[spring 2016] cs-217/224: database systems lab-1 manual · pdf file[spring 2016] cs-217/224:...

[Spring 2016] CS-217/224: Database Systems

Lab-1 Manual Introduction to the Oracle Database 10g and SQL

V1.0 4/12/2016

GIFT Department of

Computing Science

Lab-1 Manual 2016

Spring 2016 CS-217: Database Systems (Lab) Page 1

Introduction to Lab-1

This lab introduces students to the Oracle 10g object-relational database management system.

The lab discusses the basic operations of working with the Oracle Database 10g using the SQL

Plus command shell. The fundamental concepts of using Structured Query Language (SQL) are

also introduced.

The main topics of this lab include:

1. Introduction to the Oracle Database 10g

2. System Development Life Cycle

3. Data Storage on Different Media

4. Definition of a Relational Database

5. Relational Database Terminology

6. Starting a Database Session

7. Communicating with an RDBMS Using SQL

8. SQL Statements

9. Configuring and Connecting to an Oracle Server using SQL+

10. Creating & Finding Tables in a Database using SQL+

11. Displaying the Table Data

12. Displaying the Structure of Tables

13. Practice SQL Statements

This lab resembles a walkthrough and guides students by giving them hands-on practice of

applying the various operations of working with the Oracle database. This lab also contains

various exercises of using the SQL SELECT statement for fetching data from tables.

Objectives of this Lab

At the end of this lab, students should be able to:

Understand the process of configuring a client to connect to the Oracle database

Understand the usage of SQL Plus command shell for working with the Oracle database

Understand how to import a simple database schema into the user tablespace using SQL

script file

Understand the purpose and the various types of SQL languages

Understand how to use the SQL SELECT statement for listing tables and simple data

fetching from tables

Understand how to list the structure of tables

Lab-1 Manual 2016


1. Introduction to the Oracle Database 10g

Oracle Database 10g is designed

to store and manage enterprise

information. Oracle Database

10g cuts management costs and

provides a high quality of

service. Reduced configuration

and management requirements

and automatic SQL tuning have

significantly reduced the cost of

maintaining the environment.

Oracle Database 10g contributes

to the grid infrastructure

products of the Oracle 10g

release. Grid computing is all

about computing as a utility. If

you are a client, you need not

know where your data resides

and which computer stores it. You should be able to request information or computation on your

data and have it delivered to you.

Oracle Database 10g manages all your data. This is not just the object relational data that you

expect an enterprise database to manage. It can also be unstructured data such as:

Spreadsheets

Word documents

PowerPoint presentations

XML

Multimedia data types like MP3, graphics, video, and more

The data does not even have to be in the database. Oracle Database 10g has services through

which you can store metadata about information stored in file systems. You can use the database

server to manage and serve information wherever it is located.

2. System Development Life Cycle

From concept to production, you can develop a database by using the system-development life

cycle, which contains multiple stages of development. This top-down, systematic approach to

database development transforms business information requirements into an operational

database.

Strategy and Analysis Phase

Study and analyze the business requirements. Interview users and managers to identify the

information requirements. Incorporate the enterprise and application mission statements as

well as any future system specifications.

Lab-1 Manual 2016


Build models of the

system. Transfer the

business narrative into a

graphical representation

of business information

needs and rules.

Confirm and refine the

model with the analysts

and experts.

Design Phase

Design the database based

on the model developed in

the strategy and analysis

phase.

Build and Documentation Phase

Build the prototype system. Write and execute the commands to create the tables and

supporting objects for the database.

Develop user documentation, help text, and operations manuals to support the use and

operation of the system.

Transition Phase

Refine the prototype. Move an application into production with user-acceptance testing,

conversion of existing data, and parallel operations. Make any modifications required.

Production Phase

Roll out the system to the users. Operate the production system. Monitor its performance, and

enhance and refine the system.

Lab-1 Manual 2016


3. Data Storage on Different Media

Every organization has some information needs. A library keeps a list of members, books, due

dates, and fines. A company needs to save information about employees, departments, and

salaries. These pieces of information are called data.

Organizations can store data on various media and in different formats, such as a hard-copy

document in a filing cabinet or data stored in electronic spreadsheets or in databases.

A database is an organized collection of information.

To manage databases, you need a database management system (DBMS). A DBMS is a program

that stores, retrieves, and modifies data in databases on request. There are four main types of

databases: hierarchical, network, relational, and (most recently) object relational.

4. Definition of a Relational Database

A relational database uses relations or two-dimensional tables to store information.

For example, you might want to store information about all the employees in your company. In a

relational database, you create several tables to store different pieces of information about your

employees, such as an employee table, a department table, and a salary table.

Lab-1 Manual 2016


5. Relational Database Terminology

A relational database

can contain one or

many tables. A table

is the basic storage

structure of an

RDBMS. A table

holds all the data

necessary about

something in the real

world, such as

employees, invoices,

or customers.

The diagram shows

the contents of the

EMPLOYEES table or

relation. The numbers

indicate the following:

1. A single row (or

tuple) representing all

data required for a

particular employee.

Each row in a table should be identified by a primary key, which permits no duplicate rows. The

order of rows is insignificant; specify the row order when the data is retrieved.

2. A column or attribute containing the employee number. The employee number identifies a

unique employee in the EMPLOYEES table. In this example, the employee number column is

designated as the primary key. A primary key must contain a value, and the value must be

unique.

Lab-1 Manual 2016


3. A column that is not a key value. A column represents one kind of data in a table; in this

example, the data is the salaries of all the employees. Column order is insignificant when storing

data; specify the column order when the data is retrieved.

4. A column containing the department number, which is also a foreign key. A foreign key is a

column that defines how tables relate to each other. A foreign key refers to a primary key or a

unique key in the same table or in another table. In the example, DEPARTMENT_ID uniquely

identifies a department in the DEPARTMENTS table.

5. A field can be found at the intersection of a row and a column. There can be only one value in

it.

6. A field may have no value in it. This is called a null value. In the EMPLOYEES table, only

those employees who have the role of sales representative have a value in the

COMMISSION_PCT (commission) field.

6. Starting a Database Session

Oracle uses a client/server model of communication. An Oracle Database server is continually

running, waiting for client requests. The server processes the request and returns the result to the

client.

Lab-1 Manual 2016


7. Communicating with an RDBMS Using SQL

Using SQL, you can communicate with the Oracle server. SQL has the following advantages:

Efficient

Easy to learn and use

Functionally complete (With SQL, you can define, retrieve, and manipulate data in the

tables.)

8. SQL Statements

Lab-1 Manual 2016


9. Configuring and Connecting to an Oracle Server using SQL+

The SQL+ application (Command Shell) allows for the creation of databases and other objects,

as well as to interact with an Oracle Database Server. The SQL+ program is a simple console

application that provides a command line interface to the Oracle Database system. You enter text

commands in the SQL+ program to view and manipulate data.

For our lab, we will be connecting with a database named “cs217db” using SQL+ as follows:

1. Perform a configuration sequence as directed by the instructor to establish a connection with

the Oracle Database Server. This is done via the Oracle Network Assistant wizard.

Note: Carefully observe and note this process. You will need to perform this when working

in the labs.

2. Launch the SQL+ application from the Application Development Menu under the Oracle

home menu

3. Enter the User ID, Password, and Host String as specified by the instructor

Note: The Host String refers to the database name, i.e., cs217db for this course

4. If the credentials are correct, then you will get the SQL prompt, meaning that you have

successfully connected to the Oracle Database

5. We are now ready to issue SQL commands to the Oracle Database

10. Creating & Finding Tables in a Database using SQL+

Every user created in the Oracle Database has a predefined tablespace for storing tables and

other objects. You can easily see the tables in a tablespace using SQL+ by using the SQL

SELECT statement as follows:

SELECT * FROM tab;

Here, tab, or TAB is a special data dictionary table having the details of the tables owned by a

user. Observer the output of the above command. We will see the SELECT statement in detail in

the later labs. Don’t forget to terminate the SQL statements with the semi-colon.

For the purpose of this and coming labs, we will create a simple schema having 4 tables and

populate the tables using some data by using the “Sample.sql” file. This is simple SQL script

file containing SQL statements for creating and populating our sample tables.

First, copy this file to the root of your Z: drive, and then issue the following command at the

SQL+ prompt:

@z:\Sample.sql

This assumes that you have placed the file at the root of your Z-drive.

Now, again issue a

SELECT * FROM tab;

command to list the tables created. Carefully, observe the output.

Don’t worry about the content of this script file. You will learn about all the SQL statements

involved in later labs.

Lab-1 Manual 2016


11. Displaying the Table Data

There are now four tables, named EMP, DEPT, SALGRADE, and BONUS in your tablespace as

indicated by the last SELECT statement. To list the table data, use the SELECT statement as

follows:

SELECT * FROM emp;

SELECT * FROM dept;

SELECT * FROM bonus;

SELECT * FROM salgrade;

What output do you observe from the above commands, especially when SELECTing the

BONUS table?

12. Displaying the Structure of Tables

You can easily view the details of a table structure by using the DESCRIBE statement. Try out

the following:

DESCRIBE emp;

Or,

DESC emp;

What output do you see here? Do you see any data types being listed? Can you relate this to the

structure of a C++ class? What do you think about the NOT NULL constraint? Why it is listed

here?

Now, go ahead and explore the structure of the other three tables.

You can now take rest as you have done a lot in this first lab!

13. Practice SELECT Statements

You are expected to practice what you have learned in this lab exercise. You are expected to be

able to perform the following:

Establishing a connection with the Oracle Database by configuring the Network

Assistant Wizard

Create the sample schema by calling a SQL script file

List the tables and table data

Finally, list the table structures

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