srmjresdentsci4129-2600121_071321-1

SRM Journal of Research in Dental Sciences | Vol. 4 | Issue 1 | January-March 201329

Prosthodontic management of generalized severe dental fluorosis using simultaneous arch technique and

Hobo twin‑stage concept of full mouth rehabilitation

Vijay Kumar, Harpreet Singh, Sophia Sharma1

Department of Prosthodontics, M.N DAV Dental College and Hospital, Tatul, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 1Department of Dental Surgery, PHU Paldi, Mahilpur, Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India

INTRODUCTION

Dental fluorosis is a developmental disturbance of enamel caused by successive exposures to high concentrations of fluoride during tooth development.[1] Severely fluorosed teeth may undergo post eruptive surface breakdown and dark brown to black staining.[2] The enamel is often affected and may vary from areas of flecking to diffuse opacious mottling, while the color of the enamel ranges from chalky white to a dark brown/black. Brown/black discoloration may be posteruptive and probably caused by the internalization of extrinsic stain into the pitted enamel.[3] Appearance of

teeth may also resemble line shading in pencil sketch,[4] which indicates dental fluorosis. This case is not common because of severe degree of damage to enamel both because of fluorosis and extensive carious lesions thus rendering it weak and fragile. Usually generalized carious lesions to such an extent are not seen in cases of generalized dental fluorosis. This necessitates extensive removal of enamel which is brittle, soft or decayed via. teeth preparation followed by extensive extracoronal restorations. Treatment of severe generalized dental fluorosis to acceptable aesthetic and mastication especially in young age remains a great challenge.

CASE REPORT

A 22 years old male patient presented to us with generalized brown‑black discoloration of teeth with multiple structural defects [Figures 1 and 2]. The patient seems to be depressed, underconfident and appear to be undernourished. Upon examination, it was also found that anterior teeth showed multiple wear facets [Figure 1]. Multiple carious lesions, pulp involvement, and chipping of enamel on applying moderate force with dental explorer were found.

ABSTRACTTreatment of severe generalized dental fluorosis with surface defects to rehabilitate esthetics, phonetics, and mastication require removal of unsupported and pitted enamel and/or dentine, reestablishment of centric relation with or without reestablishing vertical dimension of occlusion and fabrication of full mouth crown and bridge work. In this case full occlusal reconstruction was done using simultaneous arch technique and Hobo twin‑stage procedure following reorganizing approach as generalized fluorosis led to severe structural defects, oblique facets because of anterior traumatic occlusion and multiple dental car‑ies, which were otherwise not possible to be treated by direct restorations alone. Centric relation was also recorded at reestablished vertical dimension.

Key words: Centric relation, dental fluorosis, Hobo twin‑stage procedure, removable anterior segment, simultaneous arch technique

Case Report

Address for correspondence: Dr. Vijay Kumar, Khanpur, Mahilpur, Hoshiarpur, Punjab - 146 105, India. E-mail: [email protected]

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Kumar, et al.: Prosthodontic management of generalized dental flurosis using Hobo twin stage concept of full mouth rehabilitation


The patient’s dental history dated back to 12 years when he first noticed discoloration of his newly erupted upper and lower front teeth followed by involvement of subsequent erupting permanent teeth. Since then the discoloration increased to current status. There was no history of discoloration of deciduous teeth. There was positive family history of similar discoloration in his siblings as well. But there was no relevant medical history. All wisdom teeth showed irregular GAPS on cusp [Figures 3 and 4], which is an indication of dental fluorosis,[4] with staining in the central fossa instead of gross structural defect. Patient was diagnosed as having generalized mottling/fluorosis of teeth with brown‑black staining and post eruptive dental caries. Multiple dental caries, which is not a common finding in dental fluorosis, could be a consequence of food lodgment in areas of gross enamel defects. Reverse overjet was found on left canine and premolar region. There was history of extraction of 27 and 46, nearly 7 and 1 years back, respectively, because of carious decay. Left maxillary third molar (28) probably had closed the space formed by missing 27. On extra oral examination, lower facial height was found to be normal. Lip seal was found to be incompetent.

Figure 1: Preoperative intraoral view

ProcedureAfter making diagnostic impression, two sets of diagnostic casts were made. Although extraoral appearance was not indicative of loss in vertical dimension but on intraoral evaluation based on phonetic, multiple carious decay leading to unstable and poor posterior occlusal contacts and anterior traumatic occlusion, a definitive loss in vertical dimension was found. Incompetent lip seal was probably because of short upper lip. Full mouth charting of carious teeth, missing teeth, and any alteration in occlusal plane level was done by mounting the diagnostic casts in existing centric occlusion on WhipMix articulator after making orientation record with Quickmount face bow. Maxillary cast was sectioned before mounting to get removable anterior segment. Endodontic treatment was carried out in 16, 26, 36, and 47.

Diagnostic wax‑up was done on articulated diagnostic casts with removable anterior segment [Figure 5] to foresee the proposed teeth size and shape in final restorations, horizontal and vertical overlap in anterior and posterior teeth, occlusal plane and also to access modifications in teeth preparation, which were required to rectify mild rotations of teeth and reverse posterior overjet.

Figure 2: Preoperative extraoral view

Figure 3: Mandibular Occlusal view Figure 4: Maxillary occlusal view





Teeth preparation of both the arches was done [Figure 6] utilizing information gained by diagnostic waxup, using simultaneous arch technique. Special consideration was given to 22, 24 and 36, 37 and 47 while preparation because of presence of rotation and reverse overjet relation, respectively, to bring them in class 1 relation with acceptable esthetics in final restorations within limitations. 45 and 47 were prepared to get a common path of placement for proposed porcelain fused to metal (PFM) bridge. Retraction cord was placed and impression of both arches was made using putty‑wash technique. Die pins were secured to final impressions and final casts were obtained. Dies were cut to get final casts with removable dies.

Face bow record was again made using Quickmount facebow [Figure 7]. Maxillary final cast with full mouth teeth preparation was mounted on the Whip Mix articulator using Quickmount face bow. Cotton rolls were used to deprogram the masticatory muscle engrams.[5] Recording of centric relation requires incisal separation by 1‑3 mm when the occlusal prematurities are barely separated.[6] As occlusal prematurities were present in this case centric relation needed to be recorded at reestablished vertical dimension. In addition to this neuromuscular relaxation is an integral part of physiologically sound

and scientific centric relation recording method.[5] Centric relation was recorded at raised vertical dimension (approximately 23 mm) by bilateral manipulation of jaws using Anterior stop technique.[5] Low fusing compound was used to make anterior jig[6] and Addition silicone regular body (Reprosil) was used to secure the position of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth bilaterally to complete the centric relation record[6,7] [Figure 8]. Anterior jig and two posterior records were used as tripod for relating the mandibular cast against already mounted maxillary cast to complete the articulation. Articulator values were adjusted to the average values[8] as advocated by Hobo for twin‑stage procedure [Table 1].

This was done for reproduction of standard cusp angles and standard amount of disocclusion for Condition 1. Here posterior occlusion was developed to get balanced articulation fearlessly without considering anterior teeth as anterior segment of maxillary cast was already removed. Later anterior segment was placed back on articulator and articulator setting was changed as per Condition 2 [Table 1]. As sagittal condylar inclination

Figure 5: Diagnostic wax-up with separable anterior segment

Figure 6: Teeth preparation with retraction cord in place

Figure 7: Face bow record Figure 8: Centric relation record with anterior jig in place





Condition 2 [Table 1]. Bisque trial was done in patient’s mouth and verified for maximum intercuspation in centric relation and mutually protected occlusion in eccentric relations. Final restorations were cemented [Figures 13‑16] with glass ionomer luting cement. Care was taken to maintain opposite occlusal contact relationship. Flash was removed after every cementation using dental explorer and dental floss.

DISCUSSION

Severe generalized dental fluorosis requires removal of defective and unsupported enamel, rehabilitation of mastication, phonetics, and esthetics. This becomes difficult in young patients where almost all teeth are involved to such an extent that they require some kind of extracoronal restoration for their long term survival. In addition to this, reestablishing centric relation with accuracy, when occlusal support is less in quality of quantity pose a great challenge. Moreover selection of occlusal scheme and it’s effective execution add to existing challenge.

Commonly used method for treatment of mild to moderate generalized dental fluorosis is microabrasion and in‑office bleaching with or without composite veneering. Microabrasion[9] or composite veneering was not possible for this case because of severity of damage to teeth. The final decision for selection of treatment depends upon the severity of intrinsic stains and structural defect of enamel.

for condylar path and sagittal inclination and lateral wing angle values for anterior guide table were adjusted as per Condition 2, it provides disocclusion in posterior teeth on protrusive and lateral excursions thus allowed us to develop anterior teeth occlusion without considering for amount of disocclusion produced in posterior teeth in eccentric mandibular movements.

Provisional restorations were fabricated at reestablished vertical dimension and occlusal contact relations, esthetics, and phonetics were verified in patient’s mouth [Figure 9]. Provisional restorations were cemented using Temp Bond temporary luting cement. Patient was recalled after 2 weeks and examined for any discomfort in temporomandibular joints, difficulty in eating or drinking, and phonetics. Patient was found to be symptom free and he seems to regain confidence.

Castings were made with Ni‑Cr alloy (Bego) and metal try in was done to access the complete seating, margin adaptation and occlusal clearance. Posterior PFM crown‑bridge restorations were fabricated to develop bilateral balance occlusion without maxillary anterior teeth on articulator [Figure 10] with articulator settings for Condition 1 [Table 1]. Later anterior PFM crowns were fabricated to develop canine guidance occlusion on the articulator [Figures 11 and 12]. 36, 37, and 47 were fabricated to have cross bite relationship keeping in view their original position in dental arch. Later anterior occlusion was developed with articulator values for

Table 1: Articulator adjustment values for Hobo twin-stage procedureCondition Condylar path Anterior guide table

Sagittal condylar inclination Bennet angle Sagittal inclination Lateral wing angleCondition 1Without anterior teeth

25° 15° 25° 10°

Condition 2With anterior teeth

40° 15° 40° 20°

Figure 9: Provisional restorations in place Figure 10: Posterior final restorations on articulator





The reason for undertaking occlusal rehabilitation may include the restoration of multiple teeth, which are missing, worn, broken down or decayed.[10]

This case was treated with full mouth crown and bridge work using simultaneous arch technique as it provide us the flexibility to simultaneously restore both the arches, develop occlusal plane, occlusal scheme, crown contours, and embrasures. Reestablishing vertical dimension also

Figure 13: Postoperative intraoral frontal view

Figure 15: Left lateral intraoral view showing canine guidance

Figure 14: Right lateral intraoral view showing canine guidance

Figure 16: Postoperative extraoral view

Figure 11: Anterior segment repositioned on articulator and all final restorations in place

Figure 12: Canine guided occlusion on articulator





provides additional space for restorative material[11] and esthetics result of treatment is more uniform too. Segmental technique could not be used as segmental rehabilitation of arch does not favor reestablishment of the vertical dimension. Compound anterior jig was used to exert upward and posterior guidance during mandibular closure[10] to reestablish the vertical dimension and recording centric jaw relation.

It was decided to develop occlusal scheme using Hobo twin‑stage concept because all maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth and molars need crown‑bridge work thus anterior guidance and cuspal angle can be established precisely without concern about the remaining natural teeth. Moreover, there was no abnormal curve of Spee, no severe rotations, or inclined teeth,[8] which cannot be straightened during the course of treatment. Twin stage procedure is based on the principles of disocclusion in lateral excursions. Here maxillary cast was cut distal to canines bilaterally, to make the anterior segment detachable. It dictates that cusp angle should be shallower than condylar path and also incisal guidance be kept steeper than condylar inclination to provide disocclusion. This provides us with a mutually protected occlusion.

CONClUSION

The use of simultaneous arch technique of full mouth rehabilitation with Hobo twin‑stage procedure for occlusal development has been described. Removable anterior segment of upper cast help develop occlusion of anterior and posterior teeth independent of each other. Diagnostic waxup provided vital information that helped in teeth preparation using simultaneous arch technique. Centric relation was reestablished and vertical dimension of occlusion was increased to avoid posterior occlusal prematurities and provide a comfortable

position of mandible from where all functional mandibular movements could be made. For the patient described, sequence of treatment followed, appear to be effective.

REFERENCES

1. Alvarez JA, Rezende KM, Marocho SM, Alves FB, Celiberti P, Ciamponi AL. Dental fluorosis: Exposure, prevention and management. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2009;14:103‑7.

2. Nq F, Manton DJ. Aesthetic management of severly fluorosed incisors in an adolescent female. Aust Dent J 2007;52:243‑8.

3. Weatherall JA, Robinson C, Hallsworth AS. Changes in the fluoride concentration of the labial surface enamel with age. Caries Res 1972;6:312‑24.

4. Essentials of prevenvite and community dentistry. Soben peter. 1st ed, New Delhi: Arya publication; 1999. p. 533.

5. Dawson P.E. Evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of occlusal problems. St Louis: CV Mosby Co; 1974. p. 48‑70.

6. Woelfel JB. New devices for accurately recording centric relation. J Prosthet Dent 1986;56:716‑26.

7. Mullick SC, Stackhouse JA Jr, Vincent GR. A Study of Interocclusal Record Materials. J Prosthet Dent 1981;46:304‑7.

8. Hobo S, Takayama H. Oral rehabilitation: Clinical determination of occlusion. Tokyo: Quintessence publishing Co Inc; 1997. p. 36.

9. Hein N, Wrbas KT. Enamel microabrasion and in office bleaching for fluorosis: A case report. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2007;117:947‑56.

10. Wassel RW, Steel JS, Welsh G. Considerations when planning occlusal rehabilitation: A review of the literature. Int Dent J 1998;48:571‑81.

11. Long JH. Locating centric relation with a leaf gauge. J Prosthet Dent 1973;29:608.

How to cite this article: Kumar V, Singh H, Sharma S. Prosthodontic management of generalized severe dental fluorosis using simultaneous arch technique and Hobo twin-stage concept of full mouth rehabilitation. SRM J Res Dent Sci 2013;4:29-34.Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared

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srmjresdentsci4129-2600121_071321-1

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