spontaneous speech, interaction & large databases for prosodic research roxane bertrand &...
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Spontaneous speech,interaction& large databasesfor prosodic research
Roxane Bertrand & Cristel PortesUniversité de ProvenceLaboratoire Parole et Langage,UMR 6057 CNRSFrance
S2S04/20/2009
Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Prosody & pragmatics/discourse analysis
Grammar approachGrammar approach
Constructed dataConstructed data
Information flow traditionInformation flow traditionMonologueMonologue
Naturally occuring dataNaturally occuring data
Contextualization traditionContextualization traditionDialogueDialogue
Spontaneous speech in large databasesSpontaneous speech in large databases
S2S04/20/2009
Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Prosody & pragmatics/discourse analysis
Beyond the sentence, 4 dimensions 1. Using sentences:
speech acts, pragmatics
2. Combining sentences: coherence/cohesion, discourse analysis
3. Adapting to context (situation): discourse typology
4. Coordinating with the interlocutor(s): interaction, conversation analysis
S2S04/20/2009
Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Contours
Non Final (without discourse value) Final L- H* / L- HL* (with discourse value)
Falling Non-falling ‘No revision anticipated’ ‘Revision anticipated’ H- L* (T%)
Rising Falling from penultimate peak
‘Speaker not ready ‘Speaker ready to revise’ to revise’ L- H+L* (T%)
Simple Rise Rising-falling
L- H* (T%) L- HL* (T%)
Marandin (2004, 2006) Contours as constructions
Prosody and illocution
S2S04/20/2009
Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Prosody and illocution
Contour
Non stylized
Non-falling Stylized
Rising Fall from peak
Falling Simple rise Rising-Falling
A B D C
Marandin (2004, 2006) Contours as constructions
S2S04/20/2009
Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Prosody & Illocution
Portes, Bertrand & Espesser 2007
S2S04/20/2009
Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
A discourse prosodic unit:the paratone
Discourse topic = what a piece of discourse is ‘about’ Paratone = a group of utterances corresponding to a
discourse topic and prosodically marked: Beginning phrases (vs intermediate vs final phrases)
higher and wider (resetting) Delayed first pitch peak downtrend Louder = between Slower intonational
phrases (IP) Final lowering Very long pause
Brown & Yule (1983), Grosz & Hirschberg (1992), Swerts (1994), Wichmann (2000)
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Phonological units are preserved in spontaneous data despite…
Disfluencies Orthogonal prosodic variation
Tempo Faster slower
Pitch range Register level Register span
Both have discursive and interactional specific functions …
S2S04/20/2009
Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Disfluency insidethe Accentual phrase
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Tempo & register variation
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Slower tempo
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Register
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Interactional Linguistics Perspective (1)(Couper-Kuhlen 2001; Couper-Kuhlen & Selting, 1996)
Background
How linguistic structures are shaped by interaction? How, simultaneously, linguistic structures influence
interaction?
Attempt of elaboration of an Interaction Grammar
Interaction in langage? Linguistics in Interaction?
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Take into account verbal activities in which speakers are involved to reach some objectives or specific tasks in talk-in-interaction Locate interactional activities (such as narratives, requests, reported
speech, humor, etc.) Characterize these activities at various linguistic levels
What type of resources available? Role of prosodic cues?
Observables, tools and methods from the Conversation Analysis (Sacks et al. 1974)
The Interactional Phonetics (Local, Ogden, etc.)
Interactional Linguistics Perspective (2)
S2S04/20/2009
Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Basic notions of an approach of talk-in-interaction (1)
Naturally-occurring data More often BUT : elicited conversations, task-oriented corpus, etc.
enable to analyze in a systematic way the whole resources availabe avoid to reject some phenomena (overlaps among others)(see Bertrand et al. 2008, The CID: Corpus of Interaction Data)
Activity collectively fulfilled Take into account all the partners Analysis unit based on their relevance in the interaction for the
participants
S2S04/20/2009
Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Basic notions of an approach of talk-in-interaction (2)
Co-ordination, alignment and negociation according to the shared knowledge Specific units or phenomena to make this understandable:
adjacency pair (request~answer for example, extract from the CID)
Sp1 mais les euh les nanas du foyer elles étaient pas au courant
but girls of residence they did not knowSp2 non non
no noSp1 ah…
Localisation in specific points (TCU & TRP)
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Overview of the turn-taking system
Mechanism for the organization of turn-taking:
relies on 2 components related to the construction and the allocation of the turn
A turn constructional component = turn-constructional unit (TCU)
A turn-allocation component = transition relevance place (TRP)
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
TCU and TRP
How do speakers build and recognize TCU and TRP?
What type of resources or cues are used?
Turn-Constructional Unit (TCU): the smallest interactionnally relevant complete linguistic unit (Selting 1998: 40) A TCU is a point of completeness (Ford &
Thompson, 1996)
Syntactic (clause) Prosodic (intonative unit achieved in
a terminal rising) Pragmatic (complete action of
request and answer)
Transition-Relevance Place (TRP) Completion points which make a transition
relevant but not necessarily accomplished (Schegloff 1996: 55)
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Crucial notion of Projection (1)
Large projects (Selting 2000) Consists of more than 1 TCU = multi-unit turns (explanation,
narratives, description, etc.)
Need to be projected by the SPEAKER
Typical prosodic features of turn-design are used locally to project more-to-come (Ogden 2005, Bertrand et al. 2007, Kern 2007) pitch contours (extracted from the CID): the rising contour (H*H%)
Turn-holding device
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Crucial Notion of Projection (2)
What about the RECIPIENT? Each TRP occurs in a point of potential
achievement built from the different linguistic criteria which are used by recipients as predictable cues.
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Backchannel signals (1)
BCs are short utterances produced by the recipient to co-construct discourse by orienting it in one or another way different functions
Continuer Acknowledgement Assesment Attitude statement, etc.
They provide information on interlocutor’s listening but also comprehension processes of discourse (Fox Tree 1999)
Prosodic role in the projection of this kind of response?
S2S04/20/2009
Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Backchannel signals (2)
Context of production of BCs Higher occurrences of BC after terminal rising contours (continuation rise)
Different BC’s function according to a terminal rising vs a continuation rising (Bertrand et al. 2007) function as continuer for continuative rising function as assesment for terminal rising
Confirmation of the « more-to-come » intonation function Prosodic cues organize the floor by making specific recipient response
relevant.
Multimodal analysis (Bertrand et al. 2007): gestural resources also play a role in the context of production of BC More gestural BC after continuative rising than vocal BC less intrusive
Confirm that BC highlight some steps in the elaboration of discourse, and more precisely in the construction of different steps of the larger projects
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Direct Reported Speech in conversation
Who is speaking and for what? Reported speech is not only used to report words but also
to convey their assessment of the utterance while reproducing it (Holt 2000)
to increase one’s standing or saying something without really assuming it (Bertrand 2003)
to typify a character on which members of the same community shared knowledge and typical representations (Klewitz & Couper-Kuhlen 1999; Bertrand & Priego-Valverde, 2009)
Using of a specific prosodic delivery to make the another voice hearable and understable (Couper-Kuhlen 1996, Klewitz & Couper-Kuhlen 1999 Bertrand & Espesser 2002) Melodic Shift in the beginning of DRS But an absence of such a shift is yet a relevant cue Specific prosodic design of each voice in a reported dialog
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Reported dialog in conversation
ReLe ( N ) ( Rai ) ( N ) ReSp ( N ) ( Exp ) ( Com ) Pauses [722ms] [331ms]
oh puis tu sais le fait de suite de dire non mais je vais aller le voir moi le prof et tout je vais aller lui dire que c’est oh eh j’ai dit béa attend quand même eh
Re(gister)Span/Re(gister)Le(vel) N(ormal) = direct speech Rai(sed) and Exp(ansion) of span = reported speech (other figure) N(ormal)/Com(pressed) = reported speech (self-quotation)
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Prosodic orientation (Szczepek-Reed 2006)
Belongs to the general frame of the interactional orientation throughout the course of a conversation (…)
speakers display in their sequentially “next” turns an understanding of what the “prior” turn was about’ (Hutchby & Wooffitt 1998: 15).
Several cases of prosodic orientation complementation of a prior turn continuation of a previous unfinished prosodic pattern copy of a previous prosodic pattern
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Prosodic mapping in humor(Bertrand & Priego-Valverde 2009)
4 TCUs with the same syntactic and prosodic form:
little variation in f0 curve, slightly falling, final lengthening + filler (euh)
he works at I.R.A.
and he blows up uh
and he put the detonators uh
yeah he is watchmaker at I.R.A
S2S04/20/2009
Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
In Sum
Prosody is a crucial resource in the management of turn-taking system and in the structuring of various activities displayed in everyday conversations Construction of turn Projection of points of completion Projection of more-to-come Step by step constitution of the shared
knowledge
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
Conclusion Of course, naturally occurring data present to the observation multiple
sources of information mixed together so that they may be hidden at first sight.
However, phonological (grammatical) units are recoverable in spontaneous speech. The confrontation of grammatical formalization with attested data and the reverse appear to be very fruitful.
In order to do so, we need a separate model of disfluencies (which are not grammatical but play important interactional roles).
We also need to treat orthogonal dimensions of prosody (tempo, pitch range, intensity) separately because of their specificity (gradience).
Finally, we need to dissociate the speaker from the addressee, and to study the way each of them takes its specific part in the co-construction of discourse.
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Spontaneous speech, interaction& large databases for prosodic research
References
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Bertrand R., Portes C., Sabio F. (2007) Distribution syntaxique, discursive et interactionnelle des contours intonatifs dufrançais dans un corpus de conversation Travaux neuchâtelois de linguistique, 47, 59-77
Bertrand R., Ferré G., Blache P., Espesser R. & Rauzy S. (2007) Backchannels revisited from a multimodal perspective' Proceedings of Auditory-visual Speech Processing. Hilvarenbeek, Cederom.
Bertrand, R., Blache, P., Espesser, R., & al., (2008) « Le CID - Corpus of Interactional Data -Annotation et Exploitation Multimodale de Parole Conversationnelle », in Traitement Automatique des Langues, 49 : 3 (in press)
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Prosodic cues in turn-taking