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Spray Reagents For the thin layer chromatography of drug extracts
No. 1 Anisaldehyde-acetic acid reagent (AA) 0.5 ml Anisaldehyde mixed with 10 ml of 98% acetic acid.
The TLC plate is sprayed with 5-10 ml, then heated at 1200 C for 7-10 min in a drying cabinet. Detection 0/ petasin/isopetasin. The plate may be sprayed afterwards with conc. sulphuric acid and evaluated in vis. or UV-365 nm.
NO.2 Anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent (AS) 0.5 ml Anisaldehyde is mixed with 10 ml glacial acetic acid, followed by 85 ml methanol and 5 ml concetrated sulphuric acid, in that order.
The re agent has only limited stability, and is no longer useable when the colour has turned to red-violet.
The TLC plate is sprayed with ab out 10 ml, heated at 100° C for 5-10 min, then evaluated in vis. or UV-365 nm. Detection 0/ essential oils, pungent principles, bitter principles, saponins, etc.
NO.3 Antimony(lII) chloride reagent (SbCI 3 )
20% solution of antimony(III) chloride in chloroform. The TLC plate must be sprayed with 15-20 ml reagent, then heated for 5-6 min
at 100° C. Evaluation in vis. or UV-365 nm. Detection 0/ cardiac glycosides, saponins, visnagin (Ammi visnagae /ructus), etc.
NO.4 Benzidine re agent (BZ) 0.5 g Benzidine is dissolved in 10 ml glacial acetic acid and the volume adjusted to 100 ml with ethanol. Evaluation in vis. Detection 0/ aucubin (Plantaginis folium)
NO.5 Berlin blue reagent (BB) A freshly prepared solution of 10 g iron(III) chloride and 0.5 g potassium hexacyanoferrate in 100 ml water. The plate is sprayed with 5-8 ml and evaluated in vis. Detection 0/ arbutin.
NO.6 Blood reagent (BL) 10 ml of 3.6% sodium citrate are added to 90 ml fresh bovine blood. 2 ml of this mixture are mixed with 30 ml phosphate buffer pH 7.4*. The plate is sprayed in a horizontal position. * Phosphate buffer pH 7.4 25.00 ml potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (27.281 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate dissolved in CO2-free water (double distilled) and volume adjusted to 1,000 ml) mixed with 39.34 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide, and volume made up to 100 ml with CO2 -free, double distilled water.
Detection 0/ saponins; white zones are formed against the reddish background of the plate. Haemolysis may be immediate, or it may not occur until the plate has been warmed.
Boroxyl reagent. See Natural products-polyethyleneglycol reagent No. 28.
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NO.7 Chloramine-trichloroacetic acid reagent (CTA) 10 ml freshly prepared 3% aqueous chloramine T solution (syn. sodium sulphamide chloride, or sodium tosy1chloramide) is mixed with 40 ml of 25% ethanolic trichloroacetic acid.
The plate is sprayed with 10-15 ml, heated at 100° C for 5-10 min and evaluated in UV-365 nm. Detection of cardiac glycosides.
NO.8 Dichloroquinonechloroimide reagent (DCC) 1 % methanolic solution of 2,6-dichloroquinonechloroimide.
The plate is sprayed with 5-10 ml, then immediately exposed to ammonia vapour. Detection of arbutin (DAB 8), capsaicin (DAB 8).
NO.9 Dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent (DNPH) 0.1 g of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine is dissolved in 100 ml methanol, followed by the addition of 1 ml of 36% hydrochloric acid.
After spraying with about 10 ml, the plate is evaluated immediately in vis. Detection of ketones and aldehydes.
No. 10 DNPH-acetic acid-hydrochloric acid reagent 0.2 g of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in a solvent mixture consisting of 40 ml 98% acetic acid, 40 ml 25% hydrochloric acid and 20 ml methanol.
The plate is sprayed with 10 ml and evaluated in vis. It is then heated at 100° C for 5-10 min and evaluated again in vis. (Ph. Eur. III). Detection of valepotriates (Valerianae radix). Chromogenic dien es react without warming. Remarks: Dienes can also be detected with HCL-AA reagent (No. 32).
No. 11 Dragendorffreagents (DRG) Detection of alkaloids, heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, quarternary amines.
No. 11A Dragendorffreagent (Ph. Eur. I, p. 139) 0.85 g basic bismuth nitrate is dissolved in 40 ml water and 10 ml glacial acetic acid, followed by addition of 8 g potassium iodide dissolved in 20 ml water.
No. 11 B Dragendorff reagent Rl (Ph. Eur. III, p. 105) 100 g tartaric acid are dissolved in 400 ml water. 8.5 g basic bismuth nitrate are added and the solution is shaken for 2 h. 200 ml of 40% potassium iodide are then added, and the solution is shaken vigorously. After standing 24 h, the solution is filtered. Diluted Dragendorff reagent (Ph. Eur. III, p. 105) 50 ml Dragendorff reagent Rl are added to a solution of 100 g tartaric acid in 500 ml water.
No. 11 C Dragendorff reagent with tartaric acid Solution A: 17 g bismuth subnitrate and 200 g tartaric acid in 800 ml water. Solution B: 160 g potassium iodide in 400 ml water. A + B = stock solution Spray reagent: 50 ml stock solution + 500 ml water + 100 g tartaric acid.
No. 11 D Dragendorff reagent with hydrochloric acid (modified) Solution A: 0.3 g bismuth sub nitrate, 1 ml of 25% HCl, 5 ml water. Solution B: 3 g potassium iodide in 5 ml water. Spray reagent: 5 ml A + 5 ml B + 5 ml of 12.5% HCI + 100 ml water.
No. HE Dragendorffreagent according to Vaguifalvi A mixture of 2.6 g bismuth carbonate, 7 g dried sodium iodide and 25 ml glacial acetic acid is heated to boiling for a few minutes. After standing overnight, the precipitated sodium acetate is removed by filtration. 20 ml of the c1ear red filtrate are mixed with 80 ml ethyl acetate to give the stock solution. Spray reagent: 2 ml stock solution, 5 ml glacial acetic and and 12 ml ethyl acetate. Detection limit: approx. 1 Ilg.
After the plate has been dried (i.e. the smell of acetic acid is no longer detectable), it can be sprayed again with 5% ethanolic sulphuric acid, ihereby giving a ten-fold increase in sensitivity.
No. HF Dragendorffreagent,Jollowed by sodium nitrite or HZS04
After treatment with any type of Dragendorff reagent, the plate may be additionally sprayed with 5% aqueous sodium nitrite or with 5% ethanolic sulphuric acid, thereby intensifying the coloured zones.
No. 12 Fast blue salt reagent (FBS) 0.5 g fast blue salt B is dissolved in 100 ml water. (Fast blue salt B=3,3'-dimethoxybiphenyl-4-4' -bise diazonium)-dichloride)
The plate is sprayed with 6-8 ml, dried and inspected in vis. Spraying may be repeated, using 0.1 M NaOH, followed again by inspection in vis. Detection of bitter principles /rom hops, and phenolic compounds in general.
No. 13 Fast red salt reagent (FRS) 0.5% aqueous solution of fast red salt B (=diazotized 5-nitro-2-aminoanisole).
The plate is sprayed with 10 ml, followed immediately by either 0.1 M NaOH or exposure to ammonia vapour. Detection 0/ amarogentin.
No. 14 Iron(III) chloride reagent (FeCI3)
10% aqueous solution. Spray with 5-10 ml and evaluate in vis. Detection %leuropein; carnosolic acid (Salviae folium, Rosmarini folium); hop bitter principles.
No. 15 EP reagent according to Stahl (EP) 0.25 g of 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde is dissolved in a mixture of 45 ml of 98% acetic acid, 5 ml of 85% o-phosphoric acid and 45 ml water, followed by 50 ml conc. sulphuric acid with cooling.
The sprayed plate is evaluated immediately in vis., or after heating. Detection 0/ azulenes (Matricariae flos) ; the natural blue of the azulenes is intensified by EP reagent. After warming at 100° C for 3-5 min, proazulene gives a blue-green (vis.).
No. 16 Acetic anhydride-sulphuric acid reagent Liebermann-Burchard reagent (LB) 5 ml acetic anhydride and 5 ml conc. sulphuric acid are added carefully to 50 ml absolute ethanol, while cooling in ice. The reagent must be freshly prepared.
The sprayed plate is warmed at 100° C for 5-10 min, then inspected in UV-365 nm. Detection oftriterpenes, steroids (saponins, bitter principles).
No. 17 Iodine-chloroform reagent (I/CHCI3)
0.5% Iodine in chloroform.
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The sprayed plate is warmed at 60° C for ab out 5 min. It may be evaluated immediately, or after standing for 10 min at room temperature. Detection o/Ipecacuanha alkaloids.
No. 18 Iodine re agent About 10 g solid iodine are spread on the bottom of a chromatography tank. Compounds containing conjugated double bonds give yellow-brown (vis.) zones on exposure to the atmosphere of iodine vapour.
No. 19 Iodoplatinate re agent (IP) 0.3 g hydrogen hexachloroplatinate (IV) hydrate is dissolved in 100 ml water and mixed with 100 ml of 6% potassium iodide solution.
The plate is sprayed with 10 ml and evaluated in vis. Detection o/nitrogen-containing compounds, e.g. alkaloids (blue-violet). For the detection of Cinchona alkaloids, the plate is first sprayed with 5% ethanolic H ZS04
(No. 34), and then with IP reagent.
No.20 Iodine-hydrochloric aicd reagent (I/HCl) 1 g potassium iodide and 1 g iodine are dissolved in 100 ml ethanol (soln. I). 25 ml of 25% HCI are mixed with 25 ml of 96% ethanol (soln. Ir).
The plate is first sprayed with 5 ml soln. 1, followed by 5 ml soln. Ir. Dark brown (vis.) zones are produced. Detection o/the purine derivatives, caffeine, theophylline and theobromine.
No.21 Potassium hydroxide (KOH) 5% or 10% Ethanolic potassium hydroxide (Bornträger reaction)
The plate is sprayed with 10 ml and evaluated in vis. or in UV-365 nm, with or without warming. Detection 0/ anthraquinones (red), anthrones (yellow, UV-365 nm); coumarins (blue, UV-365 nm).
No. 22 Potassium permanganate-sulphuric aicd re agent (PPM) 0.5 g Potassium permanganate is dissolved carefully in 15 ml conc. sulphuric acid, while cooling in ice (Care! Explosive manganese heptoxide is formed). Detection 0/ /enchone; the plate is sprayed first with phosphomolybdic acid reagent (PMA No. 27) (10 min/ll0° C), followed by PPM reagent (5 min/110° C) blue (vis.).
No.23 Kedde reagent (Kedde) 5 ml freshly prepared 3% ethanolic 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid are mixed with 5 ml of2 M NaOH.
The plate is sprayed with 5-8 ml of the freshly prepared mixture, then evaluated in vis. Detection 0/ cardenolides.
No. 24 Komarowsky re agent (KOM) 1 ml of 50% ethanolic sulphuric acid and 10 ml of 2% methanolic 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde are mixed shortly before use.
The sprayed plate is heated at 100° C for 5-10 min under constant observation, and evaluated in vis. Detection 0/ essential oils, pungent principles, bitter principles, saponins, etc. Liebermann-Burchard reagent (LB), see Acetic anhydride-sulphuric acid reagent No. 16
No. 25 Marquis re agent 3 ml formaldehyde are diluted to 100 ml with conc. sulphuric acid. The plate is evaluated in vis., immediate1y after spraying. Detection o/morphine, codeine, thebaine.
No. 26 Millons reagent (ML) 3 ml mercury are dissolved in 27 ml fuming nitric acid, and the solution diluted with an equal volume of water. Detection 0/ arbutin and phenol glycosides in general.
No. 27 Phosphomolybdic acid reagent (PMA) 20% ethanolic solution of phosphomolybdic acid. The plate is sprayed with 10 ml, then heated at 1000 C for 5 min, under observation. Detection 0/ components 0/ essential oils. For the detection of rhaponticosides: 4 g phosphomolybdic acid are dissolved with warming in 40 ml water. 60 ml conc. sulphuric acid are added carefully to the cooled solution. Rhaponticoside and Deoxyrhaponticoside form strong, blue (vis.) zones.
No. 28 Natural produets-polyethylenglyeol reagent (NP/PEG) The plate is sprayed with 1 % methanolic diphenylboric acid-ß-ethylamino ester ( = diphenylboryloxyethylamine) (NP), followed by 5% ethanolic polyethyleneglycol-4000 (PEG) (10 ml and 8 ml, respectively). Detection 0/ flavonoids, aloin. Intense fluorescence is produced immediately or after 15 min in UV-365 nm. PEG increases the sensitivity (from 10 Ilg to 2.5 Ilg). The fluorescence behaviour is structure-dependent.
No. 29 Ninhydrin reagent (NIH) 30 mg ninhydrin are dissolved in 10 ml n-butanol, followed by 0.3 ml of98% aceticacid. After spraying (8~10 ml), the plate is heated for 5~10 min under observation, and evaluated in vis. Detection 0/ amino acids, biogenie amines.
No. 30 Nitrosodimethylaniline reagent (NDA) 10 mg Nitrosodimethylaniline are dissolved in 10 ml pyridine, and used immediately to spray the TLC plate. Detection 0/ anthrone derivatives (grey-blue zones in vis., e.g. from freshly harvested Frangulae cortex).
No.31 Phenylenediamine reagent (PD) 0.5% ethanolic solution. Evaluation in vis. or in UV -365 nm. Detection o/constituents of Lichen islandicus (e.g. fumarprotocetraric acid).
No.32 Cone. hydroehlorie acid-glacial aeetie acid reagent (HCl/AA) 8 parts conc. hydrochloric acid and 2 parts glacial acetic acid. After spraying, the plate is heated at 1100 C for 10 min, and evaluated in vis. or in UV-365 nm. Detection o/valepotriates with diene structure (halazuchrome reaction).
No. 33 Nitrie acid (HN0 3 conc.) Detection 0/ ajmaline and brucine, red in vis. Detection of sennosides: after spraying with HN03 conc. and heating for 15 min at 1200 C, the plate is sprayed with KOH reagent (No. 21). Red-brown (vis.) or yellow-brown fluorescent (UV-365 nm) zones are formed.
No. 34 Sulphurie aeid (HZS04) A) 5% or 10% ethanolic H ZS04
B) 50% ethanolic H ZS04
C) concentrated H ZS04
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The plate is heated at 100° C for 3~5 min, and evaluated in vis. or in UV-365 nm. With conc. H 2S04 coloured (vis.) zones often appear immediately. Detection of e.g. cardiac glycosides.
No.35 Trichloroacetic acid-potassium hexacyanoferrate-iron(m) chloride reagent (TPF) Solution 1: 25% trichloroacetic acid in chloroform. Solution 2: 1 % aqueous potassium hexacyanoferrate mixed with an equal volume of 5% aqueous iron(lII) chloride. The plate is sprayed vigorously with solution 1 and heated at 110° C for 10 min. It is then sprayed with solution 2 and evaluated in vis. Detection of sinalhin and sinigrin.
No. 36 Vanillin-phosphoric acid reagent (VPA) A:l g vanillin dissolved in 100 ml of 50% phosphoric acid. B: 2 parts 24% phosphoric acid and 8 parts 2% ethanolic vanillic acid. After spraying with either A or B, the plate is heated for 10 min at 100° C, and evaluated in vis. or in UV -365 nm. Detection of e.g. terpenoids, lignanes and cucurbitacins.
No. 37 Vanillin-hydrochloric acid reagent (VHCl) The plate is sprayed with 5 ml of 1 % ethanolic vanillin, followed by 3 ml conc. HCI, then evaluated in vis. Colours are intensified by heating for 5 min at 100° C. Detection of myrrh constituents.
No. 38 Vanillin-sulphuric acid reagent (VS) 5% Ethanolic sulphuric acid (solution I) 1 % Ethanolic vanillin (solution II) The plate is sprayed vigorously with 10 ml solution I, followed immediately by 5~10 ml solution II. After heating at 110° C for 5~10 min under observation, the plate is evaluated in vis. Detection of e.g. components of essential oUs (terpenoids, phenylpropane derivatives, phenols, etc.).
No.39 Van URK reagent 0.2 g of 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde is dissolved in 100 ml of 25% HCI with the addition of 1 drop of 10% iron(III) chloride solution. Detection of Secale alkaloids.
Abbreviations and Definitions
1. Ahhreviations TLC: thin layer chromatography Silica gel 60: specific surface area 500 cm2 jg; pore volume 0.75 cm3 jg; pore diameter 60 A. UV-254 nm: shorter wavelength ultraviolet light, used to detect substances that quench fluorescence (Silica gel 60F 254 pre-coated TLC plates from Merck, Darmstadt). Zones appear dark blue against a yellow-green fluorescent background. UV-365 nm: for the detection of substances that fluoresce in long wave ultraviolet light. UV-Iamps: commercially available lamps or tubes from Philips, Osram, Sylvania and others. vis.: visible light or daylight.
2. General concepts Without chamber saturation: the chromatography solvent is poured into the chromatography tank, and swirled around vigorously for a few seconds. The TLC plate is then placed in position, and chromatography allowed to proceed. With chamber saturation: the solvent is allowed to remain in the c10sed tank for Ijr1 h before chromatography. The inside of the tank should be lined with filter paper. Volume of chromatography solvent: about 100 ml are normally used. Chromatography tank dimensions: 20 x 9 x 20 cm.
3. Extraction procedures Powdered drugs are used for extraction. According to DAB 7, "medium fine powder" corresponds to sieve No. 5 (0.315 mm mesh). According to Ph. Eur. I, medium fine corresponds to sieve No. 300 (mesh size 300). Sampie weights quoted for drug extraction refer to the dried drug.
4. Sam pie volume The volumes quoted are recommended averages. Depending on the quality of the drug, larger and smaller volumes should also be used. Exact volumes can be applied with the aid of commercially available, standardized capillaries. If melting point capillaries are used, it can be assumed that 1 cm is roughly equivalent to 4-5 j..ll.
As a rule, the sampie should be applied to the start as a line about 1 cm wide. Small sampie volumes (1-3 j..ll), however, are applied as a spot.
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References
Books on TLC Techniques and on the Constituents of Plant Drugs Randerath, K.: Dünnschicht-Chromatographie, 2. Aufl., Verlag Chemie, 1965 Stahl, E.: Thin-Layer Chromatography 2nd. edtn., Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New
York,1969 Stahl, E., Schild, W.: Pharmazeutische Biologie, 4. Drogenanalyse 1I, Inhaltsstoffe und Isolie
rungen. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart-New York, 1981 Wicht!, M.: Die Pharmakognostisch-Chemische Analyse. Untersuchung und Wertbestimmung
von Drogen und galenischen Präparaten. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Frankfurt/M., 1971
Wagner, H.: Pharmazeutische Biologie, 2. Drogen und ihre Inhaltsstoffe, 2. Aufl. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart-New York, 1982
Wagner, H., Bladt, S.: Pharmazeutische Biologie, Praktikumshandbuch, 2. Ausg., Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie der Universität München, 1979
Pharmacopoeias Deutsches Arzneibuch, 8. Ausgabe 1978. Deutscher Apotheker Verlag, Stuttgart. Govi Verlag, Frankfurt/Main. (German Pharmacopoeia, 8th. edition 1978) DAB 8
Deutsches Arzneibuch, 7. Ausgabe 1968. 1. Nachtrag 1974, 2. Nachtrag 1975. Deutscher Apotheker Verlag, Stuttgart. Govi Verlag, Frankfurt/Main. (German Pharmacopoeia, 7th. edition 1968, 1st. supplement 1974, 2nd. supplement 1975) DAB 7
Ergänzungsbuch zum Deutschen Arzneibuch. Sechste Ausgabe (Arzneimittel, die im Deutschen Arzneibuch, 6. Ausgabe, nicht enthalten sind). (Supplement to the 6th. edition of the German Pharmacopoeia, containing material that was not inc1uded in the 6th. edition) Erg.-B.6
Europäisches Arzneibuch, Band I-IlI, 1974, 1975, 1978,. Deutscher Apotheker Verlag, Stuttgart. Govi-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main. (Ph. Eur. I: pp. 79-82 Thin Layer Chromatography) (European Pharmacopoeia, Volumes I-IH, 1974, 1975, 1978 Ph. Eur.
Arzneibuch der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. 2. Ausgabe 1979, Akade-mie Verlag, Berlin. (Physical analysis: 12.01 Thin layer chromatography) (Phar-macopoeia of the German Democratic Republic) 2. AB-DDR
Deutscher Arzneimittel-Codex, 1979 (Ergänzung zum Arzneibuch). Govi-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main. Deutscher Apotheker Verlag, Stuttgart. (Appendix E: Azeo-tropic solvent mixtures for TLC and paper chromatography). (German pharma-ceutical codex, 1979 (supplement to the Pharmacopoeia)) DAC
Österreichisches Arzneibuch, Ausgabe 1981. Österreichische Staatsdruckerei, Wien (Austrian Pharmacopoeia) ÖAB
Pharmacopoea Helvetica, Editio sexta, 1971 und Supplement. Eidgenössische Drucksachen- und Materialzentral, Bem (Swiss Pharmacopoeia, 6th. edition, 1971 and supplement) Helv. VI
Kommentar zum Helv. VI pp. 98-105. Erläuterungen zur Dünnschichtchromato-graphischen Prüfung. Selbstverlag des Schweizerischen Apotheker-Vereins, Bem 1975 (Notes on Helv. VI, with guide to thin layer chromatography)
The Uni ted States Pharmacopeia, 1980. The National Formulary. The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD ("Chromatography" pp. 938-946
USPXX NFXV
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Subject Index
Page numbers referring to the description of chromatograms are printed in bold type.
Abies species 16, 46 Abrotani herba 149, 156 Absinthii herba 128, 134 absinthin 128,131,134 acacetin rutinoside 180 acacia flowers 165, 180 Acaciae flos 165, 180 Acanthopanax senticosus 227 acevaltrate 264, 265, 266 acid amides 55, 62 aconite root 57 Aconiti herba/tuber 57, 84 aconitine 57, 64, 84 Aconitum napellus 57 Acorus calamus 9 Adonidis herba 198,214,218 adonis 198 Adonis vernalis 198 adonitoxin 198, 202, 218 adonivernith 218 adynerin 198,212 aesculetin 150 aesculin 227,230,234,242 Aesculus hippocastanum 227 Aetherolea 5 Aetheroleum - Anisi 9,26 - Anisi stellati 9, 26 - Anthemidis 11,32 - Aurantii 15,44 - Basilici 10, 26 - Calami 9, 24 - Cardamomi 11, 30 - Carvi 10,30 - Caryophylli 10,28 - Chamomillae 11, 32 - Cinnamomi 9,24 - Ci tri 15,44 - Citronellae 14,40 - Cinae 12, 34 - Curcumae 14, 42 - Eucalypti 13, 38 - Foeniculi 9, 26 - Juniperi 11,30 - Lavandulae 12,34
- Macis 10, 28 - Matricariae 11, 32 - Melissae 14,40 - Menthae 12,36 - Myristicae 10,28 - Petroselini 10,28 - Pi ni 15, 16,46 - Rosmarini 11, 30 - Salviae 13, 38 - Sassafras 10, 26 - Serpylli 14, 40 - Terebinthinae 16,46 - Thymi 13, 40 ajmaline 55, 62, 68,70 ajowan fruits 14,40 Ajowani fructus 14,40 albopetasin 192 alder buckthorn bark 98, 106 al der buckthorn fruits 98, 106 Alexandrian sennapods 99 alkaloid drugs 51 allicin 255 alliin 255 Allium sativum 255, 256 allyl thiourea derivatives 256 allylisothiocyanate 255 allyltetramethoxybenzene 10, 20, 28 Aloe species 97, 102 aloe-emodin 97, 102 aloes 97, 102 aloesine A, B 97, 100, 102 aloin A, B 97, 100, 102 aloinoside A, B 97, 100, 102 Althaea rosea 270 amarogentin 127, 130, 136 amaropanin 136 amaroswerin 136 amentoflavone 119,122,170 amide pungent principles 248 amino acids 255, 288 Ammi (Amme os) fructus 148, 160 Ammi majus, A. visnaga 148 anabsinthin 128, 134 anethole 9, 20, 26 Angelica archangelica 147
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310
angelica root 147, 154 Angelica sylvestris 147 anise 9 Angelicae radix 147, 154 anisaldehyde 9, 20, 26 Anisi fructus 9,26 Anisi stellati fructus 9, 26 Anserinae herba 168, 186 Anthemidis flos 11, 32, 165, 182, 184 Anthemis nobilis 11 anthocyanins 269,272, 274 anthracene drugs 93 anthracene glycoside drugs 97 anthraquinones 93 anthrone, anthranol 93 apigenin 170 apiol 10, 20, 28 arbutin 119,120 arbutin drugs 117, 120 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 119 Armoracia rusticana 253, 255 Arnica chamissonis 165 arnica flowers 165 Arnica montana 165 Arnicae flos 165,174,176 Artemisia abrotanum 149 Artemisia absinthium 128 Artemisia cina 12 artichoke 129 Asa foetida 148, 158 asafetida 148 asaresitannol 148 asarone 9, 20, 24 ash bark 149 Asperulae herba 149, 156 aspidosperma bark 55 Atropa belladonna 59 atropine 59, 63, 88, 90 Aucuba japonica 128 aucubine 128, 130, 136 Aurantii flos 15, 44 Aurantii pericarpium 15, 44, 129, 132,
169, 188 Avena sativa 229 avenacoside 242 Avenae herba 229, 233, 242 azulene 32
baldrinal 265 balsams 16, 48 Balsamum peruvianum 17,48 Balsamum tolutanum 17, 48 barberry bark 57 basil 10,26 Basilici herba 10, 26
bearberry leaves 119 Belladonnae folium 59,88,90 belladonna leaves 59 belladonna root 59 Belladonnae radix 59, 90 Belladonnae semen 90 benzo-o:-pyrones 145 benzoic acid 16, 48 benzoins 16, 48 benzyl benzoate 48 Berberidis radix 57, 80 berberine 57, 63, 80 Berberis vulgaris 57 bergamot oil 15,44 bergapten 154 bergenia 119 Bergenia crassifolia 119 Betula species 167 Betulae folium 167, 182, 229 birch leaves 167 bisabolol 11, 21, 32 bisabolol oxide A, B 11,21,32 bitter principle drugs 125 blackthorn flowers 167 blessed thistle 128 boldine 57,61,84 Boldo folium 57,84 bornyl acetate 15, 19,46 bilberry leaves 119 Brassica nigra 255 broom 58, 168 brucine 56, 62, 72 bryomarid 138 Bryoniae radix 129, 138 bryony root 129 buckbean 128 buckthorn berries 98 bufadienolides 195 Bulbus scillae 199,222 burnet root 148 butanone phloroglucides 279, 282
cacao seeds 58 Cacao semen 58,86 Cacti flos 165, 176 cactin 165 caffeic acid 152, 171 caffeine 58, 59, 65, 86 caffeine drugs 86 Calami rhizoma 9,24 Calendula officinalis 166 Calendulae flos 166, 174, 176 Calluna vulgaris 119 Camellia sinensis 59 cannabidiol (CBD) 260
cannabidiol acid (CBDA) 260 cannabinol (CBN) 260 Cannabis herba 260 Cannabis sativa 259 cape aloes 97, 102 capsaicin 249,250 Capsici fructus 248, 250 Capsicum annum var. longum 248 Capsicum frutescens 248 capsicums 248 caraway 10 Cardamomi fructus 11, 30 cardamoms 11 cardenolides 195 cardiac glycoside drugs 195 Cardui benedicti herba 128, 134 Cardui mariae fructus 169, 190 carnosol 13, 142 carnosolic acid 142 Carum carvi 10 carvacrol 13, 19,40 Carvi fructus 10, 30 carvone 10, 19,30 caryophyllene 28 Caryophylli flos 10,28 Cascarae cortex 97, 104 cascarosides 97, 100, 104 Cassia angustifolia 99 cassia cinnamon 24 Cassia senna 99 catechin 122 catharticin 98, 106 cat's foot flowers 167 cayenne pepper 248 Centaurea cyanus 270 Centaurii herba 127, 132 Centaurium minus 127 centaury 127 cephaeline 56, 61,76 Cephaelis acuminata 56, 76 Cephaelis ipecacuanha 56,76 Cereus grandiflorus 165 Cetraria islandica 279 Cetraria tenuifolia 279 cetraric acid 281, 284 Ceylon cinnamon 9,24 Chamaemelum nobile 11 chamazulene 11, 21, 32 chamomile flowers 11, 166 chamomile flowers (Roman) 11, 166 Chamomilla recutita 11 Chamomillae flos 11,32, 166, 184 chelerythrin 57, 63, 82 Chelidonii herba 57, 82 chelidonine 57, 63,82
Chelidonium majus 57 Chinae cortex 56, 74 chlorogenic acid 171, 172 Chrysanthemum species 279 chrysophanol 98, 100, 108 Cinae flos 12,34 Cinchona alkaloids 56 Cinchona bark 56 Cinchona ledgeriana 56, 74 Cinchona succirubra 56, 74 Chinchonae cortex 56,74 cinchonidine 56, 61, 74 cinchonine 56, 61, 74 cineole 19,22,38 cinerin I, Ir 279, 281, 282 cinnamaldehyde 9, 20, 24 cinnamein 17, 20, 48 Cinnamomi cortex 9,24 Cinnamomum species 9 cinnamon bark 9 cinnamoyl benzoate 16 cinnamoyl pigments 42 circular TLC 95, 112, 114 citral 14, 19,40 Citri pericarpium 15,44, 169, 188 Citronellae aetheroleum 40 citronellal 14,19,40 Citrus species 15 Claviceps purpurea 55 clove oil 10, 28 cloves 10 Cnici herba 128, 134 cnicin 128, 131, 134 Cnicus benedictus 128 codeine 56,61,78 Coffea arabica 58 Coffeae semen 58, 86 coffee beans 58 cola seeds 59 Colae semen 58 Colchici semen 57, 82 colchicine 57, 64, 82 Colchicum autumnale 57 Colchicum seeds 57 Colombo radix 57,80 Colombo root 57 coltsfoot flowers, leaves 166 columbamine 57,80 Commiphora molmol 16 common osier 278 condurangins 129, 131, 132 Condurango bark 129 Condurango cortex 129, 132 coniferyl benzoate 16 coniferyl cinnamate 16
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312
Convallaria majalis 198 Convallariae herba 198,214, 218 convallatoxin 198,202,218 coriander 11 Coriandri fructus 11, 30 Coriandri semen 30 Coriandrum sativum 11 cornflowers 270 cornmint oil 12, 36 Cortex - Cascarae 97, 104 - Chinae 56, 74 - Cinchonae 56, 74 - Cinnamomi 9,24 - Condurango 129, 132 - Frangulae 98, 104, 106 - Fraxini 149, 158 - Mezerei 149, 158 - Oreoherzogiae 98, 106 - Quebracho 55, 68 - Quillajae 228, 234, 244 - Rhamni cathartici 98 - Rhamni purshiani 97, 104 - Salicis 278, 282 - Viburni 119, 122 - Yohimbe 55, 68 coumarin 24, 145, 149 coumarin drugs 145 coumarins 150,151,152 cowberry leaves 119 Crataegi flos, C. folium, C. fructus 166,
178 Crataegus species 166 crocetin 271 Croci stigma 270, 274 crocin 270,271,274 crocus 270 Crocus sativus 270 Cubebae fructus 248, 250 cubebin 249, 250 cubebs 248, 250 Cucurbita pepo 129 cucurbitacins 129,131,138 Cucurbitae semen 129, 138 cucurbitine 129 Curacao aloes 97, 102 Curcuma species 14, 42 Curcumae rhizoma 14,42 curcumins 14,42 Cyani flos 270, 272 cyanidine glycosides 270 cymarin 206 Cymbopogon species 14 Cynanchum vincetoxicum 228,
236
Cynarae herba 129, 142 cynarin 129,142,171
Daphne mezereum 149 daphnoretin 150, 156 Datura stramomium 60 delphinidin 270, 271 demethoxycurcumin 42 deoxyaloin 97, 104 dianthrones 110 dicaffeoyl quinic acids 171 didrovaltrate 265, 266 Digitalis folium 198,208,210 Digitalis glycosides 197, 200 Digitalis lanata 198 Digitalis purpurea 198 digitoxin 201 Dryopteris filix-mas 279
eIder flowers 167 e1emicin 20 Eleutherococci radix 227, 238 e1eutheroside 227,231,238 Elletaria cardamomum 11 emetine 56,61,76 ene-ine-dicycloether 11, 21, 32 Ephedra 57 Ephedra species 57 Ephedrae herba 57,86 ephedrine 64 epoxydihydrocaryophyllene 34 Equiseti herba 168, 186 Equisetum arven se 168 ergobasine 55 ergocristine 62, 72 ergometrine 55,72 ergot 55 ergotamine 55, 62,72 ergotoxin 55 Ericae herba 119 eriocitrin 169, 188 Eriodictyonis herba 169, 188 Erucae semen 255,256 essential oil drugs 5 Eucalypti folium 13, 38 eucalyptol 13 eucalyptus leaves 13,38 Eucalyptus species 13 eugenol 29,22,28
Farfarae flos 166, 176 Farfarae folium 166, 192 fenchone 9, 19,26 fennel 9,26 Ferula assa-foetida 148
filicin 279 Filicis rhizoma 279,282 Filipendula ulmaria 167 filixic acid 281,282 flavone, flavonol, flavanone 170, 171 flavonoid drugs 163 Flos - Acaciae 165, 180 - Anthemidis 11,32, 165, 182, 184 - Arnicae 165,174,176 - Aurantii 15,44 - Cacti 165,176 - Calendulae 166,174,176 - Caryophylli 10, 28 - Chamomillae 11, 32, 166, 184 - Cinae 12, 34 - Crataegi 166, 178 - Cyani 270, 272 - Farfarae 166, 176 - Helichrysi 167, 174, 178 - Hibisci 270, 272, 274 - Lavandulae 12,34 - Malvae 270, 272 - Matricariae 11, 32, 166, 184 - Primulae 166, 176 - Pruni spinosae 167, 180 - Pyrethri 279, 282 - Robiniae 180 - Sambuci 167, 174, 178 - Spiraeae 167, 180 - Stoechados 167,174, 178 - Tiliae 167, 180 - Verbasci 167, 178, 229 Foeniculi fructus 9,26 Foeniculum vulgare 9 foliamenthin 128, 132 Folium - Belladonnae 59,88 - Betulae 167,182,229 - Boldo 57, 84 - Crataegi 166, 178 - Digitalis 198,208,210 - Eucalypti 13, 38 - Farfarae 166, 192 - Hamamelidis 278, 282 - Hederae 227, 242 - Hyoscyami 59, 88, 90 - Jaborandi 57,84 - Juglandis 168, 182 - Mate 59,86 - Melissae 14,40 - Menthae 12,36 - Menyanthidis 128, 132 - Myrtilli 119, 120 - Nerii oleandri 198, 212
- Nicotianae 58, 86 - Oleae 128, 136 - Oleandri 198,212 - Orthosiphonis 169, 188 - Plantaginis 128, 136 - Pyri 119 - Rosmarini 11, 30, 128, 142 - Salviae 13,38, 128, 142 - Sennae 99, 110, 112 - Stramonii 60, 88, 90 - Theae 59,86 - Trifolii fibrini 128 - Uvae ursi 119, 120 - Vitis idaeae 119,120 foxglove leaves 198 Frangula-emodin 100, 106 Frangulae cortex 98, 104, 106 Frangulae fructus 106 frangulin A, B 98, 100, 106 fraxidin 149, 158 Fraxini cortex 149, 158 fraxinol 149, 150 Fraxinus species 149 Fructus - Ajowani 14,40 - Ammeos 148,160 - Ammi 148, 160 - Anisi 9,26 - Anisi stellati 9, 26 - Capsici 248,250 - Cardamomi 11, 30 - Cardui mariae 169, 190 - Carvi 10,30 - Coriandri 11, 30 - Crataegi 166, 178 - Cubebae 248, 250 - F oeniculi 9, 26 - Frangulae 106 - Juniperi 11,30 - Oleae 136 - Petroselini 10, 28 - Piperis 248, 250 - Rhamni cathartici 98, 106 - Sennae 99, 110, 112 fumarprotocetraric acid 179, 281, 284 furanochromones 148,151 furanocoumarins 145,151
Galangae rhizoma 249 Galium odoratum 149 gallic acid 280 garlic 255 gentian root 127 Gentiana species 127, 136 Gentianae radix 127, 132, 136
313
314
gentiopicrin (gentiopicroside) 127, 130,132
geraniol 19,22 ginger 249 gingerols 249 Ginseng radix 227, 234, 238 ginseng root 227 ginsenosides 227, 238 glucofrangulin A, B 98, 100, 106 glutamic acid 288 glycine 288 glycyrrhetic acid 228, 240 Glycyrrhiza glabra 228 glycyrrhizic acid 228 glycyrrhizin 228, 240 golden rod 168 grapple plant 127 greater celandine 57 Gypsophila species 228
Hamamelidis folium 278, 282 hamamelitannin 280, 282 Harpagophyti radix 127, 132 Harpagophytum procumbens 127 harpagoside 127,130,132 hashish 259, 260 hawthorn flowers, leaves, fruits 166,
178 heather 119 Hedera helix 227 hederacoside 227,232,242 Hederae folium 227,242 hederin, 0:-, ß- 227,242 Helichrysi flos s. Stoechados flos 167,
174 Helichrysum arenarium 167 hellebore rhizome, white 58 hellebore root, black 199 Hellebori radix 199,220 Helleborus species 199 hellebrin 199, 203, 220 henbane 59 Heraclei radix 148, 152 Heracleum spondylium 148 Herba - Abrotani 149, 156 - Absinthii 128, 134 - Aconiti 57, 84 - Adonidis 198, 214, 218 - Anserinae 168, 186 - Asperulae 149, 156 - Avenae 229,233,242 - Basilici 10, 26 - Cannabis 260 - Cardui benedicti 128, 134
- Centaurii 127, 132 - Chelidonii 57, 82 - Cnici 128, 134 - Convallariae 198,214,218 - Cynarae 129, 142 - Ephedrae 57,86 - Equiseti 168, 186 - Ericae 119 - Eriodictyonis 169, 188 - Herniariae 149, 156, 176 - Hyperici 99, 110 - Leonuri 168, 186 - Lobeliae 58,84 - Marrubii 128, 134 - Meliloti 149, 156 - Pulegii 12, 36 - Rutae 149, 156, 186 - Sarothamni 58,86, 168, 186 - Scrophulariae 127, 132 - Serpylli 14, 40 - Solidaginis 168 - Spartii 58, 86, 168, 186 - Thymi 13,40 - Veronicae 168, 186 - Violae 168, 184, 186 - Virgaureae 168, 184 - Visci 279, 286 herbaI drug mixtures 296 Herniaria glabra 149 Herniariae herba 149, 156, 176 herniarin 149, 150, 152, 156 hesperidin 167, 170 Hibisci flos 270, 272, 274 hibiscus flowers 270 Hippocastani semen 227,234, 242,
244 hogweed root 148 hollyhock 270 hop bitter principles 129 hops 129 horse chestnut seeds 227 horse radish 255 horsetail 168 Humuli lupuli strobulus 129, 140 humulone 129,131,140 Humulus lupulus 129 hydrastine 57,80 Hydrastis rhizoma 57, 80 hydroquinone 119, 120 Hyoscyami folium 59, 88, 90 hyoscyamine 59, 63, 88, 90 Hyoscyamus muticus 59, 90 Hyoscyamus niger 59 Hyperici herba 99, 110 hypericins 99,101,110
Hypericum perforaturn 99 hyperoside 170, 172
lceland moss 279 Ignatii semen 56, 72 Ignatius beans 56 Ilex paraguariensis 59 Illicium species 9 irnidazole alkaloids 58 Imperatoriae radix 148, 154 imperatorin 151,154 indole alkaloids 55 insect flowers 279 ipecacuanha root 56 Ipecacuanhae radix 56,76 isobarbaloin 97 isopetasin 171 isoquercitrin 170, 172 isoquinoline alkaloids 56 isorhamnetin 170 isorhamnetin glycosides 176 IVDH valtrate 265, 266 ivy leaves 227
Jaborandi folium 58, 84 jaborandi leaves 58 Jateorhiza palmata 57 jateorhizin 57, 63, 80 Java citronella oil (lernon grass oil) 14,
40 Juglandis folium 168, 182 Juglans regia 168 juniper berries 11 Juniperi fructus 11, 30 Juniperus communis 11
kaempferol 170 kaempferol glycosides 172 khellin 148,151,160
lanatosides 198,208,210 lavander flowers 12 lavandin oil 12, 34 Lavandula species 12 Lavandulae flos 12,34 lemon balm leaves 14 lemon grass oil 14, 40 lemon peel 15 Leonuri herba 168, 186 Leonurus species 168 Levistici radix 148, 154 Levisticum officinale 148 Lichen islandicus 279, 284 licorice root 228 Lignum Quassiae 129, 134
Lignum Sassafras 10,26 lime flowers 167 linalool 19,22 linalyl acetate 19,22 ligustilide 147, 154 lily of the valley 198 Liquiritiae radix 228, 234, 240 liquiritin 228, 240 Lobelia inflata 58 Lobeliae herba 58,84 lobeline 58, 64, 84 lovage 147, 154 lupulone 129, 131, 140 luteolin 170 luteolin glycosides 170, 172 lysergic acid 55
ma-huang 57 mace 10,28 male fern 279 mallow flowers 270 Malva species 270 Malvae flos 270, 272 marigold florets 166 marihuana 259 Marquis reaction 78 Marrubii herba 128, 134 marrubiin 128, 131, 134 Marrubium vulgare 128 Marsdenia condurango 129 master-wort 147 Mate folium 59, 86 mate leaves 59 Matricaria chamomilla 11 Matricariae flos 11, 32, 166, 184 matricin 11 may-apple root 279 meadow-sweet flowers 167 meconic acid 61 Mei radix 154 Meliloti herba 149, 156 Melilotus officinalis 149 melissa leaves 14 Melissa officinalis 14 melissa oil substitutes 40 Melissae folium 14, 40 melon pumpkin seeds 129 Mentha species 12 Menthae folium 12,36 menthiafolin 128, 132 menthofuran 12, 21,36 menthol 12,21,36 menthone 12, 21, 36 menthyl acetate 12, 21, 36 Menyanthes trifoliata 128
315
316
Menyanthidis folium 128, 132 methyl chavicol 9, 20, 26 Meum species 148, 154 Mezerei cortex 149, 158 mezereon bark 149 milk-thistle fruits 169 milkwort root 229 mistletoe leaves 279 morphine 56,61,78 mother cloves 10 motherwort 168 mountain pi ne oil 15 mullein flowers 167 mustard 255 mustard oil drugs 253 mustard oil glycosides 253 Myristica fragrans 10 Myristicae arillus 10, 28 Myristicae semen 10,28 myristicin 10, 20, 28 Myroxylon species 17 myrrh 16,46 Myrrha 16, 46 Myrtilli folium 119, 120
narcissin 165,176 narcotic drugs 259 narcotine 56, 61, 78 naringin 131, 132, 188 nerigoside 212 Nerii folium 198,212 Nerium oleander 198 neroli oil 15, 44 nerolidol 48 Nicotiana tabacum 58 Nicotianae folium 58, 86 nicotine 58, 64, 86 noscapine 56,61,78 nutmeg 10 Nux vomica seeds 56
oats 229 Ocimum basilicum 10 odoroside 198,212 Olea europaea 128 Oleae folium 128, 136 Oleae fructus 136 oleander lea ves 198 Oleandri folium 198, 212 oleandrin 198, 202, 212 oleanolic acid 230 oleaside 198,212 oleoresins 16, 48 oleuropein 128, 130, 136 olives 128
opium 56,78 opium alkaloids 56,61,78 orange flowers 15 Oreoherzogiae cortex 98, 106 orthosiphon leaves 169 Orthosiphon spicatus 169 Orthosiphonis folium 169, 188 osier 278 oxypeucedanin, -hydrate 151,152
Paeoniae flos 270, 274 paeonidin 271 palmatine 57, 63, 80 Panax ginseng 227 Papaver somniferum 56 papaverine 56, 61, 78 parsley fruits 10, 28 parsley species 10, 28 Pastinacae radix 148 Pausinystalia yohimba 55 pear leaves 119 pelargonidin 271 peony 270 pepper 248 peppermint leaves 12 peptide alkaloids 55, 62 Pericarpium Aurantii 15, 44, 129, 132,
188 Pericarpium Citri 15,44,169,188 Peru balsam 17,48 Peruvianum balsamum 17,48 peruvoside 202, 204 petasin 171,192 Petasites species 166, 192 petit grain oil 15, 34, 44 Petroselini fructus 10, 28 Petrose1ini radix 10 Peucedanum ostruthium 148 Peumus boldus 57 phenol carboxylic acids 171 phenylpropane derivatives 10 phthalides 147 physcione 98, 100, 108 physostigmine 66 Picea species 16, 46 picein 278, 282 Picrasma exce1sa 129 picrosalvin 13 pigment drugs 269 pilocarpine 58, 65, 84 Pilocarpus species 58 Pimpinella anisum 9 Pimpinella species 148 Pimpinellae radix 148, 152 pimpinellin 151, 152
pine oils 46 Pinus species 15, 16 Piper cubeba 248 Piper nigrum 248 piperine 249,250 Piperis fructus 248,250 piperitone 19,22 Plantaginis folium 128, 136 Plantago lanceolata 128 Podophylli resina/rhizoma 279, 284 podophyllotoxin 281,284 Podophyllum peltatum 279 Polygala senega 229 Polygalae radix 229 polyines 11,21,32 Polypodii filicis maris radix 279 Potentilla anserina 168 primrose root 228 primula acid 228, 232, 236 Primula species 166, 228 Primulae flos 166, 176 Primulae radix 228,234, 236 proscillaridin 199, 203, 222 protropine 82 protoveratrine A, B 64 Pruni spinosae flos 167, 180 Prunus spinosa 167 psychotrine 61, 76 Pulegii herba 12, 36 pulegone 12, 36 pungent principle drugs 247 purine drugs 58,86 Purpurea glycosides 198, 200, 208 pyranocoumarins 151 Pyrethri flos 279, 282 pyrethrins 281 Pyri folium 119
Quassia amara 129 quassia wood 129 Quassiae lignum 129, 134 quassin 129, 131, 134 Quebracho cortex 55, 68 quercetin 170 quercetin glycosides 170, 172 quillaja bark 228 Quillaja saponaria 228 Quillajae cortex 228, 234, 244 quinidine 56, 61, 74 quinine 56, 61, 74 quinoline alkaloids 56
Radix - Angelicae 147, 154 - Belladonnae 59,90
- Berberidis 57,80 - Bryoniae 129, 138 - Colombo 57, 80 - Eleutherococci 227,238 - Gentianae 127, 132, 136 - Ginseng 227, 234, 238 - Harpagophyti 127, 132 - Hellebori 199,220 - Herac1ei 148, 152 - Iperatoriae 148, 154 - Ipecacuanhae 56, 76 - Levistici 148, 154 - Liquiritiae 228, 234, 240 - Mei 154 - Pastinacae 148 - Petroselini 10 - Pimpinellae 148, 152 - Polygalae 229 - Polypodii filicis maris 279 - Primulae 228,234,236 - Rauwolfiae 55, 70 - Rhei 98, 108, 114 - Saponariae 228, 234, 236 - Sarsaparillae 229,234,244 - Scopoliae 59,90, 149, 154 - Senegae 229,234,244 - Uzarae 199,220 - Valerianae 264, 266 - Xysmalobii 199,220 rau ba si ne 62, 70 raupine 52, 53 Rauwolfia alkaloids 68 Rauwolfiae radix 55, 70 Rauwolfia root 55, 70 Rauwolfia species 55 rauwolscine 70 rescinnamine 55, 62, 68, 70 reserpine 55, 62, 68, 70 Rhamni cathartici cortex 98 Rhamni cathartici fructus 98, 106 Rhamni purshiani cortex 97, 104 Rhamnus species 97, 98 rhaponticin (rhaponticoside) 98, 101,
108 Rhei radix 98, 108, 114 rhein 100, 108, 114 Rheum species 98 Rheum-emodin 100 Rhizoma - Calami 9, 24 - Curcumae 14, 42 - Filicis 279, 282 - Galangae 249 - Hydrastis 57, 80 - Podophylli 279,284
317
318
Rhizoma - Veratri 58 - Zingiberis 249 rhubarb rhizome 98 ribwort leaf 128 Robinia pseudoacacia 165 Robiniae flos 180 robinin 180 rosemary leaves 11 Rosmarini folium 11, 30, 128, 142 rosmarinic acid 13 Rosmarinus species 11, 30 round turmeric 14 rue 149 rupture-wort 148 Ruta graveolens 149 Rutae herba 149, 156, 186 rutamarin 150 rutin 170,172
Sabadillae semen 58, 84 safrol 10, 20, 26 sage leaves 13 salicin 278, 280, 282 Salicis cortex 278, 282 Salix species 278 Salvia officinalis 13 Salvia triloba 13 Salviae folium 13, 38, 128, 142 salvigenin 13 Sambuci flos 167,174,178 Sambucus nigra 167 sanguinarin 57, 63, 80, 82 santonin 12,19,34 Saponaria officinalis 228 Saponariae radix 228, 234, 236 saponin 228 saponin drugs 225 sarmentosides 216 Sarothamni (Spartii) herba 58, 86, 168,
186 Sarothamnus scoparius 58, 168 sarsaparilla 229 Sarsaparillae radix 229,234,244 Sassafras lignum 10, 26 sassafras wood 10 Schoenocaulon officinale 58 Scillae bulbus 199, 222 scillaren 199, 203, 222 scilliroside 222 scoparin 168, 186 scopolamine 59, 63, 88, 90 scopoletin 150, 152 Scopolia carniolica 59, 149 scopolia root 59
Scopoliae radix 59, 90, 149, 154 scopoline 149 scots pi ne oil 46 screening (of unknown drugs) 291 Scrophulariae herba 127, 132 Secale alkaloids 55 Secale cornutum 55, 72 secoiridoids 127, 128 Semen - Belladonnae 90 - Cacao 58, 86 - Coffeae 58, 86 - Colae 58 - Colchici 57, 82 - Coriandri 30 - Cucurbitae 129, 138 - Erucae 255, 256 - Hippocastani 227, 234, 242, 244 - Ignatii 56, 72 - Myristici 10,28 - Sabadillae 58,84 - Sinapis 255, 256 - Stramonii 90 - Strophanthi 199,214,216 - Strychni 56, 72 Senegae radix 229, 234, 244 senegin 229, 232 sen na lea ves 99 sen na pods 99 Sennae folium 99, 110, 112 Sennae fructus 99, 110, 112 sennosides 99,101,110,112 serpentine 55, 62, 68, 70 Serpylli herba 14,40 Seville orange peel 15, 169 Siam benzoin 48 si! ver fir bil 46 silverweed 168 si!ybin 170, 190 Si!ybum marianum 169 sinalbin 255, 256 Sinapis alba 255 Sinapis semen 255, 256 sinensetin 171, 188 sinigrin 255, 256 Smilax species 229 soap bark 228 soapwort root 228 socrotine aloes 97, 102 Solanaceae drugs 59,88, 90 Solidaginis herba 168 Solidago species 168 sophora buds 169 Sophora japonica 169 Sophorae gemma 169, 186
southernwood 149 sparteine 58, 65, 86 spearmint leaves 12 speedwell 168 spike oil 12, 34 Spiraeae flos 167, 180 spiraeoside 167 spray reagents (list) 299 spruce oil 46 squill 199 standard saponin 228 star anise 9, 26 steroid saponins 225, 233 Stigma croci 270, 274 St. John's wort 99 Stoechados flos 167,174,178 Stramonii folium 60, 88, 90 Stramonii semen 90 Strobulus humuli lupuli 129, 140 Strophanthi semen 199,214,216 strophanthin, g- 199,202,204,206 strophanthin, k- 199,202,204, 206 Strophanthus seeds 199 Strophanthus species 199 Strychni semen 56, 72 strychnine 56, 62, 66 Strychnos species 56, 72 Styrax species 16 Sumatra benzoin 48 sweet flag 9 swertiamarin 127, 132 Syzygium aromaticum 10
tall melilot 148 taxifolin 171, 190 tea 59 Terebinthinae aetheroleum 16,46 terpineol 19,22 terpinyl acetate 19 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 260 Theae folium 59, 86 thebaine 56, 61, 78 Theobroma cacao 58 theobromine 58, 59, 65, 86 theophylline 59, 65, 86 Thevetia glycosides 204 thiourea derivatives 253, 256 thornapple leaves 60 thujone 13, 19,38 thyme 13 Thymi herba 13, 40 thymol 13, 19, 40 Thymus species 13, 40 Tilia species 167, 180 Tiliae flos 167, 180
tobacco leaves 58 tolu balsam 17 Tolutanum balsamum 17 Trachyspermum ammi 14 triandrin 278, 280, 282 Trifolii fibrini folium 128, 132 trigonelline 86 triterpene saponins 225, 230 tropane alkaloids 59 turmeric 14 turpentine oil 16,46 Tussilago farfara 166
umbelliferone 150, 152 Urginea maritima 199 Uvae-ursi folium 119,120 uzara root 199 U zarae radix 199, 220 uzarin 203, 220 uzarone 220
Vaccinium species 119 valepotriates 263, 265 valerian rhizome 264 Valeriana species 264 Valerianae radix 264,266 valine 288 valtrate 265,266 valtrathydrins 266 vanillin glucoside 242 Veratri rhizoma 58 veratrin (Veratrinum) 58, 84 Veratrum album 58 Verbasci flos 167, 178,229 Verbascum species 167 Veronica officinalis 168 Veronicae herba 168, 186 Viburni cortex 119,122 Viburnum species 119,122 Viola tricolor 168 Violae herba 168, 184, 186 Virgaureae herba 168, 184 Visci herba 279,286 viscotoxin 279 Viscum album 279 visnagin 148, 151, 160 vitexin 170,178 vitexin-2" -O-rhamnoside 170, 178 Vitis idaeae folium 119, 120
walnut leaves 168 white hellebore rhizome 58 white willow 278 wild pansy 168 wild parsnip root 148
319
320
wild thyme 14 willow bark 278 witch hazelleaves 278 woodruff 148 wormseed 12 wormwood 128
xanthorhamnin 98, 106 xanthorrhizol 14,42
Xysmalobii radix 199,220 Xysmalobium undulatum 199 xysmalorin 199,203,220
Y ohimbe cortex 55, 68 yohimbehe bark 55 yohimbine 55, 62, 68
Zingiberis rhizoma 249
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