates

Brachiopods

Annelids

Molluscs

Ediacaran

Arthropods

635 Cambrian PALEOZOIC PROTEROZOIC

605 Time (millions of years age)

575 545 515 485 0

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Water flow

Pores

Choanocyte

Flagellum

Food particles in mucus

Collar Choanocyte

Phagocytosis of food particles

Amoebocyte

Amoebocytes

Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia plicifera)

Spicules

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(c) Anthozoa (a) Hydrozoa (b) Scyphozoa

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15 µm

(a) Valeria (800 mya): roughly spherical, no structural defenses, soft-bodied

(b) Spiny acritarch (575 mya): about five times larger than Valeria and covered in hard spines

75 µm

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(b) Bilateral symmetry

(a) Radial symmetry

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Digestive tract (from endoderm)

Body covering (from ectoderm)

Tissue layer lining body cavity and suspending internal organs (from mesoderm)

Body cavity

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ANCESTRAL PROTIST

770 million years ago

680 million years ago

670 million years ago

Arthropoda

Nematoda

Annelida

Mollusca

Brachiopoda

Ectoprocta

Rotifera

Platyhelminthes

Chordata

Echinodermata

Metazoa

Hemichordata

Cnidaria

Ctenophora

Porifera

Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa

Bilateria

Deuterostom

ia

Eumetazoa

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Muscle segments

Notochord

Post-anal tail

Anus

Mouth

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Pharyngeal slits or clefts

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(a) Lancelet (b) Tunicate

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Chondrichthyes Actinistia Actinopterygii

Myxini

Tetrapoda

Petromyzontida

Dipnoi

Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras)

Actinistia (coelacanths)

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

Myxini (hagfishes)

Tetrapoda (amphibians, reptiles, mammals)

Petromyzontida (lampreys)

Dipnoi (lungfishes)

Limbs with digits

Lobed fins

Lungs or lung derivatives

Jaws, mineralized

skeleton

Vertebral column

Common ancestor of vertebrates

Tetrapods

Lobe-fins O

steichthyans G

nathostomes

Vertebrates

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0.5 m

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GREEN ALGA MARINE CRUSTACEAN AQUATIC LOBE-FIN

Derived (roots) N/A N/A

LAND PLANTS INSECTS TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES

N/A

Derived (lignin/stems)

Derived (vascular system)

Derived (cuticle)

Derived (stomata) Derived (tracheal system)

Ancestral

Ancestral

Ancestral

Ancestral

Derived (amniotic egg/scales)

Ancestral

Ancestral

Ancestral (skeletal system) Derived (limbs)

Ancestral

Anchoring structure

Support structure

Internal transport

Muscle/ nerve cells

Protection against

desiccation

Gas exchange

TER

RES

TRIA

L O

RG

AN

ISM

C

HA

RA

CTE

R

AQ

UAT

IC

AN

CES

TOR

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Cephalothorax

Swimming appen- dages (one pair per abdominal segment)

Abdomen

Antennae (sensory reception)

Thorax Head

Pincer (defense)

Mouthparts (feeding)

Walking legs

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Lepidopterans

Hymenopterans Hemipterans 16

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Fish Characters

Neck Shoulder bones

Head

Fin

Ulna Flat skull

Eyes on top of skull

Humerus

Ribs Scales

Fin skeleton

Elbow Radius

“Wrist”

Tetrapod Characters

Scales Fins Gills and lungs

Neck Ribs Fin skeleton Flat skull Eyes on top of skull

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Lungfishes

Eusthenopteron

Panderichthys

Tiktaalik

Acanthostega

Tulerpeton

Amphibians

Amniotes

Limbs with digits

Silurian Permian Carboniferous Devonian

PALEOZOIC

Key to limb bones

Time (millions of years ago) 415 340 355 370 385 400 325 280 295 310 265 0

Ulna Radius Humerus

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Salamanders retain their tails as adults.

Caecilians have no legs and are mainly burrowing animals.

Frogs and toads lack tails as adults.

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Amniotic cavity with amniotic fluid Yolk

(nutrients)

Albumen

Yolk sac

Shell

Chorion Allantois Amnion

Embryo

Extraembryonic membranes

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Tuataras

Squamates

Birds

Crocodilians

Turtles

†Plesiosaurs

†Pterosaurs

†Ornithischian dinosaurs †Saurischian dinosaurs other than birds

Crocodilians

Birds

Turtles

Tuataras

Squamates

Common ancestor of dinosaurs

Common ancestor of reptiles

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Monotremes Marsupials

Eutherians

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New World monkeys

Old World monkeys

Humans

Chimpanzees and bonobos

Gorillas

Orangutans

Gibbons

“Apes”

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(b) Changes to ocean conditions by 530 mya

(a) Ocean conditions before 600 mya

Murky, poorly-mixed Low oxygen Cyanobacteria

Clear, well-mixed High oxygen Eukaryotic algae

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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year

7.0

6.5

6.0

5.5

5.0

Age

at m

atur

ity (y

ears

)

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Workers on a mound of pearl mussels killed to make buttons (ca. 1919)

An endangered Pacific island land snail, Partula suturalis

Recorded extinctions of animal species

Other invertebrates

Reptiles (excluding birds)

Molluscs

Insects

Fishes Birds

Mammals

Amphibians

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