ss43 wednesday 430 escuyer...strains from patients in 43 ny counties 1497 received as isolates 106...

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7/25/2018 1 WHOLE‐GENOME SEQUENCING OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS IN NEW YORK STATE: EXPLORING THE FUTURE OF TB TESTING ALGORITHMS Vincent Escuyer, Ph.D. Director, Mycobacteriology Laboratory Wadsworth Center‐NYSDOH 1. Brief overview of Wadsworth Center and the Mycobacteriology laboratory 2. Rationale for the choice of WGS 3. Validation 4. WGS in action 5. What we have learned after 2+ years of clinical use 6. Impact on the laboratory workforce 7. Where are we going from here OUTLINE Division of Infectious Diseases Virology Enteric Virus Rabies Arbovirology Bacteriology Diagnostic Immunology Mycology Mycobacteriology Biodefense Parasitology Viral Encephalitis Bacterial Diseases Viral Diseases Bloodborne Virus Bloodborne Diseases Mycotic & Parasitic Diseases Viral Replication and Vector Biology 900,000 sq. ft. state‐of‐the‐art‐facilities‐ 5 locations ~700 staff, >150 doctoral level scientists $25 million in external grant funding Laboratories in four scientific divisions: Environmental Health, Infectious Disease, Genetics, Translational Medicine ROLES OF THE WADSWORTH CENTER BACTERIOLOGY AND MYCOBACTERIOLOGY LABORATORIES Reference services Outbreak and hospital investigations, surveillance Specialized testing Applied research (NIH, CDC, contracts) Development of diagnostics, algorithms Evaluation of FDA approved tests Retrospective analysis Shared Services * National rank #3 each year by number of cases TB IN NEW YORK 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TB Cases* 864 872 784 766 768 806 DR‐TB 67 60 62 61 54 46 MDR‐TB 19 8 12 7 11 16 XDR‐TB 2 0 2 0 0 1 CURRENT TB TESTING AT WADSWORTH CENTER Lab receives primary specimens as well as clinical isolates Diagnostic Confirmation/ Reference Identification Species Differentiation Drug Susceptibility Genotyping / Epidemiology Complex testing algorithm

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Page 1: SS43 Wednesday 430 Escuyer...Strains from patients in 43 NY counties 1497 received as isolates 106 cultured from primary specimens Jan 15, 2016 –May 31, 2018 EURO-AMERICAN (53%)

7/25/2018

1

WHOLE‐GENOME SEQUENCING OFMYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS IN 

NEW YORK STATE: EXPLORING THE FUTURE OF TB TESTING ALGORITHMS

Vincent Escuyer, Ph.D.Director, Mycobacteriology Laboratory

Wadsworth Center‐NYSDOH

1. Brief overview of Wadsworth Center and the Mycobacteriology laboratory

2. Rationale for the choice of WGS

3. Validation

4. WGS in action

5. What we have learned after 2+ years of clinical use

6. Impact on the laboratory workforce

7. Where are we going from here

OUTLINE

Division of Infectious Diseases

Virology

Enteric Virus

Rabies

ArbovirologyBacteriology

Diagnostic ImmunologyMycologyMycobacteriology

Biodefense

Parasitology

Viral Encephalitis

Bacterial Diseases

Viral Diseases

Bloodborne Virus

Bloodborne Diseases

Mycotic & ParasiticDiseases

Viral Replication and Vector Biology

• 900,000 sq. ft. state‐of‐the‐art‐facilities‐ 5 locations• ~700 staff, >150 doctoral level scientists• $25 million in external grant funding• Laboratories in four scientific divisions:

• Environmental Health, Infectious Disease, Genetics, Translational Medicine

ROLES OF THE WADSWORTH CENTER BACTERIOLOGY AND MYCOBACTERIOLOGY LABORATORIES

• Reference services 

• Outbreak and hospital investigations, surveillance

• Specialized testing

• Applied research (NIH, CDC, contracts)– Development of diagnostics, algorithms

– Evaluation of FDA approved tests

– Retrospective analysis

– Shared Services

* National rank #3 each year by number of cases

TB IN NEW YORK

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

TB Cases* 864 872 784 766 768 806

DR‐TB 67 60 62 61 54 46

MDR‐TB 19 8 12 7 11 16

XDR‐TB 2 0 2 0 0 1

CURRENT TB TESTING AT WADSWORTH CENTER

Lab receives primary specimens as well as clinical isolates 

Diagnostic

Confirmation/ Reference

• Identification

• Species Differentiation

• Drug Susceptibility

• Genotyping / Epidemiology

• Complex testing algorithm 

Page 2: SS43 Wednesday 430 Escuyer...Strains from patients in 43 NY counties 1497 received as isolates 106 cultured from primary specimens Jan 15, 2016 –May 31, 2018 EURO-AMERICAN (53%)

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TB positive‐ resistance assessment:

rpoB gene pyrosequencing 2009katG gene pyrosequencing 2010inhA promoter pyrosequencing 2012gyrA, gyrB genes pyrosequencing 2013

NAAT (isolates and specimens):

MTBC  real‐time PCR 2007MTBC differentiation real‐time PCR 2010

FOCUS ON CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT OF TB DIAGNOSTICS

Non‐tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM):

MAC real‐time PCR 2011M. abscessus/erm(41) real‐time PCR 2014NTM ID rpoB, hsp65, 16S gene sequence analysis 2012MALDI‐TOF MS 2013

13 individual molecular assays

What if one can develop one assay capable of generating the same results ……. And more?

THE ONE STOP SHOP?

NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) Why perform WGS on Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

More comprehensive results

Detect mixed infections Many predictors of drug resistance Emerging resistance

Cost effective

Replace existing assays (real‐time PCR, pyrosequencing, spoligotyping)

Staff time savings

Faster turnaround time

Feb 2017‐ 1st Pipeline Update

TB WGS MILESTONES

2015‐ RFA: Establishment of MTBC WGS Reference Centers; 

NIH R03 grant TB WGS sputum

2014 Wadsworth Center funds TB WGS pilot, assay and pipeline 

development

2 years of TB WGS!

February 2016TB WGS NYS approved

VALIDATION OF TB WGS

• SOP, reporting language, interpretation, QC, assay controls, metrics

• Specificity, intra‐assay and inter‐assay reproducibility

• Retrospective testing

• Prospective testing

• Evaluate each drug

Page 3: SS43 Wednesday 430 Escuyer...Strains from patients in 43 NY counties 1497 received as isolates 106 cultured from primary specimens Jan 15, 2016 –May 31, 2018 EURO-AMERICAN (53%)

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THE VALIDATION PACKAGE…

Please find attached the documentation materials that I have reviewed and approved including:

1. SOPM (SOP MB 91.0.0) for this whole‐genome sequencing of Mycobacteriumtubercolsis isolates using next generation sequencing technology2. Validation Package and Appendixes3. Referenced SOPs from Applied Genomics Technology Core, MycobacteriologyLaboratory, Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory:• SOP MB 35.0.0 Employee Training• SOP MB 39.0.0 Employee CE• SOP MB 53.1.0 MTB complex differentiation• SOP AGTC 006.0 Illumina• SOP AGTC 007.0 Bioanalyzer• SOP AGTC 008.0 Qubit• SOP AFB‐0016 Processing of Isolates• M. tuberculosis heat inactivation protocol4. Testing reports5. References for SOP MB 91.1.0 and Validation

447 Page document

STARTING MATERIAL? 

Isolates Solid culture Liquid culture (MGITs)

Primary specimens Sputum Other

CURRENT TB WGS ALGORITHM

Isolate Received

Primary specimen Received

Flag Positive

MGIT Inoculated

1 ml Incubated

200 lReal‐time 

PCR

If TBC Positive If TBC Positive

200 lReal‐time 

PCR

Extract DNA

Real‐time PCR& Qubit

WGS

WHOLE‐GENOME SEQUENCING OVERVIEW

Extract DNA

Library Preparation

DNA

sequencing

Nextera XTNextera XT

Bioinformaticpipeline

Imagine shredding a whole book into millions of shreds, then trying to put it back together in the right order…. And read it!

Page 4: SS43 Wednesday 430 Escuyer...Strains from patients in 43 NY counties 1497 received as isolates 106 cultured from primary specimens Jan 15, 2016 –May 31, 2018 EURO-AMERICAN (53%)

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TB BIOINFORMATICS PIPELINE

Bioinformatics

KrakenK-mer

matching

Detect spacers (allow 1 SNP)

SNP calling with indels, major

deletions

SNP calling ignore indels

Map to Reference Genome

1 2 3 4

Importing into CLIMS

MTBC member ID

SpoligotypingPrediction of

drug resistance

Build consensus for

phylogeny

Report

Developed at Wadsworth Center

WGS METRICS FOR SUCCESS

Depth: Number of reads that overlaps any individual genome positions (number of times the same base was read). Measure of confidence in correct call. We are aiming for >40X

Coverage: Fraction of the reference genome is covered by the mapped reads. Close to 100% desired

ATTGCATTGCTTGCATAAAATTC

ATTGCATTGCATAAATTC

ATTGCATATTG

TGCATAAAT

8X Depth

72% Coverage

rpoB

gyrA

• Coverage 

• Depth (>40X)

Taxonomic report

Spoligotyping

Read mapping statistics

List of SNPs present over allScreened loci and high confidence

SNPs associated with drug resistance 

Final resistance profile prediction

List of the loci, in‐ORF locations, nucleotide and amino acid changes associated with resistance used for antibiotic resistance profiling

Currently:

14 genes9 drugs

Hundreds of mutations

Many more under evaluation

Taxonomic report

Spoligotyping

Read mapping statistics

List of SNPs present over allScreened loci and high confidence

SNPs associated with drug resistance 

Final resistance profile prediction

Page 5: SS43 Wednesday 430 Escuyer...Strains from patients in 43 NY counties 1497 received as isolates 106 cultured from primary specimens Jan 15, 2016 –May 31, 2018 EURO-AMERICAN (53%)

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PROSPECTIVE TESTING SUMMARY

Species Identification

1530 M. tuberculosis

27 M. bovis‐BCG

25 M. bovis

17 M. africanum

4M. orygis

Resistance Profiling

• 1293 pan‐susceptible (80.5%)

• 269 drug resistant (16.5%)

• 39 MDR (2.4%)

• 2 XDR

1603 Sequences

Strains from patients in 43 NY counties 

1497 received as isolates

106 cultured from primary specimens

Jan 15, 2016 – May 31, 2018

EURO-AMERICAN (53%)

BEIJING (EAST ASIAN) (23%)

CAS (CENTRAL ASIA) (6.3%)

EAI (EAST AFRICAN-INDIAN) (13.3%)

OTHER LINEAGES (4.4%)

MTB DRUG RESISTANCE PREDICTIVE VALUES USING WGS

Drug/ Drug Class

Overall Results EMB FLQ INH PZA RIF SM KAN ETH

PV‐R 0.93 0.90 0.96 0.99 0.83 0.85 1.00 1.00 0.95

PV‐S 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.95

Concordance 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.97 0.99 0.95 1.00 0.95

TURNAROUND TIME

WGS Reports are released on average 8 days before MGIT DST.(9 days for received isolates, 5 days for cultured primary specimens)

Average WGS Turnaround TimeReceipt ‐ Report

Isolates Primary Specimens

12 days 30 days

COST ANALYSIS BETWEEN EXISTING TESTING METHODS AND WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING

WE HAVE FOUND THAT TB WGS PROVIDES:

1‐ MDR identification in ~ 2 weeks or less on TB cases (some that are not even known as cases) weeks‐months  before DST available

2‐ Resolution/ early identification of mixed samples (NTM/TB)

3‐ Resolves inconclusive identifications MTB complex due to missing RD regions 

4‐ Resolves issues where pyrosequencing or Sanger sequencing will FAIL due to deletion in target genes 

5‐ Finds mutations outside of pyrosequencing region of target genes 

6‐ Finds mutations in 2nd line drugs which would never have been found when 1st line drugs are susceptible

8‐ Resolving spoligotyping issues 

9‐ Can identify hetero‐resistance

10‐ Predicts resistance when DST is invalid. WGS is even more valuable because the normal time to susceptibility results is pushed back. In some cases these specimens turn out to have contamination so that DST can never  be completed and is canceled. 

Page 6: SS43 Wednesday 430 Escuyer...Strains from patients in 43 NY counties 1497 received as isolates 106 cultured from primary specimens Jan 15, 2016 –May 31, 2018 EURO-AMERICAN (53%)

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THE NEXT FRONTIER

• Moving away from culture based susceptibility testing for isolates predicted to be pan‐susceptible by WGS

• Using WGS directly on sputum specimens prior to culture.

• Expect to use a similar/ modified pipeline

• Lab has received grant funding from NIH/NIAID for this work

IMPACT ON THE WORKFORCE

Quantitative

Likely reduction of staff. Less hands‐on time becauseof automation. Will free human intelligence for other tasks

Qualitative:

Different set of skills; From “plate and loop” to computers and genes”

Training will vary with professional level of laboratory scientist butwill at least involve some basic molecular concepts and rudimentary

bioinformatics concepts. 

Acknowledgements

MYCOBACTERIOLOGY LAB

Donna KohlerschmidtMichelle IsabelleSusan Wolfe

Alexandra Gautier

MOLECULAR BACTERIOLOGY LAB 

Joe SheaTanya Halse

Tammy QuinlanJustine Edwards

Kim Musser

APPLIED GENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORE

Pascal LapierreMatt Schudt

Melissa LeisnerNathalie Boucher

Helen Ling

BIOINFORMATICS CORE

Pascal Lapierre Mike Palumbo 

CLIMS

Colleen WalshAlok Mehta

DIRECTIONJill Taylor