sports and game

1

CHAPTER - I

INTRODUCTION

Sports are the integration of both body and mind. Games and sports have become very important

along with studies to bring about ‘All round Development of personalities of an individual’ —

physically fit, mentally sound, emotionally balanced and socially well adjusted.

Despite the stress and strain of competitive sports, a good sportsman shows a balance of

mind, coolness of temper and sincerity of behavior. He controls at least, his extemalised outlet of

emotions.

Bruce, C Ozjlvie, (1984) said, “The sports persons can be described as special breed of

persons who are emotionally stable, self assertive, self assumed, self disciplined, self relent and

able to handle emotional stress”.

Russian poet and sportsmen.Yevtushenko (1972) Described sports persons as “True

sports are always a duel, a duel with nature, with one’s own fear, with one’s own fatigue; a duel

in which body and mind are strengthened to develop one’s own personality and social

adjustment”. The sports, helps to discover and presume one’s self best, may means to overcome

the laws of nature and to do justice to her worthy opponents.

Another important role of sports competition may be sublimation of aggressive drive,

unhealthy instinct or the product of earlier commutative instinct which are byproduct of earlier

commutative frustration.

2

1.1 ATTITUDE

‘Attitude’ has a very broad meaning besides physical; it also includes psychological and social

characteristics of the individual generally involve an emotional or affective component for liking

or disliking a cognitive component (beliefs) and behavioral component (tendencies to act toward

these items in various ways}

According to Fazio and Rospos Ewolden, 1994 and Tesser and Martin, 1996-“ Attitude

can be defined as lasting evaluations of virtually any and every aspect of the social world- issues,

ideas, persons, social groups and objects”)

Similarly, according to Oxford dictionary, “Attitude is the way of thinking or behaving’;

‘Attitude is the position of the body”.

It was found in an investigation that even though different individuals had preference for

different physical activities, yet a highly favorable attitude towards a physical education

programme was reported amongst freshman and juniors (Moyer, 1968}

Many studies had been conducted on the psychological characteristics 1 no study had

been made on attitude towards Life, Academic, Diet and Rest, as conducted by the researcher to

fill the gap in existing literature.

1.2 THE PROBLEM

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ATTITUDE OF SPORTS PERSONS (HANDBALL} AND

NON-SPORTS PERSONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF COMPETITION.

3

1.3 DEFINITIONS OF IMPORTANT TERMS

(a) Comparative Study:-It is for comparing the groups of sportspersons (Basket Ball players) at

different levels of competitions and Non- Sports persons on their attitudes towards life,

academic, diet and rest.

(b) Non-Sports persons: - By non- sports persons, the research worker meant those students

who did not take part in any game or sport or took part in them casually and have never

participated even at district level competition.

(c) Sports persons: - By sports persons, the research worker meant those persons- Men or

Women, Boys or Girls who have participated at different levels of competition (district, state,

national). Researcher has taken Hand ball players for his research project.

(d) Attitude:- For the purpose of this investigation attitudes were considered to be positive or

negative feelings towards a psychological object or phenomenon.

(e) Various levels of participation in Handball:

In this study three levels of participation are taken into consideration.

(i) National level: - Those who have represented state in National Handball

championship.

(ii) State levels: - Those who have represented their districts in the State Handball

championship.

(iii) District levels: - Those who have represented their Schools or Colleges etc at

district Handball championship.

4

1.4 OBJECTIVIES OF THE STUDY

1. To compare the Attitude of district and state level handball players

2. To examine the differences in attitude of district level and national level of handball

players.

3. To observe differences in attitude of state levels and national level of handball players.

4. To examine differences in attitude of sportspersons (handball players) and non-sports

persons.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE

The study has its importance and values due to the following reasons: -

The investigator seeks to find out differences in attitudes amongst handball players at

three levels of performance (district, state and national level). This will give an experimental

evidence of change in attitude among the handball players with the development and

improvement in game and increase in their level of participation (i.e. district, state and national).

It also provides knowledge about the attitude of sportspersons and non-sports persons. This

knowledge will be useful and highly helpful for the coaches and physical education teachers to

know the role of attitude in bringing about the perfection in game.

1.6 DELIMITATIONS OF THE PROBLEM

The study is delimited in the following respects.

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1. The study will be conducted in the aFea of Punjab and confined to the sample drawn

from the population of the students of adolescent and adult age belonging to academic

session 2004-2005.

2. It will be confined to those sportspersons who have excelled in handball at least at district

levels.

3. It will be confined to psychological area of attitude towards life, academic, diet and rest.

4. It will be confined to different levels of handball players (district, state and national) of

both sexes (thirty male and thirty female).

5. The studies will be conducted at Punjabi University, Patiala (from January to May 2005).

1.7 HYPOTHESIS:

On the basis of review of related literature and discussions with experts in the field, the

investigator has formulated the following hypothesis.

a) The male handball players at different levels of participation will have different attitude

towards life, academic, diet and rest.

b) The female handball players at different levels of participation will have different

attitudes towards — life, academic, diet and rest.

c) There will be significant differences in attitude towards life, academic, diet and rest

between sportspersons and non -sportspersons.

d) There will be significant differences among male and female handball players at their

different level of participations (district, state and national).

6

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The main purpose of this project is to find out the attitude of Hand Ball players at different levels

of competition (district, state and national) and to find out d differences between non-sports

persons and sports persons (Hand ball players). A close review of the literature showed that

several studies have been made on attitude f athletes or players participating in different physical

activities and games and differences between athletes and non- athletes were assessed by using

different techniques and methods. But no study is available in which the attitude of hand ball

players at three level of participation and performance was differentiated for the attitude towards

Life, Academic, Diet and Rest.

2. 1 STUDIES OF ATTITUDES:

Thune (1949) conducted the study on 100 YMCA male weight lifter and 100 other YMCA male

athletes (non-weight lifter) in an effort to determine group difference in attitude and disposition

of personality. He administered a personality inventory to both groups. The analysis of the data

indicated that the group having refining with weight lifting differentiated with respect to interest,

attitude and come personality characteristics from the rest of the members. The differentiating:

indicated that weight lifters were stronger then the other non-weight lifter in the attitudes. The

non-weightlifter were shying in nature and having lack of confidence.

7

Moyer (1968) found in an investigation that even though different individuals had

different preferences for physical activities, yet a highly favorable attitude towards a physical

education programme was reported amongst freshmen and juniors as compare to senior student

Hinder and Floyd, (1971) concluded in their study that attitude towards physical

education of composite group of all athletes and found their attitudes were highly significant than

non-athletes.

Iv George, (2004) Investigated five sources that shape health in the British Virgin

Islands. They found that positive attitude towards health; diet, rest and life are the most

important health promoter sources in British.

Robert Bastien, (2004) They conducted study on five epistemological and

methodological paradigms, which effect health promotion. They concluded the attitude of

parents; friends and teachers largely affect students attitudes towards health, fitness, diet and rest.

8

CHAPTER - II

DESIGN OF THE STUDY MATERIAL METHODS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The study was conducted at two phases i.e. groups formulation and testing. In the first phase the

sportspersons who had represented at different levels of participation were taken out i.e. at

district, state and national levels and then attitudes towards life, academic, rest and diet were

administered

3.2 SAMPLE:

The sampling was done in such a way that the sports persons, Handball player) and non-

sportspersons were included from the government and private institutions.

Different level of handball players were selected (i.e. district, state and national level) and each

level have ten- ten layers (male3O and female=30). In non-sportspersons twenty students were

taken (male= 10 and female

3.3 TOOLS: -

The following tool was used for the purpose of conducting this study:- ATTITUDE SCALE: To

assess the attitude of sportspersons and non sportspersons four attitudes scales were used to asses

their attitudes towards Life, Academic Diet and Rest.’

9

The scales of life and academic were constructed by Dr.T.S.Sodhi and the scales of diet

and rest were constructed Dr.G.S.Kang.)

3.4 COLLECTION OF DATA:

The questionnaires were distributed among the players and were filled in the presence of the

investigator and arrangement was made that no one could cheat.

3.5 SCORING AND TABULATION:

The scoring of attitude scale was done with the help of the scoring key, bs allotting three marks

for the positive score on the item, one mark for the : score on the item and two marks for the

score on”?”. The total score of each student on each attitude scale was calculated on the last page

of the attitude scales.

TABULATION:

For the purpose of drawing scientific conclusions the data was tabulated in different tables. In

order to compare the groups of sportspersons — Handball players) of different levels and the

non-sportspersons, the groups with regard to every variable were compared i.e.

a) Between males

b) Between females

c) Between sportsmen with sportswomen

d) Between male sportsmen with non-sportsmen

e) Between sportswomen with non-sportswomen

10

In case of each set of variables i.e. attitude towards life, academic, Diet and Rest, tables were

prepared to comparing sportspersons and non sportspersons according to there levels of

participation and sex. The tables showing the significance difference was prepared and used for

discussion.

3.6 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA:

After the collection of data different groups of sportspersoiis and non sportspersons were

compared statistically, t- value, mean and standard deviation of all the variables of both

sportspersons (handball players) and non-sportspersons groups were calculated separately.

All the groups of different levels of handball players and non sportspersons of both the sexes

were compared with each other. The male sportspersons of district, state and national levels were

compared with each other and in the same way women player were compared with non

sportspersons and also compared with each other and with sportspersons of different levels.

Standard deviation

11

STANDARD ERROR between mean was calculated on the basis of the formula. For comparison

Garrett (1958) formula was used

S.F =ofJ1A

The significance of differences between the means “t” was also found

‘t’ test = —

The level of significance of ‘t’ was determined from the ‘t’ table given by Garrett (1958). The

Significance at .01 to .05 level of confidence was looked into for the purpose of the statistically

significance of differences.

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE — (ANOVA) (One way classification) was used for finding the

analysis and significant difference% between the attitude towards — life, academic, diet and rest

for all the level of sportspersons and non-sportsperson.

Source of

variation

Sum of

Sources

Degree of

Freedom

Mean Squares Tests

Between

Column

SSC V1=c-1 MSC=SSC/ c-1 F=MSC / MSE

With in column SSE V2-n-c MSE =SSE / n-

c

Total SST=SSC+SSE V= n-1

12

CHAPTER IV -

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 ANALYSIS OF ATTITUDES:

The data pertaining to the comparison of attitudes of sports persons S (handball players) and

non-sportspersons, in different groups i.e. district, state and tiona1 level male players with each

other and same of female — national, state and district level players with each other. Male

players of different levels with female players of different levels, sports persons with non —

sportspersons were arranged on variables of attitude i.e. attitude towards life, academics, diet and

rest. In each sc S comparison of mean, standard deviation and significance of differences

between the means was worked out and the data was then tabulated in different tables.

ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

1. ATTITUDE TOWARDS LIFE:

The data tabulated in table 4.1 regarding the comparison of National men and non-sportsmen

depict significant differences. (t6.70>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared

National men were found having more developed attitude towards life ( = 39.20, 35.00)

respectively.

When the National women and non-sportswomen were compared a significant

differences was noticed (t =6.07>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared National

women were found having more developed attitude towards life ( = 38.00, 33.00) respectively.

13

When the National men and National women were compared a significant differences

was noticed (t = 1.9 1>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared National men were

found having more positive attitude towards life ( = 39.20, 38.00) respectively.

The tables no. 4.1 depict significant differences between National men and state men (t

=3.19>0.05%). When the means of the groups were compared, national men were found having

more positive attitude towards life ( = 39.20, 37.20) respectively.

When the national women and state women players were compared significant

preferences was noticed (t = 3 64> 0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared

national women were found having more developed attitude towards lie. ( =38.00, 35.00)

respectively.

When national men were compared with district men a significant differences was

noticed (t = 40.79>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared:. Men were found

having more developed attitude towards life ( = 39.20. 36.20) respectively.

When national women were compared with district women a significant differences was

noticed (t = 6.076>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared national women

having’ developed attitude towards life N = 38.00, 33.00) respectively.

The data tabulated in table 4.11 depict significant differences between male district level

and male state level players (t = 0.716>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared the

male state level w found having more positive attitude towards life ( =36.20, 37.20)

respectively.

When the female district level were compared with female state level 4 significant

differences was noticed (t = 2.90>005%). When the mean of the groups were compared the

14

female state level were found having more developed attitude towards life ( = 33.00, 35.00)

respectively.

The data tabulated in table 4.11 depict significant differences between male district level

and female district level was noticed (t = 2.29>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were

compared the male district level wee developed attitude towards life ( = 36.20, 33.00)

respectively.

When the male state level were compared with female state level a significant differences

was noticed (t =2.167>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared the male state level

were found having move developed attitude towards life ( = 37.20, 35.00) respectively.

When the male district levels were compared with female state level a significant

differences was noticed (t = 0.86>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared the male

district level were found having more developed attitude towards life ( = 36.20, 35.00)

respectively.

When male state level were compared with female I district level a significant compared

the male state leve4we found having more developed attitude towards female ( = 37.20, 33.00)

respectively.

When non-sports men were compared with non-sports women a significant difference,

was noticed (t = 2.51>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared non-sports persons

were found having more positive attitude towards life ( = 35.00, 33.00) respectively.

When the non-sports women were compared with female district level a no significant

differences was noticed.

15

When non-sports men were compared with male district level players significant

differences was noticed (t = 1 When the mean of the groups wee compared then it was found that

male district level have more developed attitude towards life ( = 35.00, 36.20) respectively.

2. ATTITUDE TOWARDS ACADEMIC:

The data tabulated in table 4.111 regarding the comparison of male district level and male state

level depict significant differences (t = 2.58>0.05%). When the mean of due groups were

compared male state level were found having more developed ( = 37.20, 38.40) respectively.

When female district level and female — state level were compared a significant

differences was noticed (t = 80.13>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared female

state level wee found having more developed attitudes towards academic ( = 33.80, 36.60)

respectively.

The data tabulated in table 4. Regarding the comparison of male district level and female

district level a significant differences was noticed (t = 7.31>0.05%). When the mean of the

groups were compared male district level were found having more developed attitude towards

academic ( = 37.20, 33.80) respectively.

When the male state level and female state level were compared a significant differences

was noticed (t = 5.83>0.05%). When the mean were compared then it was found that male state

level were more positive towards attitude of academic ( = 3 8.40, 36.60) respectively.

When male district level and female state level were compared a groups were compared,

male district level were found having more developed attitude towards academic. ( = 37.20,

36.60) respectively.

16

When male state level and female district level were compared a significant differences

was noticed (t = 14.90>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared male state level

were found having more positive attitude towards academic ( = 38.40, 33.80) respectively.

When the non-sportsmen and non-sportswomen were compared a significant differences

was noticed (t = 7.25>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared non-sportsmen (

= 39.00, 36.60) respectively When the non-sports women and female — district level were

compared a significant differences was noticed (t= 7.72>0.05%).When the mean of the groups

were compared non sports were found having more developed attitude towards academic (

=36.60, 37.20) respectively.

The data tabulated in table (4.IV) regarding the comparison of national men and national

women depict a significant difference (t0.781>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were

compared national men were found having more positive attitude towards academic ( =40.00,

39.00) respectively.

When the national men and me state level were compared a significant differences was

noticed (t= 1.25>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared national men were found

having more developed attitude towards academic ( = 40.00, 38.40) respectively.

When national women and female state level were compared a significant differences

was noticed (t=4.61>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared national women were

found more positive attitude towards academic ( =39.00, 33.80) respectively.

When national men and non-sportsmen were compared a significant differences was

noticed (t=0.71 8>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared national men were

found having more developed attitude towards academic. ( =39.00, 36.60) respectively.

17

When national women and non-sportswomen were compared a significant differences

was noticed (t=2. 12>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared national women

were found more developed attitude towards academic. 39 o.oo) respectively.

When national men and male district level were compared a significant differences was

noticed (t=1 .25>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared, national men were

found having more positive attitude towards academic ( =40.00, 38.40) respectively.

When national women and female district level were compared a significant differences

was noticed (t=r4.61>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared national women

were found having more positive attitude towards academic ( =39.00,33.80) respectively.

3. ATTITUDES TOWARDS DIET:

The data tabulated in table 4 .V regarding the comparison of male district and male state level

depict significant differences among (t=0.372>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were

compared male level were found having more developed attitude towards

( =38.20, 38.80) respectively.

When female district level and female state significant differences were noticed

(t4.47>0.05%). groups were compared female state level were found attitude towards Diet (

=32.00, 34.00) respectively.

When male district level and female district significant differences were noticed

(t=3.85>0.05%). groups were compared male district level were found attitude towards Diet (

=38.20,32.00) respectively.

18

The table No depict significant differences between male state level and female state

level (t = 2.59>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared the male state level were

found giving more positive attitude towards Diet ( = 38.80,34.00) respectively.

When the male district level and female state level were compared a significant

differences were noticed (t=2.60>0.05%). When the means of groups were compared male

district level were found having more developed attitude towards Diet ( =38.20,34.00)

respectively.

When the male state level and female district level were compared a level then state Diet

level were compared a When the mean of the having more developed level were compared a

When the mean of the having more developed compared of these groups male state level were

found having more positive attitude towards Diet ( =38.80,32.00) respectively.

When non-sports men and non-sportswomen were compared a significant differences

were noticed (t=0.725>0.05%). When the means were compared non-sportsmen were found

having more developed attitude towards Diet ( =33.80 respectively.

When non-sportswomen and female district level were compared a significant differences

were noticed (t=0.9>0.05%). When the mean of their groups were compared non-sportswomen

were found having more develop attitude towards Diet ( =32.60,32.00) respectively.

When non-sportsmen and male district level were compared a significant differences

were noticed (t=2.65>0.055). When the mean were compared groups of, district level were found

h developed attitude towards Diet ( =33.8O,38.20) respectively.

When national men and national women were compared a significant differences were

noticed (t=2.03>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared national men were found

having more positive attitude towards Diet ( =40.20,39.00) respectively.

19

When national men and male state level were compared a significant differences were

noticed (t=2.37). When the means were compared men were found 4wah attitude towards Diet (


When national women and female state-level were compared a significant differences

were noticed (tr=8.87<0.05%). When the means of these groups were compared national women

were found positive attitude towards Diet. ( =39.00,34.00) respectively.

When national men and non-sportsmen were compared a significant differences were

noticed (t=l0.54>0.05%). When the mean of their groups were compared national men were

found having more develop attitude towards diet ( =40.20,33.80) respectively.

When national women and female state-level were compared a significant differences

were noticed (t8.87>0.05%). When the mean of their groups were corn pared national women

were found more positive attitude towards Diet. ( =39.00,34.00) respectively.

When national men and non-sportsmen were compared significant differences were

noticed (t= 10.84>0.05%). When the mean of their groups were compared national men were

found having more develop attitude towards diet ( =40.20,33.80) respectively.

The tables No.4VI depict significant differences between national women and non-

sportswomen (t’O.l 1>0.05%). When mean of their groups were compared national women were

foundhas4rig develop attitude towards Diet ( = 39.00,32.60) respectively.

When national men and male district level were compared significant differences were

noticed (t=3.38>O.05%). When the mean of there groups were compared, national men wee

found having more positive attitude towards Diet ( =40.20,38.20) respectively.

20

When national women and female district level were compared significant differences

were noticed (v=12.42>0.05%). When the mean of there groups were compared national women

were found having more develop attitude towards Diet ( =39.00,32.00) respectively.

4. ATTITUDE TOWARDS REST:

The table No depict no significant differences between national men and national women when

compared between attitudes towards rest.

The table No.(4.VllJ) depict significant differences between national men and male state

level (t0.34>0.05%). When the mean of there groups were compared national men were found

having more develop attitude towards Rest ( =34.20,33.80) respectively.

When the national women and female state level were compared significant differences

were noticed (t=2.4 1>0.05%). When the mean of these groups were compared national women

were found having more develop attitude towards rest ( =34.20,31.80) respectively.

When the national men and non-sportsmen were compared significant differences were

noticed (t=3.49>0.05%). When the mean were compared of these groups, national men were

found having more develop attitude towards Rest ( =34.20,30.20) respectively.

When national women and non-sports women were compared significant differences

were noticed (t=4.02>0.05%). When the means of there groups were compared, national women

were found having more develop attitude towards Rest ( =34.20,30.20) respectively.

When national men and male district level were compared a significant differences were

noticed (t=2.09>0.05%). When the mean of these groups were compared national men were

found having more positive attitude towards Rest ( =34.20,31,80) respectively.

21

When national women and female district level were compared significant differences

were noticed (t=2.61>0.05%). When the mean of these groups were compared national women

were found positive attitude towards Rest ( =34.20,31.60) respectively.

The table No.(4.VJII) depict significant differences between male district level and male

state level (t=2.20>0.05%). When mean of these groups were compared male state level were

found more develop attitude towards Rest ( =31.80,33.80) respectively.

When female district level and female state level were compared significant differences

were noticed (t=O. When the mean of these groups were compared female state level were found

more develop attitude towards rest ( =31.60,31.80) respectively

When male district level and female district level were compared significant differences

were noticed (t=0.22>0.05%). when the mean of these groups were compared male district level

were found more develop attitude towards Rest ( =31.80,31.60) respectively.

When male state level and female state level were compared significant differences were

noticed (t=2.20>0.05%). When the mean of these groups were compared male state level were

found having more positive attitude towards Rest ( =33.80,31.80) respectively.

When male district level and female state level were compared no significant differences

at attitude towards rest down noticed.

When male state level and female district level were compared male state level were

found having more positive attitude towards Rest ( =33 .80,31.60) respectively.

No significant differences were noticed between non-sportsmen and non-sportswomen when

compared for their attitude towards Rest. When non-sportswomen and female district level were

compared significant differences were noticed (t=3.22>0.05%). When these mean were

22

compared female district level were found having more positive attitude towards Rest (


The table No. (4.VIII) depict significant differences between non- sportsmen and male

district level (t=3.68>0.05%). When the mean of these groups were compared male district level

were found having more positive attitude towards Rest ( =30.20,3 1.80) respectively.

4.2 DISCUSSION OF THE ATTITUSES:

The significant differences between the sportspersons (Handball) and non sportspersons,

amongst male sportsmen and between sportswomen and the higher means of sportspersons in all

these comparisons, did indicate that attitude towards life, academic, diet and rest was

comparatively more developed amongst sportspersons in all these comparisons, The more

developed attitudes towards life, academic, diet and rest might be due to the training, practice,

competition spirit, sportsmanship.

When analysis was made it was found that national men have more develop attitude

towards life then all other groups. There were significant differences between national men and

national women, national players (men and women) and state level players, national players and

district level players. There was a significant difference between non-sportsmen and non-sports

women. There was a significant difference between sports persons of different level of

participation i.e. district, state and national with non-sportspersons of both the sexes. When the

means were compared there depict significant differences and were found in favor of national

men who were having more develop attitude towards life.

The significantly more developed attitude of sports persons as compared to the non-sports

persons on their attitude towards life confirmed the findings of Rana (1981) who had concluded

23

that along with other differences the sportspersons differed with non-sportspersons on attitude

towards life. These results of present investigation also confined the results of Dureko and Dalip

K (1986) that had compared the attitudes of sportsmen and non-sportsmen and found that they

differed on realism about life.

It was found that sportspersons (handball) and non- sportspersons have notification

differences at attitude towards academic. There were significant different were observed among

sportspersons (handball) at different level of participation i.e. district, state and national level,

when compared with each other both males and females).

The means of sportspersons and non-sportspersons were different when compared.

National men were found having more positive attitude towards academic when compared with

other groups i.e. state level, district level and non-sports persons respectively.

The statistically significant differences amongst the groups of sportspersons and non-

sportspersons, between male sportsmen and male non-sportsmen, between sportswomen and

non-sportswomen, between sports women and male- non sportsmen and the higher means of the

sportspersons in all these comparisons did indicate that attitude towards academic was

comparatively more developed amongst sports persons than amongst non- sportspersons.

The above results are supported by the study conducted by other researches also, Sharma

and Shuk (1986) who had compared the attitude of sportspersons and non-sportspersons found

that there are significant differences among them on their attitude towards academic

The statistically significant differences amongst the groups of sportspersons and non-

sportspersons between male sportsmen and male non-sportsmen, between sports women and

non-sports women, between sports women and male non- sportsmen, between sports women and

male non sportsmen and the higher means of i.e sportspersons in all these comparison did

24

indicate that attitude towards diet was comparatively more developed amongst sportspersons

than non sportspersons. It could be the result of their participation in competitions, practice of

sports and training that is why the sports persons might have developed more positive attitude

towards diet than those who did not take part in sports. Those who do not take part in mjr1s

became casual in their attitudes towards diet. It might be due to the fact that the bodily exercise

that involved in the participation of sports might have made then more conscious about their diet

and made their attitude more positively developed towards. The above results are supported by

the study conducted by other researchers also (Malvin and Soltani in 1979)

The statistically significant differences amongst the groups of sports persons and non-

sportspersons, between male sportsmen arid male non-sportsmen, between :n women and non-

sportswomen, between male sportsmen and non-sportswomen, between sports women and male

non- sportsmen and the higher means of the sports persons in all these comparisons did go to

indicate tat attitude towards rest was comparatively more developed amongst sports persons than

amongst non-sports persons. This might be due to the fact that sports persons take part in their

sports raining and practices and so they are more conscious about proper rest to get relief from

their fatigue.

There were not-significant differences amongst the group of national men and national

women. It could be due to their maturity of same level and their importance c rest. The means of

there groups were positive then other groups when compared. There were no significant

differences amongst the male — district level and female district level, also the non- sportsmen

and non- sportswomen. The result of the study of Webb (1969), fall in same line with the result

of the present study regarding the attitude towards rest.

25

4.3 CONCLUSIONS:

1. The attitude towards Life was more positive of sportspersons both men and women as

compared to that of non — sportspersons both men and women.

2. The attitude towards Life was more positive in national men then as compare to national

women. In both national men and women their attitude towards Life is more developed

than other groups. (Non sportspersons, state level players and district level players)..

3. There exists no difference in the attitude towards Life when comparison was made

between none — sportswomen and female district level players.

4. The attitude towards Academic is more positive in national groups as compared with

other ones. But non — sportsmen and non — sportswomen have greater score than that

of male district level and female district level respectively.

5. The attitude towards Diet is more positive in national groups as compared with other

groups. The group of non — sportswomen is more positive that of female district players

in attitude towards diet.

6. The attitude towards Rest is more positive among the national groups than that of other

groups (district level, state level players and non-sports persons).

7. There were no differences between the national men and national women towards the

attitude of Rest.

8. There was no difference between non — sportsmen and non — sportswomen towards

their attitude of Rest.

9. There was no difference between male district level and female state level towards the

attitude of Rest.

26

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

5.1 Summary

While, in advanced countries of the world, the expansion of education is taking place both in

terms of quality and quantity; in lesser developed countries like India, it is taking place in

quantitative terms only and quality is either being ignored declining. The result was that ‘op

sided attitude and personality development was place. In fact, the process of education is

incomplete until all development of personality is not taking place. For this reason games and

sports are very important not only to develop the physique of the students but to help them in

their psychological and sociological development. All policies and commissions appointed by

the government of India, i.e. Secondary Education Commission, university Grants Commission,

Indian Education Commission, and Education Policy 1968) and New Education Policy of 1986

have placed much emphasis upon physical activities and pointed out its deficiencies. The result

is the development of National institutes of sports, sports authority of India, state directorates of

games and sports, district games and sports officers, appointments of guides and coaches in

schools and edges and development of play grounds and gymnasium at different places, for the

students. However, there remains a lot to be done in this regard, for building up strong for the

development of games and sports activities, it is essential that some be conducted to compare the

attitude of the students which are developed by six activities. The fact however remains that a

healthy mind can only be brought up in the body. Many aspects of all round development of the

individual will continue can neglect, if proper emphasis is not laid upon the physical activities of

the indents. The research worker decided to conduct an investigation which is as under: -

27

THE PROBLEM

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ATTITUDE OF SPORTS PERSONS (HAND

BALL) AND NON SPORTS PERSONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF

COMPETITION.

OBJECTIVIES OF THE STUDY

1. To compare the Attitude of district and state level handball players

2. To examine the differences in attitude of district level and national level of handball

players.

3. To observe differences in attitude of state levels and national level of handball players.

4. To examine differences in attitude of sportspersons (handball players) and non-sports

persons.

DELIMITATIONS OF THE PROBLEM

The study is delimited in the following respects.

1. The study will be conducted in the area of Punjab and confined to the sample drawn from

the population of the students of adolescent and adult age belonging to academic session

2004-2005.

2. It will be confined to those sportspersons who have excelled in handball at least at district

levels.

3. It will be confined to psychological area of attitude towards life, academic, diet and rest.

4. It will be confined to different levels of handball players (district, state and national) of

both sexes (thirty male and thirty female).

5. The studies will be conducted at Punjabi University, Patiala (from January to May2005).

28

HYPOTHESIS:

On the basis of review of related literature and discussions with experts in the field, the

investigator has formulated the following hypothesis.

a) The male handball players at different levels of participation will have different attitude

towards life, academic, diet and rest.

b) The female handball players at different levels of participation will have different

attitudes towards — life, academic, diet and rest.

c) There will be significant differences in attitude towards life, academic, diet and rest

between sportspersons and non -sportspersons.

d) There will be significant differences among male and female handball players at their

different level of participations (district, state and national).

Method And Procedure:

SAMPLE

Stratified random sample method was used to select the sample from the area of Punjab. First of

all the institutions were selected where such players were l who had taken part in district, state

and national level (handball). The players were taken from the institutes where they stud was

taken from their teachers and the motive of this investigation was made clear to While matching

the students, the following categories of students were not selected.

1. Student who had lost their father or mother or brother.

2. 2 Students who were categorized as problems students by the class teacher or coaches.

3. Students in case of whom the family was very large i.e. having more than five children.

29

4. Students who belonged to the extreme type of families i.e. very rich with monthly income

of more than Rs. 15000/- and above and extremely poor with the monthly income of Rs.

1000/- and below.

5. Students who suffered intense health problems either personally or case of parents.

6. Students who lived either in very rich or extremely poor localities-slums.

7. Students having either of the stepparents or both.

The total samples were eighty in numbers in which sixty were sports person (basket ball

players) and twenty were non-sports persons. The non- sports persons were taken

TOOLS:

The following tool was used for the purpose of conducting this study: ATTITUDE SCALE: To

assess the attitude of sportspersons and non sportspersons four attitudes scales were used to asses

their attitudes towards Life, Academic Diet and Rest.

The attitudes scales that were used for research were constructed by Dr. G.S.Kang and

Dr. T.S. Sodhi. The scales of life and academic were constructed by Dr.T.S and the scales of diet

and rest were constructed by Dr.G.S.Kang.

The reliability of these scales of attitude towards Life, Academic, Diet and Rest were .62,

.63,61, .60 respectively.

The validity of these scales of attitude towards Life, Academic, Diet and Rest

were .64, .67, .62, .62 respectively.

30

Each attitude was further subdivided into sub-areas. Keeping in view the important

principles regarding the attitude statement, the following type of statement were deleted e.g. the

statement which could be interpreted in more than one way, statements irrelevant to these sub-

areas, statements likely to be endorsed by everyone, statements in compound sentences,

statements not covering sub-area of the attitude.

COLLECTION OF DATA:

Collection of data from different level of handball players (district, state and national) and non-

sportspersons were collected by the investigator himself before collecting the data, permission

was taken from the coaches and teachers and the time and place was fixed for collecting the data.

The help of coaches and the teachers were taken.

At the time of the administration of tools first of all instructions were readout and

explained to the students. The objective of the test was made clear to them. They were assured

that any information regarding their attitude would not be used for any other purpose except this

research work and would in no case be given to their teachers and parents. The questionnaires

were distributed among the players and were filled in the presence of the investigator and it was

assured that no one could cheat.

After the collection of filled questionnaires. by the players and non- players they were

allowed to go and were thanked for their cooperation. The questionnaires were arranged properly

and were placed in file.

31

STATISTICS USED:

To find out the significant differences between the groups‘t’ test was applied. Mean, standard

deviation and analysis of variances (one way classification) were applied The data was tabulated

in different tables. It was analyzed, discussed and scientific inferences were drawn from it.

5.2 CONCLUSION:

1. The attitude towards Life was more positive of sportspersons both men and women as

compared to that of non — sportspersons both men and women.

2. The attitude towards Life was more positive in national men then as compare to national

women. In both national men and women their attitude towards Life is more developed

than other groups. Non-sportspersons, state level players and district level players)..

3. There exists no difference in the attitude towards Life when comparison was made

between non — sportswomen and female district level players.

4. The attitude towards Academic is more positive in national groups as compared with

other on But non — sportsmen and non — sportswomen have greater score than that of

male district level and female district level respectively.

5. The attitude towards Diet is more positive in national groups as compared with other

groups. The group of non — sportswomen is more positive then that of female district

players in attitude towards diet.

6. The attitude towards Rest is more positive among the national groups thin that of other

groups (district level, state level players and non-sports persons).

32

7. There were no differences between the national men and national women towards the

attitude of Rest.

8. There was no difference between non — sportsmen and non — sportswomen towards

their attitude of Rest.

9. There was no difference between male district level and female state level towards the

attitude of Rest.

5.3 SUGGESTIONS:

1. Such studies need to be conducted on large number of institutions all over India on large

scale.

2. More studies with different psychological instruments need to be undertaken so as to

confirm the results of the present investigation.

3. Some studies need to be undertaken to find out the different attitudes of data of Punjab

and also other states.

4. There is ample scope to conduct some more studies with different techniques i.e.

observation, interview etc. so that a comprehensive view of the total picture should be

formulated.

5. There is a need to conduct some studies on the smaller children of primary level so that

proper games could be encouraged for them

6. There is a need to find out the attitude differences of different games i.e. hockey, football,

handball, etc. Which can be possible only if some comparative studies are undertaken on

their data?

33

7. There is a need that some longitudinal studies be conducted on the groups of the students

so that it may be observed that for how long these differences continue to be with the

sample.

8. It has been observed that there is a difference between the training level of the teachers

and those who have undergone better training cultivate better students. There is a need to

undertake some such studies also.

9. It will be worthwhile if some studies are conducted between urban and rural background

of the players and results highlighted in the literature.

10. There is an urgent need that some comparative studies be conducted in relation to the

facilities available with the different institutions and the results achieved by the

institution. ;

11. Some studies need to be undertaken to find out different variables of attitudes of

professional players and non-professional players.

34

CHAPTER VI

BIBLIOGRAPY

Arbil Wesley Burks (1966): “Gains in social adjustment of co-education classes and segregated

classes in physical education”; International Dissertation Abstract 27 Sept (66), 635 A.

Malvin, R. (1979): “Sports competition anxiety test”; Champion I 11: Human Kinetics

Publications.

Reeves, W.C. (1972): “Attitude change toward Physical education activity game at MESA

community college”; L 32:5508 A, 72.

Yev tushenko (1972):”Psychology of the junior swimmers”; New York: Macmillç

35

APPENDICES

STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL

ATTITUDE SCALE OF LIFE, ACADEMIC DIET, AND REST

1. Name 5.Age

2. Name of the Institution 6. Sex

3. Class 7. Date

4. Roll No. 8. Place

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Please read the statement carefully and then encircle any of the three alternatives given in front of it if Yes? And No.

2. Let us take an example: ‘Health is the gift of God’. If you agree with the statement your are to encircle Yes, if you do not agree with the statement you are to encircle No. If undecided encircle?

3. Please attempt the entire question.

4. There is no time limit to attempt the scales. You may take your own time. Normally people take 30 minutes to complete it.

5. Please fill it in without any fear and to the best of your knowledge.

6. The information contained in the form will be kept confidential and will not be used for any other purpose than this piece of Research.

7. If you, at any time, want to change the answer, please put a clear cross on the wrong answer and then encircle the right reply.

8. If by chance you are unable to understand the language, meaning of any item, you may ask the person administering the tool.

Supervised By,

JATINDER SINGH

Head of Physical and Sports

Public College Samana

Patiala.

36

QUESTIONNAREATTITUDE TOWARDS LIFE

1. Life is worth living and it must be fully lived

YES / NO

2. Inspite of failure and frustration we should be cheerful

YES / NO

3. I feel as if the whole world is unsympathetic

YES / NO

4. We should not pick up quarrels with a person whom we differ

YES / NO

5. I do not like to take the responsibilities for the welfare and safety of children and old.

YES / NO

6. I think vigorously only if it does well to me.

YES / NO

7. I must not tune my radio at high pitch as it may not disturb to my neighbors.

YES / NO

8. If any one commits a serious mistake he should be punished even if he feels sorry for it

YES / NO

9. It is pretty difficult for me to accept my mistakes.

YES / NO

10. I won’t get the maximum pleasure out of this life.

YES / NO

11. “Honesty is the best policy” may be a good motto but it will not work in real life.

YES / NO

12. Every one in the world should look after oneself only others will manage with themselves.

YES / NO

13. The best way to lead a successful life is to plan individual carrier without bothering for other.

YES / NO

14. If you bother too much for others will fall in your own achievements.

YES / NO

37

QUESTIONNAREATTITUDE TOWARDS ACADEMIC

1. Education merely a means of earning.

YES / NO

2. Every experience is education

YES / NO

3. Education develops only metal ability

YES / NO

4. Education is limited only to class room teaching.;

YES / NO

5. Education is life and life is education.

YES / NO

6. Education is the all round development of personality.

YES / NO

7. Every thing that influences human behavior and personality is education

YES / NO

8. Man without education is like an animal

YES / NO

9. Education is the development of good moral character

YES / NO

10. Education is the development of good moral character

YES / NO

11. Education is a life long process

YES / NO

12. Education emancipates of sound mind in a sound body.

YES / NO

13. Education makes us responsible towards parent’s neighbors, country etc.

YES / NO

14. Education is a process of individual adjustment.

YES / NO

38

QUESTIONNAREATTITUDE TOWARDS DIET

1. Balance diet is essential for good health

YES / NO

2. Rich food is necessary for sportsman.

YES / NO

3. Flavor and taste are more important than nourishment.

YES / NO

4. Fruits are the luxury

YES / NO

5. Heavy diet make the body ugly

YES / NO

6. The fatty food renders the body unfit.

YES / NO

7. One should take tasty food.

YES / NO

8. Growing children need rich diet.

YES / NO

9. The food should be taken at regular and fixed intervals.

YES / NO

10. Twice a day food is sufficient.

YES / NO

11. Taking of extra Vitamin and Tonic are necessary.

YES / NO

12. The use of appetites is a part of our diet.

YES / NO

13. The fried food is not good for health

YES / NO

14. Rich food is luxury

YES / NO

15. Spices make the food injurious for health

YES / NO

39

QUESTIONNAREATTITUDE TOWARDS REST

1. Rest is best for the health

YES / NO

2. Rest is necessary for those who indulge in physical activities.

YES / NO

3. One should take only that much of rest which keep one fit.

YES / NO

4. Rest is rust.

YES / NO

5. Rest increases efficiency

YES / NO

6. Rest helps to remove the toxins deposited in our body.

YES / NO

7. Too much of rest make the body lethargic.

YES / NO

8. Rest is necessary evil.

YES / NO

9. Sportsmen require rest to recover the lost energy.

YES / NO

10. Rest helps to preserve energy to be applied in physical activities.

YES / NO

11. The growth of body taken place when we are in rest.

YES / NO

12. Sleeping pills are good for having sound sleep.

YES / NO

13. Sound sleep is the only best type of health.

YES / NO

40

Table No. 4.1

National Boys Life Academic Diet RestSwaranjit Singh 41 43 43 31Jaspreet Singh 39 45 39 37Jasjot Singh 39 39 41 31Snehpal Singh 41 39 41 33Pawandeep Singh 37 37 39 31Srinivar Rao 39 43 39 37Sundeep Bose 37 39 39 35Avtar Singh 39 41 39 33Jaggan Nath 39 39 41 37Des Raj 41 35 41 37

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Swaranjit

Singh

Jasp

reet S

ingh

Jasjo

t Sing

h

Snehp

al Singh

Pawan

deep

Sing

h

Sriniva

r Rao

Sunde

ep Bos

e

Avtar S

ingh

Jagg

an Nath

Des R

aj

National Boys

Scor

es

Life Academic Diet Rest

41

Table 4.2

National Girls Life Academic Diet RestMukti 37 43 39 37Getu 39 39 41 31Varsha 39 41 39 33Vijyta 37 43 39 37Ramandeep 41 37 41 33Kiran 39 39 39 35Kamal 35 39 37 37Mandeep 39 37 39 35Amandeep 39 35 37 31Amanjeet 35 37 39 33

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Mukti

Getu

Varsha

Vijyta

Raman

deep

Kiran

Kamal

Mande

ep

Amande

ep

Amanjeet

National Girls

Scor

es


42

Table 4.3

State Boys Life Academic Diet RestManavdeep 37 41 39 31Gurpreet 39 33 33 35Amandeep 37 35 31 35Ricky Walia 39 39 39 31Gurpreet 37 39 37 31Rahuldeep 41 37 4 31Gurmeet 35 43 45 35Hardeep 39 37 39 35Jaspal 33 43 39 39Anoop Kumar 35 37 43 35

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Manav

deep

Gurpre

et

Amande

ep

Ricky W

alia

Gurpre

et

Rahuld

eep

Gurmee

t

Hardee

pJa

spal

Anoop

Kum

ar

State Boys

Scor

es


43

Table 4.4

State Girls Life Academic Diet RestInderjit 39 41 37 31Jatinder 35 39 35 31Neha 33 41 33 31Rekha 37 35 33 31Sharanjit 35 39 33 33Dimple 35 33 35 31Aruna 37 35 33 33Ramandeep 33 33 31 33Sukhmani 35 35 35 31Poonam 31 35 35 33

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Inderj

it

Jatin

der

Neha

Rekha

Sharan

jit

Dimple

Aruna

Raman

deep

Sukhm

ani

Poona

m

State Girls

Scor

es


44

Table 4.5

District Boys Life Academic Diet RestRahul 31 43 39 33Udgeet 35 35 41 33Mangat 35 31 31 27Dharminder 39 41 37 31Manpreet 37 39 39 31Rakesh 37 41 37 33Harjinder 43 37 41 33Amandeep 37 43 43 31Baljeet 35 31 33 35Deshinder 33 31 41 31

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Rahul

Udgee

t

Manga

t

Dharm

inder

Manpr

eet

Rakes

h

Harjin

der

Amande

ep

Baljee

t

Deshin

der

District Boys

Scor

es


45

Table 4.6

District Girls Life Academic Diet RestKomal 31 43 33 31Rajdeep 33 31 33 31Ramanveer 33 35 31 33Gurjeet 35 33 31 31Urvashi 31 31 33 33Mandeep 35 31 31 31SandeepKaranjeet 33 35 31 31Karamjeet 31 33 33 33Punam 35 35 31 31Money 33 31 33 31

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Komal

Rajdeep

Ramanveer

Gurjee

t

Urvash

i

Mandee

p

Sande

epKara

njeet

Karamjee

t

Punam

Money

District Girls

Scor

es


46

Table 4.7

Non-Sports Woman Life Academic Diet RestKushwinder 33 43 33 39Surbhi 35 37 35 31Pardeep 31 37 31 31Sandhya 33 33 31 29Payal 33 33 33 31Rinku 33 33 33 31Sanju 33 33 31 29Samriti 31 37 31 31Kamlesh 35 37 35 31Rupali 33 43 33 29

05

101520253035404550

Non-Sports Women

Scor

es


47

Table 4.8

Non-Sports Men Life Academic Diet RestVivek 35 43 41 31Manoj 33 43 33 31Ravinder 33 37 33 29Rakesh 37 37 31 31Akshay 37 35 31 29Ravish 37 35 31 29Amit 37 37 31 31Preetam 33 37 33 29Supreet 33 43 33 31Navin 35 43 41 31

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Vivek Manoj Ravinder Rakesh Akshay Ravish Amit Preetam Supreet Navin

Non-SportsMen

Scor

es


48

Analysis of Variance of District Girls (One way Classification)

Sources of variation

Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom

Means Squares

Tests

Between Column SSC = 452.1 V1 = c-1 MSC = SSC / c-1

4-1 = 3 452.1 / 3=150.7 F=MSC/MSE

150.7/4.55=33.12

Within Column SSE=164 V2=n-c MSE=SSE/n-c

40-4=36 164/36=4.55

Total SST=616.1 V=n-1

40-1=39

V1 = c-1 = 4-1 = 3

V2 = n-c = 36

V1 = 3, v2 = 36

F (0.05) = 2.23

Note:-

Table value at v1 and v2 are taken but in the table only v1=3 an v2=40 is considered

Conclusion:

Actual calculated value of the fisher test is 33.12 which is much more than the table

value therefore our proposal is rejected and there should be the significant difference between the

attitude of the District Girls.

49

Analysis of Variance of District Boys (One way Classification)



Means Squares

Tests


4-1 = 3 238.7 / 3=79.56 F=MSC/MSE

79.56/13.56=5.86

Within Column SSE=488.4 V2=n-c MSE=SSE/n-c

40-4=36 488.4/36 = 13.56

Total SST= 727.1 V=n-1

40-1=39

V1 = c-1 = 4-1 = 3

V2 = n-c = 36

V1 = 3, v2 = 36

F (0.05) = 2.23

Note:-


Conclusion:

Actual calculated value of the fisher test is 5.86 which is much more than the table value

therefore our proposal is rejected and there should be the significant difference between the

attitudes of the District Boys.

50

Analysis of Variance of State Girls (One way Classification)



Means Squares

Tests


4 -1 = 3 211.1 / 3 = 70.33 F=MSC/MSE

70.33 / 4.72 = 14.90

Within Column SSE=170 V2=n-c MSE=SSE/n-c

40-4=36 170 / 36 = 4.72


40-1=39

V1 = c-1 = 4-1 = 3

V2 = n-c = 36

V1 = 3, v2 = 36

F (0.05) = 2.23

Note:-


Conclusion:



attitudes of the State Girls.

51

Analysis of Variance of State Boys (One way Classification)



Means Squares

Tests


4 -1 = 3 154.7 / 3 = 51.56 F=MSC/MSE

51.56 / 10.7 = 4.818


40-4=36 385.2 / 36 = 10.7


40-1=39

V1 = c-1 = 4-1 = 3

V2 = n-c = 36

V1 = 3, v2 = 36

F (0.05) = 2.23

Note:-


Conclusion:



attitudes of the State Boys

52

Analysis of Variance of National Girls (One way Classification)



Means Squares

Tests


4-1 = 3 156.3 / 3 F=MSC/MSE

52.1 52.1 / 4.5444

Within Column SSE= 163.6 V2 = n-c MSE=SSE/n-c 11.46566901

40 - 4=36 163.6 / 36

4.544444444


40 -1=39

V1 = c-1 = 4-1 = 3

V2 = n-c = 36

V1 = 3, v2 = 36

F (0.05) = 2.23

Note:-


Conclusion:



attitudes of the National Girls.

.

53

Analysis of Variance of National Boys (One way Classification)



Means Squares Tests


4-1 = 3 240.8 / 3 = 80.266 F=MSC/MSE

80.266 / 4.2911

Within Column SSE=154.48 V2=n-c MSE=SSE/n-c 18.7052271

40-4=36 154.48 / 36 = 4.2911


40-1=39

V1 = c-1 = 4-1 = 3

V2 = n-c = 36

V1 = 3, v2 = 36

F (0.05) = 2.23

Note:-


Conclusion:



attitudes of the National Boys.

54

Analysis of Variance of Non Sports Women (One way Classification)



Means Squares

Tests


4-1 = 3 209.2 / 3 = 69.73 F=MSC/MSE

69.73 / 5.067 = 13.76


40-4=36 182.4 / 36 = 5.067


40-1=39

V1 = c-1 = 4-1 = 3

V2 = n-c = 36

V1 = 3, v2 = 36

F (0.05) = 2.23

Note:-


Conclusion:



attitudes of the Non Sports Women.

55

Table No. 4.16Analysis of Variance of Non Sports Men (One way Classification)



Means Squares

Tests


4-1 = 3 394.8 / = 131.6 F=MSC/MSE

131.6 / 8.088 = 16.27


40-4=36 291.2 / 36 = 8.088


40-1=39

V1 = c-1 = 4-1 = 3

V2 = n-c = 36

V1 = 3, v2 = 36

F (0.05) = 2.23

Note:-


Conclusion:



attitudes of the Non Sports Men.

56

Table No. 4.I

Comparison of attitude Towards Life Among the sports person and Non-sportsperson at Different Levels of competition.

Sr.No Name of the

Group

Men σ S.E

σ / √2N

Name of the Group Mean σ S.E

σ / √2N

T-Test Group With

1. National men 39.2 1.4 0.313 National women 38 1.84 0.41 1.91 National men

2. National men 39.2 1.4 0.313 Male-State Level 37.2 3.12 0.507 3.19 National men

3. National women 38 1.84 0.41 Female-state Level 35 2.19 0.4896 3.645 National men

4. National men 39.2 1.4 0.313 Non-Sports men 35 1.78 0.398 6.708 National men

5. National women 38 1.84 0.41 Non-Sportswomen 33 1.26 0.281 6.076 National women

6. National men 39.2 1.4 0.313 Male-District Level 36.2 3.12 0.697 4.79 National men

7. National women 38 1.84 0.41 Female District level 33 1.54 0.344 6.076 National women

Note 1: The t- test is taken as taking the base of Sd of first sample

Note 2: the level of significance of the above comparison is taken as 5% level.

57

Table No. 4.II


Sr.No Name of the Group Men σ S.E

σ / √2N


σ / √2N

T-Test Group With

1. Male District Level 36.2 3.12 0.697 Male-State Level 37.2 2.27 0.507 0.716 High State Level

2. Female District Level 33 1.54 0.344 Female-state Level 35 2.19 0.4896 2.9 Female State Level

3. Male District Level 36.2 3.12 0.697 Female District level 33 1.54 0.344 2.293 Male District Level

4. Male State Level 37.2 2.27 0.507 Female State Level 35 2.19 0.4896 2.167 Male State Level

5. Male District Level 36.2 3.12 0.697 Female State Level 35 2.19 0.4896 0.86 Male District Level

6. Male State Level 37.2 2.27 0.507 Female District Level 33 1.54 0.344 4.13 Male State Level

7. Non Sportsmen 35 1.78 0.398 Non Sports women 33 1.26 0.281 2.51 Non Sports men

8. Non Sports women 33 1.26 0.281 Female District Level 33 1.54 0.344 No difference No difference

9. Non sportsmen 35 1.78 0.398 Male District Level 36.25 3.12 0.697 1.5 Male District Level

Note 1: The level of significance of the above comparison is taken as 5% level.

Note 2: The t- test is taken as taking the base of Sd of first sample.

58

Table No. 4.III



σ / √2N


σ / √2N

T-Test Group With


2. Female District Level 33.8 3.48 0.77 Female-state Level 36.6 2.93 0.65 8.13 Female State Level

3. Male District Level 37.2 4.68 1.04 Female District level 33.8 3.48 0.77 7.31 Male District Level

4. Male State Level 38.4 3.1 0.69 Female State Level 36.6 2.93 0.65 5.83 Male State Level

5. Male District Level 37.2 4.68 1.04 Female State Level 36.6 2.93 0.65 1.29 Male District Level

6. Male State Level 38.4 3.1 0.69 Female District Level 33.8 3.48 0.77 14.907 Male State Level

7. Non Sportsmen 39 3.34 0.74 Non Sports women 36.6 3.66 0.81 7.25 Non Sports men

8. Non Sports women 36.6 3.66 0.81 Female District Level 33.87 3.48 0.77 7.729 No difference

9. Non sportsmen 39 3.34 0.74 Male District Level 37.2 4.68 1.04 5.43 Male District Level



59

Table No. 4.IV


Sr.No Name of the

Group

Men σ S.E

σ / √2N


σ / √2N

T-Test Group With

1. National men 40 2.86 0.639 National women 39 2.52 0.563 0.781 National men

2. National men 40 2.86 0.639 Male-State Level 38.4 3.1 0.693 1.25 National men

3. National women 39 2.52 0.563 Female-state Level 33.8 3.48 0.858 4.614 National men

4. National men 40 2.86 0.639 Non-Sports men 39 3.34 0.74 0.781 National men

5. National women 39 2.52 0.563 Non-Sportswomen 36.6 3.66 0.818 2.129 National women

6. National men 40 2.86 0.639 Male-District Level 38.4 3.1 0.693 1.25 National men

7. National women 39 2.52 0.563 Female District level 33.8 3.48 0.858 4.614 National women



60

Table No. 4.V



σ / √2N


σ / √2N

T-Test Group With


2. Female District Level 32 1 0.223 Female-state Level 34 1.61 0.36 4.472 Female State Level

3. Male District Level 38.2 3.6 0.8 Female District level 32 1 0.223 3.85 Male District Level

4. Male State Level 38.8 4.14 0.925 Female State Level 34 1.61 0.36 2.592 Male State Level

5. Male District Level 38.2 3.6 0.8 Female State Level 34 1.61 0.36 2.608 Male District Level

6. Male State Level 38.8 4.14 0.925 Female District Level 32 1 0.223 3.672 Male State Level

7. Non Sportsmen 33.8 3.7 0.82 Non Sports women 32.6 1.49 0.333 0.725 Non Sports men

8. Non Sports women 32.6 1.49 0.33 Female District Level 32 1 0.223 0.9 No difference

9. Non sportsmen 33.8 3.7 0.82 Male District Level 38.2 3.6 0.8 2.659 Male District Level



61

Table No. 4.VIComparison of attitude Towards Life Among the sports person and Non-sportsperson at Different Levels of competition.

Sr.No Name of the

Group

Men σ S.E

σ / √2N


σ / √2N

T-Test Group With

1. National men 40.2 1.32 0.29 National women 39 1.26 0.28 2.0327 National men


3. National women 39 1.26 0.28 Female-state Level 34 1.61 0.36 8.87 National men

4. National men 40.2 1.32 0.29 Non-Sports men 33.8 3.7 0.82 10.841 National men

5. National women 39 1.26 0.28 Non-Sportswomen 32.6 1.49 0.33 0.1135 National women


7. National women 39 1.26 0.28 Female District level 32 1 0.22 12.42 National women



Table No. 4.VII


62

Sr.No Name of the

Group

Men σ S.E

σ / √2N


σ / √2N

T-Test Group With

1. National men 34.2 2.56 0.57 National women 34.2 2.22 0.49 No difference National men


3. National women 34.2 2.22 0.49 Female-state Level 31.8 0.97 0.21 2.417 National men

4. National men 34.2 2.56 0.57 Non-Sports men 30.2 0.97 0.21 3.493 National men

5. National women 34.2 2.22 0.49 Non-Sportswomen 30.2 0.97 0.21 4.028 National women


7. National women 34.2 2.22 0.49 Female District

level

31.6 0.91 0.203 2.618 National women



Table No. 4.VIIIComparison of attitude Towards Life Among the sports person and Non-sportsperson at Different Levels of competition.

Sr.No Name of the Group Men σ S.E Name of the Group Mean σ S.E T-Test Group With

63

σ / √2N σ / √2N


2. Female District Level 31.6 0.91 0.203 Female-state Level 31.8 0.97 0.216 0.491 Female State Level

3. Male District Level 31.8 2.03 0.45 Female District level 31.6 0.91 0.203 0.22 Male District Level

4. Male State Level 33.8 2.56 0.57 Female State Level 31.8 0.97 0.216 2.203 Male State Level

5. Male District Level 31.8 2.03 0.45 Female State Level 31.8 0.97 0.216 No difference Male District Level

6. Male State Level 33.8 2.56 0.57 Female District Level 31.6 0.91 0.203 1.921 Male State Level

7. Non Sportsmen 30.2 0.97 0.216 Non Sports women 30.2 0.97 0.216 No difference Non Sports men

8. Non Sports women 30.2 0.97 0.216 Female District Level 31.6 0.91 0.203 3.227 No difference

9. Non sportsmen 30.2 0.97 0.216 Male District Level 31.8 2.03 0.5453 3.688 Male District Level



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