spring 2014: mondays 10:15am –12:05pm (fox hall, room...
TRANSCRIPT
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LECTURE 01
Spring 2014: Mondays 10:15am – 12:05pm (Fox Hall, Room 204)
Instructor: D. Magdalena SorgerWebsite: theantlife.com/teaching/bio295-islands-evolution
Aye‐aye
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Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Theodosius Dobzhansky
DEFENSE MIMICRY SEXUAL SELECTION CAMOUFLAGE
Today:
Classroom assessment
Class format
Syllabus
Introductions
Evolution & Islands intro
Summary
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EVOLUTION & ISLANDS INTRO
EVOLUTIONis change in the properties of groups of organisms (populations) over the course of generations.
By understanding evolution, we can understand why the natural world is the way it is.
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Prerequisites of evolution by means of natural selection
VARIATION among individuals in some attribute or trait.
DIFFERENTIAL FITNESS – A consistent relationship
between that trait and mating ability, fertilizing ability, fertility,fecundity, and, or, survivorship.
INHERITANCE – A consistent relationship, for that trait,
between parents and their offspring, which is at least partiallyindependent of common environmental effects.
Variation
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Differential Fitness
Differential Fitness
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Differential Fitness
Inheritance
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EVOLUTION is everywhere.
MORNING SICKNESS
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MORNING SICKNESS
Pregnancy: foreign cells invade body (fetus)
Immune system temporarily weakened
Fetal organs form early
Morning sickness 6‐14 weeks after conception
Meat, fish, poultry, eggs
Parasites & pathogens
evolutionary safety mechanism
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
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LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
Humans only mammals that drink milk as adults
Depends on ancestors
Very hot and very cold climates: no daily herding possible or deadly diseases of cattle present
Asian & African descent can’t digest milk
Northern European descent retain ability to digest milk
Global Lactose Intolerance
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
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EVOLUTIONARY PROGRAMMING
Why ISLANDS?
LABORATORIES OF EVOLUTION
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Why ISLANDS?
small sizedistinct boundariessimplified biotasabundance & tameness of inhabitantsreplicatesagegeographical isolation
geographical isolation
Losos & Ricklefs 2009
Why ISLANDS?
small sizedistinct boundariessimplified biotasabundance & tameness of inhabitantsrMAKE IT EASIER TO INTERPRET EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS
geographical isolation
Losos & Ricklefs 2009
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Why ISLANDS?
small sizedistinct boundariessimplified biotasabundance & tameness of inhabitantsreplicates GENERAL EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS CAN BE DISTINGUISHED FROM UNIQUE OUTCOMES
agegeographical isolation
Losos & Ricklefs 2009
Why ISLANDS?
small sizedistinct boundariessimplified biotasabundance & tameness of inhabitantsreplicatesage RELATIVELY YOUNG, UNBALANCED COLONIZATION
geographical isolation
Losos & Ricklefs 2009
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Why ISLANDS?
small sizedistinct boundariessimplified biotasabundance & tameness of inhabitantsreplicatesagegeographical isolation LOW RATES OF COLONIZATION, BIOTAS ABLE TO DIVERGE ALONG THEIR EVOLUTIONARY TRAJECTORIES
ADAPTIVE RADIATION
Diversification of a species or single ancestral type into several forms that are each adaptively specialized to a specific environmental niche.
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OF ONE SPECIES...BECOME…MANY.
EVOLUTIONARYDIVERSIFICATION
2 processes:
• Proliferation of species from initial ancestor to many decedents
• Adaptation of a species to use different parts of environment
ADAPTIVE RADIATION
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CASE STUDY
ANOLIS LIZA
RDS
Losos, J.B. 2009. Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree: Ecology and Adaptive Radiation of Anoles. University of California Press: Berkeley, CA.
ANOLIS LIZA
RDS
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Losos, J.B. 2009. Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree: Ecology and Adaptive Radiation of Anoles. University of California Press: Berkeley, CA.
ANOLIS LIZA
RDS
Losos, J.B. 2009. Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree: Ecology and Adaptive Radiation of Anoles. University of California Press: Berkeley, CA.
ANOLIS LIZA
RDS
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Losos, J.B. 2009. Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree: Ecology and Adaptive Radiation of Anoles. University of California Press: Berkeley, CA.
ANOLIS LIZA
RDS
Losos, J.B. 2009. Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree: Ecology and Adaptive Radiation of Anoles. University of California Press: Berkeley, CA.
ANOLIS LIZA
RDS
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J Alföldi et al. (2011), Nature, doi:10.1038/nature10390
ANOLIS LIZA
RDS
ANOLIS LIZA
RDS
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ANOLIS LIZA
RDS
ANOLIS LIZA
RDS
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ANOLIS LIZA
RDS
SUMMARY
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SUMMARY
• What was the most important thing you learned during this class?
• What important question regarding what you learned remains unanswered for you? (What would you like to know about next?)
Until next week:
Take‐home assignmentIdentify an animal (or plant) you find interesting that has an island or island‐like distribution and prepare a few facts about it like:• Common name, scientific name• Geographic distribution• Some short natural history facts (behavior, ecology, whatever triggered your interest)
Prepare to briefly talk about this at the beginning of next class.