ss43 wednesday 430 escuyer...strains from patients in 43 ny counties 1497 received as isolates 106...
TRANSCRIPT
7/25/2018
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WHOLE‐GENOME SEQUENCING OFMYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS IN
NEW YORK STATE: EXPLORING THE FUTURE OF TB TESTING ALGORITHMS
Vincent Escuyer, Ph.D.Director, Mycobacteriology Laboratory
Wadsworth Center‐NYSDOH
1. Brief overview of Wadsworth Center and the Mycobacteriology laboratory
2. Rationale for the choice of WGS
3. Validation
4. WGS in action
5. What we have learned after 2+ years of clinical use
6. Impact on the laboratory workforce
7. Where are we going from here
OUTLINE
Division of Infectious Diseases
Virology
Enteric Virus
Rabies
ArbovirologyBacteriology
Diagnostic ImmunologyMycologyMycobacteriology
Biodefense
Parasitology
Viral Encephalitis
Bacterial Diseases
Viral Diseases
Bloodborne Virus
Bloodborne Diseases
Mycotic & ParasiticDiseases
Viral Replication and Vector Biology
• 900,000 sq. ft. state‐of‐the‐art‐facilities‐ 5 locations• ~700 staff, >150 doctoral level scientists• $25 million in external grant funding• Laboratories in four scientific divisions:
• Environmental Health, Infectious Disease, Genetics, Translational Medicine
ROLES OF THE WADSWORTH CENTER BACTERIOLOGY AND MYCOBACTERIOLOGY LABORATORIES
• Reference services
• Outbreak and hospital investigations, surveillance
• Specialized testing
• Applied research (NIH, CDC, contracts)– Development of diagnostics, algorithms
– Evaluation of FDA approved tests
– Retrospective analysis
– Shared Services
* National rank #3 each year by number of cases
TB IN NEW YORK
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
TB Cases* 864 872 784 766 768 806
DR‐TB 67 60 62 61 54 46
MDR‐TB 19 8 12 7 11 16
XDR‐TB 2 0 2 0 0 1
CURRENT TB TESTING AT WADSWORTH CENTER
Lab receives primary specimens as well as clinical isolates
Diagnostic
Confirmation/ Reference
• Identification
• Species Differentiation
• Drug Susceptibility
• Genotyping / Epidemiology
• Complex testing algorithm
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TB positive‐ resistance assessment:
rpoB gene pyrosequencing 2009katG gene pyrosequencing 2010inhA promoter pyrosequencing 2012gyrA, gyrB genes pyrosequencing 2013
NAAT (isolates and specimens):
MTBC real‐time PCR 2007MTBC differentiation real‐time PCR 2010
FOCUS ON CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT OF TB DIAGNOSTICS
Non‐tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM):
MAC real‐time PCR 2011M. abscessus/erm(41) real‐time PCR 2014NTM ID rpoB, hsp65, 16S gene sequence analysis 2012MALDI‐TOF MS 2013
13 individual molecular assays
What if one can develop one assay capable of generating the same results ……. And more?
THE ONE STOP SHOP?
NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) Why perform WGS on Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
More comprehensive results
Detect mixed infections Many predictors of drug resistance Emerging resistance
Cost effective
Replace existing assays (real‐time PCR, pyrosequencing, spoligotyping)
Staff time savings
Faster turnaround time
Feb 2017‐ 1st Pipeline Update
TB WGS MILESTONES
2015‐ RFA: Establishment of MTBC WGS Reference Centers;
NIH R03 grant TB WGS sputum
2014 Wadsworth Center funds TB WGS pilot, assay and pipeline
development
2 years of TB WGS!
February 2016TB WGS NYS approved
VALIDATION OF TB WGS
• SOP, reporting language, interpretation, QC, assay controls, metrics
• Specificity, intra‐assay and inter‐assay reproducibility
• Retrospective testing
• Prospective testing
• Evaluate each drug
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THE VALIDATION PACKAGE…
Please find attached the documentation materials that I have reviewed and approved including:
1. SOPM (SOP MB 91.0.0) for this whole‐genome sequencing of Mycobacteriumtubercolsis isolates using next generation sequencing technology2. Validation Package and Appendixes3. Referenced SOPs from Applied Genomics Technology Core, MycobacteriologyLaboratory, Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory:• SOP MB 35.0.0 Employee Training• SOP MB 39.0.0 Employee CE• SOP MB 53.1.0 MTB complex differentiation• SOP AGTC 006.0 Illumina• SOP AGTC 007.0 Bioanalyzer• SOP AGTC 008.0 Qubit• SOP AFB‐0016 Processing of Isolates• M. tuberculosis heat inactivation protocol4. Testing reports5. References for SOP MB 91.1.0 and Validation
447 Page document
STARTING MATERIAL?
Isolates Solid culture Liquid culture (MGITs)
Primary specimens Sputum Other
CURRENT TB WGS ALGORITHM
Isolate Received
Primary specimen Received
Flag Positive
MGIT Inoculated
1 ml Incubated
200 lReal‐time
PCR
If TBC Positive If TBC Positive
200 lReal‐time
PCR
Extract DNA
Real‐time PCR& Qubit
WGS
WHOLE‐GENOME SEQUENCING OVERVIEW
Extract DNA
Library Preparation
DNA
sequencing
Nextera XTNextera XT
Bioinformaticpipeline
Imagine shredding a whole book into millions of shreds, then trying to put it back together in the right order…. And read it!
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TB BIOINFORMATICS PIPELINE
Bioinformatics
KrakenK-mer
matching
Detect spacers (allow 1 SNP)
SNP calling with indels, major
deletions
SNP calling ignore indels
Map to Reference Genome
1 2 3 4
Importing into CLIMS
MTBC member ID
SpoligotypingPrediction of
drug resistance
Build consensus for
phylogeny
Report
Developed at Wadsworth Center
WGS METRICS FOR SUCCESS
Depth: Number of reads that overlaps any individual genome positions (number of times the same base was read). Measure of confidence in correct call. We are aiming for >40X
Coverage: Fraction of the reference genome is covered by the mapped reads. Close to 100% desired
ATTGCATTGCTTGCATAAAATTC
ATTGCATTGCATAAATTC
ATTGCATATTG
TGCATAAAT
8X Depth
72% Coverage
rpoB
gyrA
• Coverage
• Depth (>40X)
Taxonomic report
Spoligotyping
Read mapping statistics
List of SNPs present over allScreened loci and high confidence
SNPs associated with drug resistance
Final resistance profile prediction
List of the loci, in‐ORF locations, nucleotide and amino acid changes associated with resistance used for antibiotic resistance profiling
Currently:
14 genes9 drugs
Hundreds of mutations
Many more under evaluation
Taxonomic report
Spoligotyping
Read mapping statistics
List of SNPs present over allScreened loci and high confidence
SNPs associated with drug resistance
Final resistance profile prediction
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PROSPECTIVE TESTING SUMMARY
Species Identification
1530 M. tuberculosis
27 M. bovis‐BCG
25 M. bovis
17 M. africanum
4M. orygis
Resistance Profiling
• 1293 pan‐susceptible (80.5%)
• 269 drug resistant (16.5%)
• 39 MDR (2.4%)
• 2 XDR
1603 Sequences
Strains from patients in 43 NY counties
1497 received as isolates
106 cultured from primary specimens
Jan 15, 2016 – May 31, 2018
EURO-AMERICAN (53%)
BEIJING (EAST ASIAN) (23%)
CAS (CENTRAL ASIA) (6.3%)
EAI (EAST AFRICAN-INDIAN) (13.3%)
OTHER LINEAGES (4.4%)
MTB DRUG RESISTANCE PREDICTIVE VALUES USING WGS
Drug/ Drug Class
Overall Results EMB FLQ INH PZA RIF SM KAN ETH
PV‐R 0.93 0.90 0.96 0.99 0.83 0.85 1.00 1.00 0.95
PV‐S 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.95
Concordance 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.97 0.99 0.95 1.00 0.95
TURNAROUND TIME
WGS Reports are released on average 8 days before MGIT DST.(9 days for received isolates, 5 days for cultured primary specimens)
Average WGS Turnaround TimeReceipt ‐ Report
Isolates Primary Specimens
12 days 30 days
COST ANALYSIS BETWEEN EXISTING TESTING METHODS AND WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING
WE HAVE FOUND THAT TB WGS PROVIDES:
1‐ MDR identification in ~ 2 weeks or less on TB cases (some that are not even known as cases) weeks‐months before DST available
2‐ Resolution/ early identification of mixed samples (NTM/TB)
3‐ Resolves inconclusive identifications MTB complex due to missing RD regions
4‐ Resolves issues where pyrosequencing or Sanger sequencing will FAIL due to deletion in target genes
5‐ Finds mutations outside of pyrosequencing region of target genes
6‐ Finds mutations in 2nd line drugs which would never have been found when 1st line drugs are susceptible
8‐ Resolving spoligotyping issues
9‐ Can identify hetero‐resistance
10‐ Predicts resistance when DST is invalid. WGS is even more valuable because the normal time to susceptibility results is pushed back. In some cases these specimens turn out to have contamination so that DST can never be completed and is canceled.
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THE NEXT FRONTIER
• Moving away from culture based susceptibility testing for isolates predicted to be pan‐susceptible by WGS
• Using WGS directly on sputum specimens prior to culture.
• Expect to use a similar/ modified pipeline
• Lab has received grant funding from NIH/NIAID for this work
IMPACT ON THE WORKFORCE
Quantitative
Likely reduction of staff. Less hands‐on time becauseof automation. Will free human intelligence for other tasks
Qualitative:
Different set of skills; From “plate and loop” to computers and genes”
Training will vary with professional level of laboratory scientist butwill at least involve some basic molecular concepts and rudimentary
bioinformatics concepts.
Acknowledgements
MYCOBACTERIOLOGY LAB
Donna KohlerschmidtMichelle IsabelleSusan Wolfe
Alexandra Gautier
MOLECULAR BACTERIOLOGY LAB
Joe SheaTanya Halse
Tammy QuinlanJustine Edwards
Kim Musser
APPLIED GENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORE
Pascal LapierreMatt Schudt
Melissa LeisnerNathalie Boucher
Helen Ling
BIOINFORMATICS CORE
Pascal Lapierre Mike Palumbo
CLIMS
Colleen WalshAlok Mehta
DIRECTIONJill Taylor