sports hernia by jeffrey haggquist - maryland association of ...€¦ · • give rehabilitation...

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12/7/2013 1 Sports Hernia MAOP Annual Meeting 12/07/2013 Jeffrey P. Haggquist, DO Medical Director QuistMD – Flexibility, Sports & Rehabilitation Clinic Washington, DC Examine Rehabilitation Perspective on Sports Hernia Understand why term sports hernia is confusing Discriminate conditions with similar symptoms Outline a brief physical exam for surgical consideration of sports hernia Define core and global strength as they relate to prehab and rehab of sports hernia Give rehabilitation protocols and management algorithm for sports hernia / groin pain Sometimes the Etiology is Clear

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Page 1: Sports Hernia by Jeffrey Haggquist - Maryland Association of ...€¦ · • Give rehabilitation protocols and management ... 12/7/2013 3 Sports Hernia (Redfined) • Groin pain in

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Sports Hernia MAOP Annual Meeting

12/07/2013

Jeffrey P. Haggquist, DOMedical Director

QuistMD – Flexibility, Sports & Rehabilitation ClinicWashington, DC

Examine Rehabilitation Perspective on Sports Hernia

• Understand why term sports hernia is confusing

• Discriminate conditions with similar symptoms

• Outline a brief physical exam for surgical consideration of sports hernia 

• Define core and global strength as they relate to pre‐hab and rehab of sports hernia

• Give rehabilitation protocols and management algorithm for sports hernia / groin pain

Sometimes the Etiology is Clear

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Etiology is Often Multifactoral

Functional Inguinal Canal

• Anterior Wall 

• Posterior Wall

• Interior Structures

• Floor

(Campanelli; Moeller; Swan; Fon; Paajanen; Hackney; Akita; Ekberg; LeBlanc; Hoelmich; Lloyd)

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Sports Hernia (Redfined)

• Groin pain in athletes secondary to acquired “functional” inguinal canal injury with inguinal wall deficiency not sufficient to result in discrete hernia formation

Prevalence and Nature

• Common ‐ Groin pain found in 5‐28% of athletes (Preskitt 2011)

• Insidious onset(72%) (Gilmore 2011)

But Not Always Insidious

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Triad of Soft Tissue Injury

Haggquist 2013

Eccentric Muscle Contraction puts Greater Load Stress on Muscles

Hamstring Injury

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Tendon Stress‐Strain CurveWang 2006

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A Cascade of Events Through Kinetic Chain

5) Stretch strain ‐ abdominals

4) Unlevel pelvis ‐> torsional strain ‐ pubic symphysis

3) Contraction / tightness ‐ left adductors

Classic left anterior inferior chain pattern(From the Bottom up)

1) Collapsed foot arch

2) Internal rotation of lower limb

• Injured adductors can lead to osteitis pubis

• Osteitis pubis can lead to inhibition of the adductors

• Resulting unbalanced tensile stress promotes attenuation or tearing of the transversalis fascia and / or overlying musculature 

(Moeller 2007; Swan 2007; Fon 2000; Kesek 2002; Van Der Donckt 2003; Polglase 1991)

Clinical Exam to Determine Need for Surgery

Dx of Exclusion

#1 ‐ Rule out other causes of groin pain• Genitourinary

• Intraabdominal

• Gynecological

• Hip / lumbar

• Other muscular strains and sprains

#2 ‐ Standard hernia exam**Careful bilateral scrotal and external inguinal ring palpation**

Preskitt 2012

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Grade Tenderness 0‐5 at Five Locations

#1 ‐ Pubic symphysis

#2 – Left & right adductor tendon

#3 – Left & right inguinal floor

Grade Response

0 no tenderness

1 very slight tenderness

2 mild but definite & reproducible tenderness

3 moderate tenderness (“Yes that hurts”)

4 severe tenderness (“Hey, that really hurts”)

5 pain is so severe that patient cannot tolerate palpationPreskitt 2012

Assess Osteitis Pubis (Percussion)

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For those difficult patients

Assess AdductorTendon Tenderness

Assess Inguinal Floor

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Alternative Test Inguinal Floor

Surgical Decision

• In the absence of any other pathology

• + SURGERY– If tenderness or pain of ≥ 3/5 in the medial inguinal floor that is clearly dominant over ipsilateral adductor tenderness 

• + REHABILITATION– If grade is ≤ 2 unilaterally or bilaterally

– If there is a clear dominance of adductor pathology and injury

Preskitt 2012

Diagnosis of Exclusion –Musculoskeletal

• COMMON DENOMINATOR = Anterior hip pain radiating to the groin– Isolated adductor /rectus / pubis injuries

– Hip injury / fracture

– Femoral Acatabular Impingement (FAI)

– Hip snapping syndrome (Iliopsoas Tendonitis)

– Labral tears

– Osteoarthritis

– OsteonecrosisMcSweeney 2012

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Isolated Adductor / Rectus / Pubic Injuries

Best evaluated by MRI

– sensitive (98%) 

– specific (89‐100%)(Zoga 2008)

Hip Injury / Fracture

• Femoral neck stress fracture– Activity‐related anterior groin pain 

– Relieved by rest

– Initially mild

– Worsens with therapy

• Gait assessment– Difficulty bearing weight on affected side = limp or antalgic gait

• X‐rays negative up to 4 weeks, MRI positive within 2 days

Femoral Acatabular Impingement (FAI)

• Insidious onset 

• Pain with sports requiring hip internal rotation (hockey, tennis, golf, soccer…)

• Stepping out of a low‐seated car difficult

• FADDIR test

• X‐rays lateral and AP – Determines cam or pincer morphology

• MRI / MRA – Cartilage deterioration / labral tear

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FADDIR Test for Impingement

Hip Snapping Syndrome (Iliopsoas Tendonitis)

• FABER Test with Leg Extension

• Resisted Hip Flexion, Seated Position• Direct Palpation of Iliopsoas

Labral Tear

• Worsens with twisting motions, running, walking, sitting for long periods

• Clicking or catching 

• X‐ray, MRA nearly 100% specific

C‐Sign

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Hip Osteoarthritis

• Progressive deep ache with loss of ROM

• Loss of hip internal rotation

• Confirmed with X‐ray

60° Normal 0‐5° Severe Restriction

Osteonecrosis

• Age 20‐50 years

• Trauma, steroids, ETOH, smoking, lupus, sickle cell, coagulopathy, scuba diving

• Deep intermittent ache

• PE 

– Early – pain with extreme ROM

– Advanced – pain with limited ROM

• MRI

The Core Simplified: 4 Sides, a Roof & a Floor

Prehab & Rehab

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The Core in ActionFunctional conduit for the transfer of energybody’s upper half  ⇄ lower half

Foundation for the stabilizationof posture and movement

Strengthening the Abs in Isolation Does Not a Strong Core Make

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The Forgotten Parts

• Would you buy a boxwithout a bottomor top?

– respiratory diaphragm

– pelvic floor m. (Kegel)

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/kegel‐exercises‐for‐men/MY01402

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/kegel‐exercises/WO00119

Posterior Chain

Primary Structures of Good Posture‐ Traps, Lats, Gluts

Central Feature ‐ Thoraco‐lumbar Fascia

Global Strength

• Obliques plug into the thoraco‐lumbar fascia laterally and, together with core, create a tension‐integrity system which stabilizes the pelvis

– Pelvis = key to all other stability in the body 

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Stages of Rehabilitation

Reduce PainReduce Pain• Control inflammation & deliver manual therapy

Improve 

Range of Motion

Improve 

Range of Motion• Train Active Isolated Stretching

Re‐educate 

Neuromuscular Pathways

Re‐educate 

Neuromuscular Pathways• Optimize brain‐muscle pathways

Strengthen and Condition

Strengthen and Condition

Develop Functional

Training

Develop Functional

Training

•Return to Sport

Take Home Points

• Majority of groin pain correlated to instability across the pubis

• Usually combination injury / conditions can co‐exist

• Any type of biomechanical alteration of the core leads to instability across the pubis

• Therefore, pre‐habilitation and rehabilitation imperative to correct biomechanical imbalances, ie, potentially the root cause of most groin pain

Proposed Algorithm for ManagingSports Hernia 

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Brown 2013

ReferencesAkita K, Niga S, Yamato Y, Muneta T, Sato T. (1999) Anatomic basis of chronic groin pain with special reference to sports hernia. Surg Radiol

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Anderson K, Strickland S, Warren R. (2001) Hip and groin injuries in athletes. Am J Sports Med 29:521‐33.

Campanelli, G. (2010) Pubic inguinal pain syndrome: the so‐called sports hernia. Hernia 14;1‐4.

Caudill, P, Nyland J, Smith, C, et al. (2008) Sports hernias: a systematic literature review. Br J Sports Med 42:954‐964.

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Lloyd, David M. (2010) “The Inguinal Ligament Release Procedure: A New Concept – A New Procedure for Sportsman’s Groin,” presentation to Gilmore Groin and Hernia Symposium.

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References

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