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SSB and Community Resilience
Social Sciences Branch, Northeast Fisheries Science Center 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543
Pictured above: Stonington, ME http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2012/05/images/2011-09-27RHawk0957NOAATripNE.jpg
NEFSC Economics and Human Dimensions Science Program Review May 1-4, 2017
NOAA’s Vision for Communities
Healthy and resilient ecosystems, communities, and economies
NOAA Next Generation Strategic Plan NOAA Annual Guidance Memorandum (2016-2020) NMFS National Climate Science Strategy Northeast Regional Climate Action Plan GARFO Strategic Plan
NMFS & Fishing Communities
PLACE-BASED: National Standard 8 “…provide for the sustained participation of such communities [fishing communities as defined in the MSA], and to the extent practicable, minimize adverse economic impacts on such communities.”
INTEREST-BASED: SEC. 303. CONTENTS OF FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLANS (also includes PLACE-BASED) • 303(a)(9) - “participants in the fisheries” • 303(b)(6) – incl. participation in the fishery (current and historical) [can be
grouped by e.g., day vs. trip boats, gear type, target species], cultural and social framework, fair and equitable distribution of access privileges in the fishery
SSB Contributions to Understanding Community Resilience
• National • Ongoing projects begun in Northeast that spread nationally • Other national projects
• Northeast region
• Ongoing Northeast projects • One-off Northeast projects
Ongoing projects begun in the Northeast that spread nationally
• Fisheries Performance Measures* • Voices from the Fisheries oral history archive • Community Social Vulnerability Indicators
* Addressed in later session
Fishery Performance Indicators
• Financial viability • Distributional outcomes • Stewardship • Governance • Well-being
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 6
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 7
Voices from the Fisheries
University of Chicago intern Kelly Peyton interviews 11th generation Martha’s Vineyarder Jonathan
Mayhew at his home in Chilmark Phot credit: Joshua Wrigley
• Sharing platform for oral histories • 53 online collections • 848 interviews available • Local Fisheries Knowledge (LFK) Project • Student Participation
Voices from the Fisheries Website
http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/humandimensions/voices-from-the-fisheries/
Community Social Vulnerability Indicators (CSVIs)
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 9
3,800 communities
24 states
75 variables
7 secondary sources
13 indices (PCA)
commercial and/or recreational fishing
http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/humandimensions/social-indicators/index
CSVI Mapping Tool Website
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 10
High
Medium High
Medium
Low
Vulnerability Level
http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/humandimensions/social-indicators/index
CSVIs: Commercial vs Recreational Reliance
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 11
Other National Projects
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 12
• Community Profiles • Community Snapshots
Community Profiles
• Created in 2007 • 177 communities • Each profile covers:
• People and Places, • Infrastructure, • Involvement in Northeast
Fisheries, and • The Future.
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 13
Community Snapshots
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 14
• Created in 2013 • Fishery data to be
updated annually. Census data as available.
• Each snapshot covers: • Involvement in fishing, • Demographic
attributes
Ongoing Northeast Projects
• Oral history collections • Crew-Owner Surveys • Economic geography • Seafood Networks*
*Addressed in later session
Oral History Collections
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 16
• Began with a focus on women • Impact of groundfish sectors (catch shares) • Long Island, NY fishermen and climate change • Ethnographic Interviews with managers of
groundfish sectors • Rising age of fishermen “Graying of the Fleet” --
highlighted
Graying of the Fleet Bi-coastal examination of the “graying of the
fleet” and the relationship to catch shares management
New England, North Pacific and Pacific fisheries
Oral Histories from fishermen, businesses and
families
Crew and Owner Surveys
• Focus on performance measures: • Financial viability • Distributional outcomes • Stewardship; • Governance; • Well-being
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 18
Crew Owner Who? Hired captains,
deckhands, cooks, mechanics
Vessel owners
When 2012-2013
2013-2014
Surveys 401 intercept 160 mail, online
• Key results: • High reliance on fishing for HH income • Believe involvement with management is important, but only owners actually involved • Strong commitment to fishing and fellow fishermen • Low levels of trust in management
Economic Geography of Scallops
Questions: • How has geographic concentration of the industry changed over
the past twenty years? • How do changes in biomass and available fishing locations
impact ports, infrastructure, and communities? Methods: • Descriptive indices; Local Indicators of Spatial Association • Time-series and panel econometrics.
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 19
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 20
Overview of the Study Area
Economic Geography of Scallops
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 21
Surveys
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 23
• Hurricane Sandy impacts to fishing industry in NY & NJ • Immediate rapid assessment and one year later
• Social capital and groundfish Sectors
• Pre and post implementation
• Job satisfaction and well-being
• Recreational fishing as fishing for food
Hurricane Sandy Survey One year follow-up to rapid assessment • Focus:
• Socioeconomic impacts • Damages/losses & revenue • Impediments & aids to recovery • Well-being & climate change
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 24
Who? NY & NJ commercial and recreational for-hire fishermen & fishing-related businesses
When Early 2014 Surveys 958 mail, phone, in-person
• Key results: • Economic impacts much larger than allotted recovery funds • Comm. & rec. fishermen differed on whether recovery required staying in fishing • Social bonds were important to recovery
Social Capital and Groundfish Sectors Survey
One year follow-up to initial survey • Focus:
• General bonding, bridging, and linking social capital
• Sector-specific bonding index • Information sharing • Trust
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 25
Who? Groundfish permit holders
When 2010 and 2013
Surveys 247 phone • Key results:
• General bonding, bridging and linking indices and sector-specific bonding index positively correlated with net revenue per active vessel
• Within-sector trust increased, particularly for more geographically dispersed sectors.
Conceptual Models: Understanding Human Resilience to Regulations,
Climate Change, and Other Impacts
• Individual • Community • NE Continental Shelf
Large Marine Ecosystem
What is missing? • Continuous updates for time series data on our website (e.g.,
snapshots) • Additional ongoing surveys to gather basic data, implemented at
some regular interval (e.g., social capital, full demographics, measures of cultural identity and sense of place)
• Targeted oral history collections (e.g., perceptions of and adaptations to climate change, graying of the fleet, community and individual resilience and well-being)
• N.B. All of our ongoing projects depend on funding from HQ, mostly via competitive internal grants
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 27
Questions?
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 28
Pictured above: Gloucester, MA. Credit: Gretchen Ertl for The New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/us/debate-over-how-to-help-massachusetts-fishing-towns.html
References Clay, P.M., Colburn, L.L. and Seara, T. 2016. Social bonds and recovery: An analysis of hurricane Sandy in the first year after landfall. Marine Policy, 74, pp.334-340. Clay, Patricia M., Lisa L. Colburn, and Lauren Downs. 2013. Understanding Impacts on Fishermen and their Families from New England Catch Shares. National Working
Waterfronts and Waterways Symposium. Seattle, March 26, 2013. Clay, Patricia M., Silva, Angela and Pitts, Alyson,Van Oostenburg, Max and Morris, Jolvan. Graying of the Fleet: A Bi-coastal Comparison. Presented by Clay at Society
for Applied Anthropology meeting in Santa Fe, New Mexico, March 27-April 2, 2017. Colburn, Lisa L., Patricia M. Clay, Tarsila Seara, Changhua Weng, and Angela Silva. 2015. Social and Economic Impacts of Hurricane/Post Tropical Cyclone Sandy on
the Commercial and Recreational Fishing Industries: New York and New Jersey One Year Later. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-157. Colburn, L.L. and Jepson, M., 2012. Social indicators of gentrification pressure in fishing communities: A context for social impact assessment. Coastal Management
40(3):289-300. Colburn, L.L. and Clay, P.M. 2011. The role of oral histories in the conduct of fisheries Social impact Assessments in Northeast US. Journal of Ecological Anthropology
15(1):74-80. Colburn, Lisa L., Michael Jepson, Amber Himes-Cornell, Karma Norman, Stepehen Kasperski, Changhua Weng and Patricia M. Clay. In Press. Community Participation
in U.S. Catch Share Programs. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum. Colburn LL et al. 2016. Indicators of climate change and social vulnerability in fishing dependent communities along the Eastern and Gulf Coasts of the U.S. Marine
Policy 74: 323–333. Cutler, Matthew. An Overview of the Survey on the Socio-economic Aspects of Commercial Fishing Vessel Owners in the Northeast. NOAA Technical Memorandum (In
Press). DePiper, G.S. et. al. 2017. Operationalizing Integrated Ecosystem Assessments within a multidisciplinary team: lessons learned from a worked example. ICES Journal of
Marine Science March 2017 (Advance Access): DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsx038. Henry, Anna and Julia Olson. 2014. An Overview of the Survey on the Socio-economic Aspects of Commercial Fishing Crew in the Northeast. NOAA Technical
Memorandum NMFS-NE-230. Holland, D.S., Kitts, A.W., Da Silva, P.P. and Wiersma, J., 2013. Social capital and the success of harvest cooperatives in the New England groundfish fishery. Marine
Resource Economics 28(2):133-153. Jepson, M. and Colburn, L.L., 2013. Development of social indicators of fishing community vulnerability and resilience in the US southeast and northeast regions. NOAA
Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-129. Lee, M.Y., Speir, C., Carr-Harris, A. and Benjamin, S., 2017. Geographic Concentration of the Atlantic Sea Scallop Fishery. Review of Regional Studies 47(1):25-46. Olson, J. 2011. Producing nature and enacting difference in ecosystem-based fisheries management: An example from the Northeastern US. Mar Pol. 35(4): 528-35. Pollnac, Richard B., Tarsila Seara, and Lisa L. Colburn. 2014. Aspects of Fishery Management, Job Satisfaction and Well-being among Commercial Fishermen in the
Northeast Region of the United States, Society and Natural Resources, 0:1-18. Seara, T., Clay, P.M. and Colburn, L.L., 2016. Perceived adaptive capacity and natural disasters: A fisheries case study. Global Environmental Change 38:49-57.
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 29