sprinkler application rates & soil considerations bruce sandoval, p.e. irrigation engineer...
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![Page 1: Sprinkler Application Rates & Soil Considerations Bruce Sandoval, P.E. Irrigation Engineer USDA-NRCS](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649cfa5503460f949cb8cc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Sprinkler Sprinkler Application Rates Application Rates
& Soil & Soil ConsiderationsConsiderations
Bruce Sandoval, P.E.Irrigation Engineer
USDA-NRCS
![Page 2: Sprinkler Application Rates & Soil Considerations Bruce Sandoval, P.E. Irrigation Engineer USDA-NRCS](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649cfa5503460f949cb8cc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Sprinkler Application Rates & Soil Sprinkler Application Rates & Soil ConsiderationsConsiderations
• Sprinkler Application Rates
• Soil Infiltration Rates
• Application vs. Infiltration = Runoff ?
• Management to Eliminate/Reduce Runoff
![Page 3: Sprinkler Application Rates & Soil Considerations Bruce Sandoval, P.E. Irrigation Engineer USDA-NRCS](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649cfa5503460f949cb8cc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Application Rates & ApplicationApplication Rates & Application– Instantaneous
– Average
– Total Application
RATES
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Impact Sprinkler Pattern
InstantaneousInstantaneousApplication RateApplication Rate
where water is hittingwhere water is hittingthe groundthe ground
Area being Area being watered:watered:AverageAverage
Application RateApplication Rate
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Impact Sprinkler:Impact Sprinkler:Pattern Profile of Average Application RatePattern Profile of Average Application Rate
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Distance from Nozzle (ft)
Ap
plic
atio
n R
ate
(inch
es/h
ou
r)
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Total Application for a Single Impact SprinklerTotal Application for a Single Impact Sprinkler
Total Application = Average Rate x Run Time• IF
– Nozzle q = 5 gpm– Nozzle throw = 45 ft
• THEN – The average application rate over the area to which
water is applied (the green circle) is 0.076 inches/hour (if all the water makes it to the ground)
• AND SO– If the sprinkler is run for 10 hours TOTAL APPLICATION
is 0.76 inches
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Pivot & Linear-move Application Devices
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Instantaneous Application RateInstantaneous Application Rate
Serrated Deflection PlateSerrated Deflection Plate
Depends onDepends onWhere TheWhere TheEvaluationEvaluationPoint isPoint is
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Instantaneous Application RateInstantaneous Application RateFlat Deflection PlateFlat Deflection Plate
NozzleNozzle
Water hitting ground in most of outside part of area
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Application Devices with Distinct Streams
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Exaggerated Rotator-style Pattern w/ 4 individual streams
InstantaneousInstantaneousApplication RateApplication RateWhere water isWhere water is
Hitting the groundHitting the ground
Area of AverageArea of AverageApplication RateApplication Rate
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Pattern Profile IllustrationsPattern Profile Illustrations
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Total Application for a Single ApplicatorTotal Application for a Single Applicator
Total Application = Average Rate x Run Time
• IF– Nozzle q = 5 gpm
– Nozzle throw = 25 ft
• THEN – The average application rate is 0.245 inches/hour
• AND SO– If the sprinkler is run for 10 hours TOTAL APPLICATION
is 2.45 inches (if all the water makes it to the ground)
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Reality Check:Reality Check:Consider Overlap & Sprinkler MovementConsider Overlap & Sprinkler Movement
• Individual Patterns are Overlapped for Uniformity– Typical hand/wheel line spacing of 40’ (& 50’ or 60’ in solid
sets)
– Adjacent applicators on a pivot/linear-move
• Consider the movement of the pattern as the pivot/linear-move advances– the instantaneous application rate the soil “sees” will change
because the overlapped pattern is not perfectly uniform
– Initially the soil “sees” a small rate, gradually getting more intense until it peaks, then gradually decreases again as the machine moves away
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WettedDiameter
Soil
One point in the field
Instantaneous Application Rate Varies as Instantaneous Application Rate Varies as Machine Moves over the fieldMachine Moves over the field
App
lica
tion
Rat
e A
ppli
cati
on R
ate
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Instantaneous Application Rates under a pivot or linear-move
Instantaneous Application Rates under a pivot or linear-move
Low Pressure SprayLow Pressure Spray
Moving ApplicatorMoving Applicator
High Pressure ImpactHigh Pressure Impact
Water ApplicationApplication Time (min)Water ApplicationApplication Time (min)
App
lica
tion
Rat
e (i
n/hr
)A
ppli
cati
on R
ate
(in/
hr) 8.08.0
7.07.0
3.03.0
6.06.0
5.05.04.04.0
2.02.01.01.0
0.00.000 1212 2424 3636 4848 6060 7272
Low Pressure ImpactLow Pressure Impact
Shapes also represent overlapped pattern
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Application Rate Summary
• Instantaneous Application Rate is the rate “seen” by the soil at one point in the field at one point in time – NOT influenced by speed of machine
• Average Application Rate is the average rate “seen” by the soil at one point in the field over the time it receives water– NOT influenced by speed of machine
• Total Application is total “depth” of water received by the soil in the field. Equal average rate x time watered
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Questions - Comments ?
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Soil Infiltration RatesSoil Infiltration Rates
• Vary with Soil Texture• Vary with Soil Structure• Vary with time
– Short term
– Long term
• Vary with other factors
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Soil texture defined by relative percentages of sand, silt, & clay
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Infiltration Rate Varies With Time
0 12 24 36 48 60
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
INFILTRATION TIME, (minutes)
INF
ILT
RA
TIO
N R
AT
E, (
in/h
r)
Initial Rate is high
Rate Drops Rapidly
Silty soil
Sandy soil
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Soil Structure: arrangement & grouping of soil particles
• Good structure in finer grained soils provides small cracks, or macropores, that provide infiltration capacity
• Other things related to structure:– Compaction degrades structure
– Organic Matter aids structure; residue at surface aids infiltration capacity
– Soil and Water Chemistry can affect structure
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Conditions that May Produce Surface SealingConditions that May Produce Surface Sealing
Salts– Sodium tends to break down structure and produce
“dispersed” conditions which lead to reduced infiltration rates
– Calcium tends to bind particles together, improving soil structure and, thus, infiltration rates
– These impacts typically seen in soils with large percentages of clay particles
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Conditions that May Produce Surface SealingConditions that May Produce Surface Sealing
Compaction/Sealing• By Equipment• By impact of water particles with soil
– Intense rainstorm– Application Rate & Energy of Sprinkler Droplet; energy is
basically a function of size of droplet– Silty soils more susceptible; aggregates broken down and the silt
particles “float” on top, producing a seal– Effect is progressive, getting worse throughout the irrigation
season
• Organic or other material added to soil surface
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Sealing Effect on Infiltration Rate
0 12 24 36 48 60
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
INFILTRATION TIME, (minutes)
INF
ILT
RA
TIO
N R
AT
E, (
in/h
r)
Soil before sealing
Soil after sealing
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Questions - Comments ?
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Application vs. Infiltration = Runoff ?
• There is potential for runoff when Application Rate exceeds Infiltration Rate.
• Runoff will occur if “surface storage” cannot temporarily hold the water not being infiltrated.
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0 12 24 36 48 60
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
WATER APPLICATION TIME, (minutes)
APP
LIC
AT
ION
RA
TE
, (in
/hr)
55 foot Wetted Diameter
Water Application = 1.0 inchSystem Flow Rate = 800 gpm
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0 INFI
LTR
AT
ION
RA
TE
, (in
/hr)
0.3 NRCS Intake Family Curve
System Length = 1340 feet
27% Potential Runoff
Peak Water Application Rate = 2.7 inches/hour
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Instantaneous App rate “seen” by soil
Surface Storage
Potential Runoff
Runoff PotentialRunoff Potential
0 12 24 36 48 60
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
INFILTRATION TIME, (minutes)
INF
ILT
RA
TIO
N R
AT
E, (
in/h
r)0.3 Intake Family Curve
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Infiltration vs. Application RatesInfiltration vs. Application Rates
Low Pressure SprayLow Pressure Spray
Rotating SprayRotating Spray
High Pressure ImpactHigh Pressure Impact
Water ApplicationApplication Time (min)Water ApplicationApplication Time (min)
Wat
er A
ppli
cati
on R
ate
(in/
hr)
Wat
er A
ppli
cati
on R
ate
(in/
hr)
8.08.07.07.0
3.03.0
6.06.0
5.05.04.04.0
2.02.01.01.0
0.00.000 1212 2424 3636 4848 6060 7272
Low Pressure ImpactLow Pressure Impact
SandSand
SiltSilt
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Questions - Comments ?
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What can we do to eliminate/minimize runoff?What can we do to eliminate/minimize runoff?
Reduce Application Rates• Choose application device with lower average rate
– but be careful to consider droplet size and its effect, as well as pressure & energy costs
• Utilize booms to one degree or another– Zig-zag offsets– splitters– Mega-booms (structural issues to consider)
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Reduce Application Rates: Booms
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Booms: Reduction of Peak Application Rate Booms: Reduction of Peak Application Rate
Boom Offset from Pipe
Zig-Zag Configuration
Reduction*
(%)
10 ft 5 – 15%
15 ft 15 – 30%
20 ft 30 – 40%
*Varies with application deviceBased on data from King & Kincaid
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Instantaneous App rate “seen” by soil
Surface Storage
Potential Runoff
Runoff PotentialRunoff Potential
0 12 24 36 48 60
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
INFILTRATION TIME, (minutes)
INF
ILT
RA
TIO
N R
AT
E, (
in/h
r)0.3 Intake Family Curve
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•Water time is increased•Total Application is same•Application rate “seen” by soil is decreased
Potential Runoff`
Reducing Application RateReducing Application Rate
0 12 24 36 48 60
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
INFILTRATION TIME, (minutes)
INF
ILT
RA
TIO
N R
AT
E, (
in/h
r)0.3 Intake Family Curve
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Reduce Application Rates: Booms
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What can we do to minimize/eliminate runoff?What can we do to minimize/eliminate runoff?
Reduce Total Application per Irrigation• Less Total Application takes advantage of initially
high, then decreasing, infiltration rates• Be careful!
– Applying less per irrigation will actually require more seasonal water because of increased evaporation from the frequently wet soil surface.
– Irrigating the entire root zone of the crop – getting water to the bottom of the root zone – is good practice. Lesser Total Applications may wet only the upper part of the root zone.
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Water Application Depth Increases Runoff
0 12 24 36
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
WATER APPLICATION TIME, (minutes)
AP
PL
ICA
TIO
N R
AT
E,
(in
/hr)
System Flow Rate = 800 gpm
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
INF
ILT
RA
TIO
N R
AT
E,
(in
/hr)
0.3 NRCS Intake Curve
System Length = 1340 feetApplication = 0.5 inchesRunoff = 11%
Application = 1.0 inchRunoff = 30%
Soil Surface Storage = 0.0 inches
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What can we do to minimize/eliminate runoff?What can we do to minimize/eliminate runoff?
Increase & Maintain Infiltration Rates• Choose application package that minimizes
surface sealing: small droplets & low application rates
• PAM…& other soil/water amendments?• Leave crop residue on & near soil surface• Deep tillage• If required, irrigate bare soil w/ small droplet and
low application rate package
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What can we do to minimize/eliminate runoff?What can we do to minimize/eliminate runoff?
Increase Surface Storage• Reservoir Tillage
– more effective on flat fields than sloping (0-2%, ¾; 2-5%, ½”; >5%,1/4”)
“Mini ponds” tend to break down as the season progresses
• Choose application package that minimizes surface sealing; small depressions hold ponded water at soil surface; usually < 0.25”
• Maximize surface residue - intercepts and temporarily holds water
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Runoff Potential EliminatedRunoff Potential Eliminated
Surface Storage
0 12 24 36 48 60
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
INFILTRATION TIME, (minutes)
INF
ILT
RA
TIO
N R
AT
E, (
in/h
r)
No Runoff
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Avoid a Wreck! Choose & Manage Wisely