sql: overview and ddl ch. 10.1 - 10.6 john ortiz

SQL: Overview and DDLCh. 10.1 - 10.6

John Ortiz

Lecture 10 SQL: Overview 2

Overview SQL: Structured Query Language,

pronounced S. Q. L. or sequel. A standard language for relational, object-

relational databases: SQL-86 by ANSI, SQL1 by ISO (87), SQL-89, SQL2 (92), SQL-1999. Web site: www.ansi.org

Implemented by all commercial R/OR DBMSs: Oracle, Sybase, Ingres, Informix, DB2, SQL Server, … (with various degree of conformity)

We focus on SQL2 & SQL-1999 features and also Oracle SQL.


Components of SQL Have statements for

Schema definition & update tables, indexes, views, …

Data Manipulation query, insertion, deletion, update, …

Data integrity constraints, …

System administration users, data security, performance tuning, …

Application development procedures, transaction, embedded SQL, …

…


SQL: A Simple Example Create a Students table create table Students ( SSN char(9) not null, Name varchar2(20), GPA number(3,2), Age number(2), primary key (SSN)); Insert a Student tuple insert into Students values (312334455, ‘John Smith’, 3.25, 29);


SQL: A Simple Example (cont.) Retrieve names of students whose GPA is

higher than 3.0 and Age is less than 30. select Name from Students where GPA > 3.0 and Age < 30; What data types are supported? What constraints can be expressed? How? What if I want to change the schema? How to change data? How to express more complex queries?


Outline Oracle SQL interface: sqlplus SQL DDL Interactive SQL queries, update, view PL/SQL for procedures, constraints, triggers Embedded SQL (Oracle Pro*C/C++, JDBC)

Oracle SQL Standard SQL Oracle manual: Oracle SQL Reference

Manual (on-line).


Oracle DBMS A major commercial DBMS from Oracle

(Object-Relational), supporting SQL. Components: Oracle server, SQL*Plus,

Precompilers (Pro*C/C++, …), JDBC driver, SQLJ, WebDB, Forms, Report, …

Platforms: Client-server, PC, Unix or Windows, Distributed, Parallel, …

Multiuser, Security, Transactions, Recovery, We use it for course project and homework

assignments.


Oracle DB User Account Needed for every DB user. Has separate

user id & password. Access through CSLan UNIX accounts. Environment variables for Oracle access:

Oracle_BASE, Oracle_HOME, PATH, LD_PATH, CLASS_PATH, …

On-line Instructions for using Oracle. “Using Oracle in CSLab” on course web

page. On-line Oracle manuals (URL is given in

the previous article).


Oracle SQL*Plus Interactive user environment.

Runs SQL statements, PL/SQL statements, and other SQL*Plus commands

Allow simple command editing Documentation:

On-line “help” command within sqlplus On-line manual.

User login: Unix$sqlplus userid/pwd@cs SQL> exit

mailto:uid/pwd@cs

mailto:uid/pwd@cs


Use SQL*Plus to Run SQL SQL*plus understands only Oracle SQL. An SQL statement must end with

semicolon ; a slash / on a line by itself, or a blank line.

An SQL statement can be typed in, or loaded from a .sql file (get filename).

An SQL can be executed from the command buffer (run), or from a .sql file (@filename)

SQL statement in buffer can be written to a .sql file (save filename)


Common SQL*Plus Commands Display schema: describe table_name Run Unix commands: !command Run editor on .sql file: edit filename

Set host editor: define_editor=vi Save a journal file: spool filename spool off Customize environment: set option

Options: echo on, pause on, pagesize 30, …

View current settings: show all Configuration file: login.sql


SQL*Plus Command Editing Show command in buffer: list A set of simple line editing commands. Better use external editor, say, vi or emacs.


SQL Data Definition Language Used by DBA or Designer to specify schema A set of statements used to define and to

change the definition of tables, columns, data types, constraints, views, indexes, …

SQL DDL & DML are integrated. A DDL statement often needs to contain

some DML statements.


A Sample University Schema Students(SID:string, Name:string, Age:integer,

Sex:char, Major:string, GPA:real) Courses(Cno:string, Title:string, Hours:integer,

Dept:string) Enrollment(SID:string, Cno:string, Year:string,

Grade:string) Offers(Cno:string, Year:integer, FID:string) Faculty(FID:string, Name:string, Rank:string,

Dept:string, Salary:real) Departments(Name:string, Location:string,

ChairID:string)


Create Students Table In SQL*Plus: SQL> create table Students 2 (SID char(9) not null, 3 Name varchar2(25), 4 Age integer, 5 Sex char(1), 6 Major char(4), 7 GPA number(3,2), 8 primary key (SID));


Create Tables Syntaxcreate table Table-Name ( Col-Name Type Deft-Val Col-Constraint, … Col-Name Type Deft-Val Col-Constraint, Table-Constraint, … Table-Constraint);


Oracle SQL Built-in Data Types char(n). String of n < 2000 char varchar2(n). String up to n <= 4000 char long. Char string of length up to 2GB number(n,m). n digits, m after decimal

point. number. Integer or real up to 40 digits integer. Integer up to 40 digits blob. Binary data up to 4 GB date. DD-MMM-YY time. HH:MM:SS These may differ from SQL2 & SQL-1999.


SQL Integrity Constraints Rules or regulations imposed to ensure data

integrity. Column Constraints. Table Constraints. Assertions (Multiple-table Constraints). Triggers. Primary Key, Foreign Key, Check, Not

Null, Unique, …


Column Definition Syntax for column definition: col_name data_type [default value]

[column constraints] Syntax for column constraints: [constraint constraint_name] [not] null | check condition | unique | primary key | references table_name [(column)] [on delete cascade]


Column Constraints not null. Can not take null value. unique. Can not have identical non-null

values primary key. Both not null and unique references T(A). All non-null values must be

currently in T.A. check (condition). Values must satisfy the

check condition.

Can be expressed as table constraints, too.


Column Constraints Example

SQL> create table Courses (CNo char(6) primary key, Title varchar2(50) not null, Hours integer default 3 check (Hours > 0 and hours < 6), Dept varchar2(20) references Departments(Name));


Table Constraints

Syntax for table constraints: [constraint constraint_name] check condition | unique (column {, column}) | primary key (column {, column}) | foreign key (column {, column}) references table_name[(column {,

column})] [on delete cascade]


Table Constraints Example

SQL> create table Enrollment (SID char(9) not null references Students, CNo varchar2(7) not null, Year number(2) not null, Grade char(2), primary key (SID, CNo, Year), foreign key (CNo) references Courses);


Table Constraints Example (cont.)SQL> create table Students (SID char(9) primary key, Name varchar2(25), Age integer check(Age > 18 and Age <

100), Sex char check(Sex in {‘F’, ‘M’}), Major varchar2(4) GPA number (3,2) not null, constraint ic12 check (GPA >= 2.0 and (Major = ‘IS’ or GPA >= 3.0)));


Referential Integrity & Data Update

Assume that Courses.Dept references Departments.Name. What should the system do to students if we change a department’s name or delete a department?

SQL provides four options: No action. Disallow such an update. Cascade. Accept update and update all

affected foreign key values. Set default. Accept update & set default

FK. Set null. Accept update & set FK to null.


Referential Integrity ExampleSQL>create table Courses ( CNo char(6) not null primary key, Title varchar(35) not null, Hours int check (Hours between 1 and 5), Dept varchar(20), foreign key (Dept) references Departments(Name) on delete no action on update cascade);


Drop Table Delete schema definition of a table. drop table Table-Name; Problem: drop table Departments will fail if it is referenced by foreign keys. Solution: drop table Departments cascade constraints; All referential constraints will be dropped

before the table is dropped.


Alter Table Change table schema (even after entering

data) Add a new column. alter table Students add (Address varchar2(40)); Add a new constraint. alter table Students add (unique(Address)); Modify a column definition. alter table Students modify (Name varchar2(30));


Alter Table (cont.)

Remove a column. alter table Students drop (Address); Enable and disable a constraint on a table alter table Students enable constraint

ic12; alter table Students disable constraint

ic12; Newly added column can not be specified

as not null. Can not modify a column to a type of a

smaller size.


Simple Update Statements Insert Statement: insert into table_name [(column {,

column})] [values (expression {, expression})] Update Statement: update table_name [corr_name] set column = {expression | null} {, column = {expression | null}} [where search_condition] Delete Statement: delete from table_name


Example of Updateinsert into Students values (`123456789', `Kathy', 26, ‘F’, ‘CS’,

null) orinsert into Students (Name, SID, Age, Major,

Sex) values (`Kathy', `123456789', 26, ‘CS’,

‘F’)


Example of Update (cont.) Increase the GPA of the student with SID

= 123456789 by 0.5. update Students set GPA = GPA + 0.5 where SID = '123456789‘ Delete all tuples from Students. delete from Students The schema of Students remains.


Data Dictionary Data dictionary (system catalog) contains

information about all database objects (tables, views, indexes, sequences, etc).

Common Oracle Data Dictionary Tables user_objects(object_name, object_id,

object_type, created, last_ddl_time, timestamp, status)

Example database objects include tables, views, sequences, indexes, and packages.


Data Dictionary (cont.) user_tables(table_name,

tablespace_name, num_rows, blocks, empty_blocks, avg_row_len)

user_tab_columns(name, table_name, column_name, data_type, data_length, nullable, column_id, default_length, data_default, num_distinct, low_value, high_value)

Use select * from dictionary to see all system tables and views.

Use describe table-name to view a schema.


DDL Summary Specify appropriate data type for each

column. You may also define your own domains.

Specify as many constraints as needed for applications.

Specify desirable actions for foreign key constraints.

Not all constraints can be specified at the same time. It is necessary to update schemas.

Major schema change after data is entered is very costly.


Look Ahead Next topic: Interactive SQL Read textbook:

Oracle 8 Programming: A primer by R. Sunderraman. Chapter 2.

sql: overview and ddl ch. 10.1 - 10.6 john ortiz

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