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Springer Handbookof Mechanical Engineering
Springer Handbooks providea concise compilation of approvedkey information on methods ofresearch, general principles, andfunctional relationships in physi-cal sciences and engineering. Theworld’s leading experts in thefields of physics and engineer-ing will be assigned by one orseveral renowned editors to writethe chapters comprising each vol-ume. The content is selected bythese experts from Springer sources(books, journals, online content)and other systematic and approvedrecent publications of physical andtechnical information.
The volumes are designed to beuseful as readable desk referencebooks to give a fast and comprehen-sive overview and easy retrieval ofessential reliable key information,including tables, graphs, and bibli-ographies. References to extensivesources are provided.
123
HandbookSpringerof Mechanical Engineering
Grote, Antonsson (Eds.)
With DVD-ROM, 1822 Figures and 402 Tables
Editors:
Professor Dr.-Ing. Karl-Heinrich GroteDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringOtto-von-Guericke University MagdeburgUniversitätsplatz 239106 Magdeburg, [email protected]
Professor Erik K. AntonssonDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of Technology (CALTEC)1200 East California BoulevardPasadena, CA 91125, [email protected]
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008934575
ISBN: 978-3-540-49131-6 e-ISBN: 978-3-540-30738-9
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in wholeor in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Sci-ence+Business Media, LLC New York, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or schol-arly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage andretrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissim-ilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The usein this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similarterms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an ex-pression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
The use of designations, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply,even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for generaluse.
Product liability: The publisher cannot guarantee the accuracy of anyinformation about dosage and application contained in this book. In everyindividual case the user must check such information by consulting therelevant literature.
Production and typesetting: le-tex publishing services oHG, LeipzigSenior Manager Springer Handbook: Dr. W. Skolaut, HeidelbergIllustrations: schreiberVIS, Seeheim and Hippmann GbR, SchwarzenbruckCover design: eStudio Calamar Steinen, BarcelonaCover production: WMXDesign GmbH, HeidelbergPrinting and binding: Stürtz GmbH, Würzburg
Printed on acid free paper
SPIN 10934364 60/3180/YL 5 4 3 2 1 0
V
Preface
Mechanical engineering is a broad and complex fieldwithin the world of engineering and has close relationsto many other fields. It is an important economic fac-tor for all industrialized countries and the global marketallows for wide international competition for productsand processes in this field. To stay up to date withscientific findings and to apply existing knowledge inmechanical engineering it is important to renew andcontinuously update existing information.
The editors of this Springer Handbook on Mechan-ical Engineering have worked successfully with 92authors worldwide to include chapters about all relevantmechanical engineering topics. However, this Hand-book cannot claim to cover every aspect or detail ofthe mechanical engineering areas or fields included,and where mechanical engineers are currently presentand contributing their expertise and knowledge towardsthe challenges of a better world. However, this Hand-book will be a valuable guide for all who design,develop, manufacture, operate, and use mechanical arte-facts.
We also hope to spark interest in the field of me-chanical engineering from others. In this Handbook,high-school students can get a first glance at the optionsin this field and possible career moves.
We, the editors, would like to express our gratitudeand thanks to all of the authors of this Handbook, who
have devoted a considerable amount of time towardsthis project. We would like to thank them for their pa-tience and cooperation, and we hope for a long-lastingpartnership in this ambitious project. We would alsomost sincerely like to thank our managers and friends atSpringer and le-tex. The executives at Springer–Verlagwere always most cooperative and supportive of thisHandbook. Without Dr. Skolaut’s continuous help andencouragement and Ms. Moebes’ and Mr. Wieczorek’salmost daily requests for corrections, improvements,and progress reports it would have taken another fewyears – if ever – to publish this Handbook. Stürtz hasdone a fantastic job in printing and binding. Finally wewould like to thank all the people we work with in ourdepartments and universities, who tolerated the time andeffort spent on this book.
Finally, we know that there is always room forimprovement – with this Handbook as with most en-gineering products and approaches. We, as well as theauthors welcome your fair hints, comments, and crit-icism. Through this Handbook and with the authors’efforts, we would also like to draw your attention towhat has been accomplished for the benefit of the en-gineering world and society.
Berlin, Fall 2008 Karl-Heinrich GrotePasadena, Fall 2008 Erik K. Antonsson
VII
About the Editors
Dr. Karl-Heinrich Grote is a Professor and Chair of the Department of MechanicalEngineering – Engineering Design at the Otto-von-Guericke University in Magdeburg,Germany. He earned his “Diploma in Mechanical Engineering” (Masters of Science inMechanical Engineering) in 1979 and his “Dr.-Ing.” (Ph.D. in Engineering) in 1984,both from the Technical University in Berlin, Germany. After a post doctoral stayin the USA he joined an automotive supplier as manager of the engineering designdepartment. In 1990 he followed a call to become full professor at the Mechanical En-gineering Department at the California State University, Long Beach, USA. In 1992 hereceived the TRW Outstanding Faculty award and in 1993 the VDI "Ring of Honor"for his research on Engineering Design and Methodology. In 1995 he was namedchair of the Engineering Design Department at the Otto-von-Guericke University inMagdeburg, where he is now Dean of the College of Mechanical Engineering. FromOctober 2002 to September 2004 he was Visiting Professor of Mechanical Engineer-ing at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) USA. Since 1995 he is Editor ofthe DUBBEL (Taschenbuch für den Maschinenbau) and author of several books.
Dr. Erik Antonsson is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the California Insti-tute of Technology in Pasadena, where he organized the Engineering Design ResearchLaboratory and has conducted research and taught since 1984. He earned a Bachelorof Science in Mechanical Engineering from Cornell University in 1976, and a PhD inMechanical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge in1982. In 1984 he joined the Mechanical Engineering Faculty at the California Instituteof Technology, where he served as the Executive Officer (Chair) from 1998 to 2002.From September, 2002 through January, 2006, Dr. Antonsson was on leave from Cal-tech and served as the Chief Technologist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).He was an NSF Presidential Young Investigator (1986-1992), won the 1995 RichardP. Feynman Prize for Excellence in Teaching, and was a co-winner of the 2001 TRWDistinguished Patent Award. Dr. Antonsson is a Fellow of the ASME, and a memberof the IEEE, AIAA, SME, ACM, and ASEE. He has published over 110 scholarly pa-pers in the field of engineering design research, has edited two books, and holds eightU.S. patents.
IX
List of Authors
Gritt AhrensDaimler AG X944Systems Integration and Comfort Electric71059 Sindelfingen, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Seddik BachaUniversité Joseph FourierGrénoble Electrical Engineering LaboratorySaint Martin d’Hères38402 Grenoble, Francee-mail: [email protected]
Stanley BaksiTRW Automotive, Lucas Varity GmbHCarl Spaeter Str. 856070 Koblenz, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Thomas BöllinghausFederal Institute for Materials Researchand Testing (BAM)Unter den Eichen 8712205 Berlin, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Alois BreiingEidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH)Institut für mechanische Systeme (IMES)Zentrum für Produkt-Entwicklung (ZPE)ETH Zentrum, CLA E 17.1, Tannenstrasse 38092 Zurich, Switzerlande-mail: [email protected]
Eugeniusz BudnyInstitute of Mechanized Construction and RockMiningRacjonalizacji 6/802-673 Warsaw, Polande-mail: [email protected]
Gerry ByrneUniversity College DublinSchool of Electrical, Electronicand Mechanical EngineeringBelfield, Dublin 4, Irelande-mail: [email protected]
Boris Ilich Cherpakov (deceased)
Edward ChlebusWrocław University of TechnologyCentre for Advanced Manufacturing TechnologiesLukasiewicza 550-371 Wrocław, Polande-mail: [email protected]
Mirosław ChłostaIMBiGS – Institute for Mechanized Constructionand Rock Mining (IMBiGS)ul. Racjonalizacji 6/802-673 Warsaw, Polande-mail: [email protected]
Norge I. Coello MachadoUniversidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las VillasFaculty of Mechanical EngineeringSanta Clara, 54830, Cubae-mail: [email protected]
Francesco CostanzoAlenia AeronauticaProcurement/Sourcing Management DepartmentViale dell’AeronauticaPomigliano (NA), Italye-mail: [email protected]
Carl E. CrossFederal Institute for Materials Researchand Testing (BAM)Joining TechnologyUnter den Eichen 8712200 Berlin, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
X List of Authors
Frank DammelTechnical UniversityDepartment of Mechanical Engineering/Instituteof Technical ThermodynamicsPetersenstr. 3064287 Darmstadt, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Jaime De La ReeVirginia TechElectrical and Computer Engineering Department340 Whittemore HallBlacksburg, VA 24061, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Torsten DellmannRWTH Aachen UniversityDepartment of Rail Vehicles andMaterials-Handling TechnologySeffenter Weg 852074 Aachen, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Berend DenkenaLeibniz University HannoverIFW – Institute of Production Engineeringand Machine ToolsAn der Universität 230823 Garbsen, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Ludger DetersOtto-von-Guericke UniversityInstitute of Machine DesignUniversitätsplatz 239016 Magdeburg, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Ulrich DiltheyRWTH Aachen UniversityISF Welding and Joining InstitutePontstr. 4952062 Aachen, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Frank EngelmannUniversity of Applied Sciences JenaDepartment of Industrial EngineeringCarl-Zeiss-Promenade 207745 Jena, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Ramin S. EsfandiariCalifornia State UniversityDepartment of Mechanical & AerospaceEngineeringLong Beach, CA 90840, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Jens FreudenbergerLeibniz-Institute for Solid State and MaterialsResearch DresdenDepartment for Metal PhysicsP.O. Box 27011601171 Dresden, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Stefan GiesRWTH Aachen UniversityInstitute for Automotive EngineeringSteinbachstr. 752074 Aachen, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Joachim GöllnerOtto-von-Guericke UniversityInstitute of Materials and Joining TechnologyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringUniversitätsplatz 239016 Magdeburg, Germanye-mail:[email protected]
Timothy GutowskiMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringCambridge, MA 02139, USAe-mail: [email protected]
List of Authors XI
Takeshi HatsuzawaTokyo Institute of TechnologyPrecision and Intelligence Laboratory4259-R2-6, Nagatsuta-cho226-8503 Yokohama, Japane-mail: [email protected]
Markus HechtBerlin University of TechnologyInstitute of Land and Sea Transport SystemsDepartment of Rail VehiclesSalzufer 17–1910587 Berlin, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Hamid HefaziCalifornia State UniversityMechanical and Aerospace EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical and AerospaceEngineering1250 Bellflower BoulevardLong Beach, CA 90840, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Martin HeilmaierTechnical UniversityDepartment of Physical MetallurgyPetersenstr. 2364287 Darmstadt, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Rolf HenkeRWTH Aachen UniversityInstitute of Aeronautics and AstronauticsWuellnerstr. 752062 Aachen, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Klaus HerfurthIndustrial AdvisorAm Wiesengrund 3440764 Langenfeld, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Horst Herold (deceased)
Chris Oliver HeydeOtto-von-Guericke UniversityElectric Power Networks and Renewable EnergySourcesUniversitätsplatz 239106 Magdeburg, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Andrew KaldosAKM Engineering Consultants31 Tudorville RoadBebington, Wirral CH632 HT, UKe-mail: [email protected]
Yuichi KandaToyo UniversityDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringAdvanced Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory2100 Kujirai350-8585 Kawagoe-City, Japane-mail: [email protected]
Thomas KannengiesserFederal Institute for Materials Researchand Testing (BAM)Joining TechnologyUnter den Eichen 8712200 Berlin, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Michail KarpenkoNew Zealand Welding CentreHeavy Engineering Research Association (HERA)17–19 Gladding PlaceManukau City, New Zealande-mail: [email protected]
Bernhard KarpuschewskiOtto-von-Guericke UniversityDepartment of Manufacturing EngineeringUniversitätsplatz 239106 Magdeburg, Germanye-mail: [email protected]