POND LAKE RIVER

POND Pond is a body of standing water.Either natural or artificial.Ponds are smaller then lake.Usually they contain shallow water, marshes and aquatic plants and animals.Water lillies frog and turtles.Decaying plants- invertrebrates- wetland species(fish, diagonfilesAlgae form food webbodies of water where light penetrates to the bottom of the water body Ramsar wetland conservation sets the upper limit for pond size is 8 hecters pond can resuly from a wide range of natural proces. An depression in the ground which collets and retain a sufficient amount of preciptations can be considerd as pond.

Conservation and management

ponds, being small are easly distributed by human activity such as hikers. Roads near ponds can kill large number of amphibians and turtle

Although ponds are a useful source of water for cattle, overgrazing and wading can turn a pond into a muddy hole.Many well intentioned people introduce fish to pond , being unware that some species of fish eat aquatic plants and invertribates.The design of a pond determines how productive it will be for wild life.

TYPES OF PONDKOIPONDS: AESTHETIC ORNAMENTATION

WATER GARDEN: AESTHETIC PURPOUSE

Fish pond: commercial fish breeding

Solar pond: store thermal energy

Vernal pond: dry up for part of the year. Naturally occuring vernal pond do not have fish.

Treatment pond : constructed to treat lightly polluted water or waste water

USES Production of foods and wild life

Source for humans and as well as an important source of recreation

Help in maitaining water quality by recycling nutrients

Hindu temples usually have a pond nearby so that pilgrims can take baths.

In agricultural treatment pond may reduce nutrients released downstream from the pond.

They may also provide irrigation reservoires at times of drought.

Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean and therefore are distinct from lagoons and are also larger and deeper than ponds though there

are no official or scientific definitions

Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean and therefore are distinct from lagoons and are also larger and deeper than ponds.

limnologists have defined lakes as water bodies which are simply a larger version of a pond, which can have wave action on the shoreline or where wind-induced turbulence plays a major role in mixing the water column.

Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for industrial or agricultural use, for hydro-electric power generation or domestic water supply. I t for aesthetic or recreational purposes.

LAKE

Characteristics of lake are the following

•It partially or totally fills one or several basins connected by straits

•It has essentially the same water level in all parts (except for relatively short-lived variations caused by wind, varying ice cover, large inflows, etc.)

•it does not have regular intrusion of water a considerable portion of the sediment suspended in the water is captured by the basins (for this to happen they need to have a sufficiently small inflow-to-volume ratio)

•the area measured at the mean water level exceeds an arbitrarily chosen threshold

Distribution of lakesMost lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a river or stream .which maintains a lake's average level by allowing the drainage of excess water. Some lakes do not have a natural outflow and lose water solely by evaporation or underground seepage or both. They are termed endorheic lakes.Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for hydro-electric power generation, aesthetic purposes, recreational purposes, industrial use, agricultural use or domestic water supply.Evidence of extraterrestrial lakes exists; "definitive evidence of lakes filled with methane was announced by NASA as returned by the Cassini Probe observing the moon Titan which orbits the planet Saturn

Types of lakesArtificial lake A lake created by flooding land behind a dam called an impoundment or reservoir by deliberate human excavation, or by the flooding of an excavation incident to a mineral-extraction operation such as an open pit mineor quarryFjord lake: A lake in a glacially eroded valley that has been eroded below sea levelLava lake: A pool of molten lava contained in a volcanic crater or other depression. Lava lakes that have partly or completely solidified are also referred to as lava lakes.Rift lake or sag pond A lake which forms as a result of subsidence along a geological fault in the Earth's tectonic plates. Examples include the Rift Valley lakes of eastern Africa and Lake Baikal in Siberia.

Underground lake: A lake which is formed under the surface of the Earth's crust. Such a lake may be associated with cave

A river is a natural flowing water courser usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea lake or another river.

Some rivers generate brackish water by having their river mouth in the ocean.. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water.

Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle Water generally collects in a river.

Potamology is the scientific study of rivers while limlogy is the study of inland waters in general. Small rivers can be referred to using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill.

RIVER

UsesRivers have been a source of food since pre-history.[18] They can provide a rich source of fish and other edible aquatic life, and are a major source of fresh water, which can be used for drinking and irrigation.Rivers have been used for navigation for thousands of years. The earliest evidence of navigation is found in the Indus Valley Civilization which existed in as a north western Pakistan3300 BC.Rivers have been used as a source of water, for obtaining food, for transport defensive measure, as a source of hydro power to drive machinery, for bathing, and as a means of disposing of waste.Fast flowing rivers and waterfalls are widely used as sources of energy, via watermills and hydroelectric plantsThe coarse sediments, gravel and sand generated and moved by rivers are extensively used in constructionRivers have been important in determining political boundaries and defending countries.

ManagementRiver management is a continuous activity as rivers tend to 'undo' the modifications made by people. Dredged channels silt up, sluice mechanisms deteriorate with age, levees and dams may suffer seepage or catastrophic failure. The benefits sought through managing rivers may often be offset by the social and economic costs of mitigating the bad effects of such management. As an example, in parts of the developed world, rivers have been confined within channels to free up flat flood-plain land for development. Floods can inundate such development at high financial cost and often with loss of life.Rivers are increasingly managed for habitat conservation as they are critical for many aquatic and riparian plants, resident and migratory fishes waterfowl birds of prey migrating birds, and many mammals.