Land Navigation071F5013

SSG Black

Safety Consideration

Risk Assessment is LOWFire exitsTripping hazards

Failure to learn these skills may result in:Call for Fire on wrong positionImproper movementProblems associated with being lost

Terminal Learning Objective

Action: Navigate from one point on the ground to another while dismounted.

Conditions: During day and night, given a classroom and training area, 1:50,000 map (Tenino) for the classroom, 1:50,000 map (Local) for the local training area, protractor, pencil, compass and or PLGR and FM 3-25.26.

Standards: Plot, navigate and find a minimum 3 out of 5 points within 3 hours during daylight and/or night.

You will learn how to…

• Identify Topographic Symbols on a Military Map• Identify Terrain Features on a Map• Determine the Grid Coordinates of a Point on a

Military Map• Measure Distance on a Map• Convert Azimuths• Determine Azimuths Using a Protractor• Locate an Unknown Point on a Map and on the

Ground by Resection• Locate one’s position on a Map and on the Ground by

Modified Resection

Enabling Learning Objective A

ACTION: Identify topographic symbols on a military map.

CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map.

STANDARDS: Correctly Identify the topographic symbols, colors, and marginal information on a military map IAW FM 3-25.26.

Definition of a Map

A graphic representation of all or part of the Earth’s surface drawn to scale as seen from above, with natural and man-made features illustrated as symbols, lines, and colors

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Map SymbolsSymbols are used to represent the natural and man-made features of the earth.

cem

Woods

Scrub

Orchard

Vineyard

Mangrove

VEGETATION Map Symbols

Marsh or swamp

Submerge marsh or swamp

Wood marsh or swamp

Submerge wood marsh or swamp

Rice field

Land subject to inundation

SUBMERGED AREAS AND BOGS

Map Symbols

RIVERS, LAKES, AND CANALS

Perennial stream

Perennial river

Small falls; small rapids

Large falls; large rapids

Dry lake

Perennial lake or pond

Intermittent lake or pond

Intermittent stream

Dam

Intermittent river

Well or spring

Canal

Map Symbols

MAN-MADE FEATURES and HIGHWAY & LAND GRIDS

Highway

Road

Dirt Road

Trail

Power Lines

Buildings

Built-up Areas

Airports

Landing Strip

School

Church

cemCemetery

Mine

Gravel Pit

Bridge

Foot Bridge

Railroad

Land Grids

12 13 14

15 16 17

18 19 20

Map Symbols

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Colors on the Map

• BLACK- Man-made Objects

• RED- Cultural Features

• BLUE- Water

• GREEN- Vegetation

• BROWN- Contour Lines

• RED-BROWN- Cultural features, contour

lines on red-light readable maps

What is a map?A graphic representation of all or part of the Earth’s surface drawn to scale as seen from above, with natural and man-made features illustrated as symbols, lines, and

colors

What color(s) are used to denote Cultural Features?Red and Red-Brown

What is the scale of the Tenino map? Explain.1:50,000. 1 mm/inch/foot/yard = 50,000 mm/inch/foot/yard

What year was the Tenino Map printed?1975

What is the Sheet Name of the map directly South of the Tenino Map?

1477 III

Marsh or swamp

Powerline Highway

Enabling Learning Objective B

ACTION: Identify terrain features on a map.

CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map.

STANDARDS: Identify the five major, three minor and two supplementary features on a map.

CONTOUR LINESOn a map the vertical dimension it is referred to as “relief”.

The most graphic technique ever devised to show relief information is the contour line.

If you were to walk a contour line you would never go down hill and never up hill, and eventually you would arrive back where you started.

Contour Interval ~ The contour interval is the distance between each contour line. The contour interval is found along the bottom edge, center of the map.

Index Contour ~ a bolder/wider brown line that has the elevation value marked at various intervals as a part of the line.

Intermediate Contour ~ a brown line on a topographic map and represents a line of equal elevation. Example: contour is 20 feet interval

A=700 ftB=740 ftC=770 ftD=820 ft

Terrain Relief Features

Five Major• Ridge• Hill• Saddle• Valley• Depression

Three Minor• Spur • Draw• CliffTwo Supplemental• Cut • Fill

RIDGE

HILL

SADDLE

VALLEY

DEPRESSION

SPURS

DRAWS

CLIFF

CUT

FILL

F A

B

CDE

F

D A

B

CDE

F

A A

B

CDE

F

E A

B

CDE

F

B A

B

CDE

F

C A

B

CDE

F

Five MajorRidgeHillSaddleValleyDepression

Three MinorSpur DrawCliff

Two SupplementalCut Fill

A

B

C

D

700

740

770

820

Enabling Learning Objective C

ACTION: Determine the grid coordinates of a point on a military map.

CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map and coordinate scale and protractor.

STANDARDS: Determine a six-digit grid for the point on the map with a 100-meter tolerance (must contain the correct 100,000-meter identifier). Determine an eight-digit grid for the point on the map with a 50-meter tolerance (must contain the correct 100,000-meter identifier).

Universal Transverse Mercator

The military grid reference system

1. 10T (Locating a point within the Grid Zone Designation)

2. 10TEG(Locating a point within a 100,000-meter square)

3. 10TEG08 (Locating a point within a 10,000-meter square)

4. 10TEG0787(Locating a point within a 1,000-meter square)

This is as close as we can get now without a protractor

5. 10TEG071875(Locating a point within a 100-meter square)

6. 10TEG07168754(Locating a point within a 10-meter square)

7. 10TEG0716587545(Locating a point within a 1-meter square)

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5. 10TEG071875(Locating a point within a

100-meter square)

6. 10TEG07168754(Locating a point within a

10-meter square)

7. 10TEG0716587545(Locating a point within a

1-meter square)

You read a map to the RIGHT and UP

Start from the bottom left-hand side and read RIGHT to the GRID LINE prior to your target and then UP to the GRID LINE prior to your target.

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X

EG 07 87

07

071 875

55080605

87

88

86

85

10TEG071875

56

12 13

45

46

xSamplepoint

SAMPLE 1,000 METER GRID SQUARE

100,000 M. SQUARE IDENTIFICATION

EH

EG00

GRID ZONE DESIGNATION

10T

100 METER REFERENCE

1. Read large numbers labeling the VERITICAL grid line left of point and estimate tenths (100 meters) from grid line to point 12 3

2. Read large number labeling the HORIZONTAL grid line below point and estimate tenths (100 meters) from grid line to point 45 6

EXAMPLE: 123456

WHEN REPORTING OUTSIDE THE 100,000METER SQUARE AREA IN WHICH THE POINTLIES, PREFIX THE 100,000 METER SQUAREIDENTIFICATION. Example: EG123456

WHEN REPORTING OUTSIDE THE GRID ZONEDESIGNATION AREA IN WHICH THE POINT LIES,PREFIX THE GRID ZONE DESIGNATION. Example: 10TEG123456

If you forget how…

50

51

52

4915141312

Map 10TSection EG

What is the grid square?

EG1350

How do we determine, with accuracy, the location of the red star?

PROTRACTOR

What is the eight digit grid coordinate for the mine

EG15808215

What is the Terrain Feature at…

EG128985Saddle

EH093002Depression

EG148925Valley

EG105781Fill

EG183866Ridge

EG124793Draw

EG128979Hill

EG145855Cliff

EG157915Spur

Now that we know how to plot points on a map it’s time to find distance between them

Enabling Learning Objective D

ACTION: Measure distance on a map.

CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map, a strip of Paper with a straight edge, and a pencil.

STANDARDS: Determine the straight-line distance in meters between Two points with no more than 5% error. Determine the road distance between two points with no more than 10% error.

MEASURE STRAIGHT LINE DISTANCE

A

B

? MILE

S ?0 11 ½ MILE

0 11 ½ KILOMETER

1½ MILES

DETERMINING DISTANCE

DETERMINING DISTANCEMEASURE CURVATURE DISTANCE

A

B

The accuracy of this method is dependent on the number of straight-line segments used.

Note: not a road

DETERMINING DISTANCEMEASURE CURVATURE DISTANCE

NOTE – you can also use a string laid out on the planned route to measure distance.

A

B

? MILE

S ?

0 22 ½ KILOMETER

0 22 ½ MILE

111½

1½ 1 1

3 ½ MILES

A

B

STRINGSTRING

What is the straight distance from the Church of God in EG0385 to the buildings in the large intersection in EG0783

4,550 meters

What is the road distance from the Church of God in EG0385 to the buildings in the large intersection in EG0783

5,350 meters

Its one thing to measure distance on a map… its another to convert that to an azimuth and trek through the forest

Enabling Learning Objective E

ACTION: Determine azimuth using a protractor.

CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map, Protractor and Coordinate Scale and a pencil.

STANDARDS: Determine the grid azimuth in degrees from one point to anther to within one degree.

AWith protractor aligned with GRID LINES drawn on the map and the center of the protractor aligned on your map position (you are here).

You see that the azimuth is 29° or 520 MILS.

Determine an Azimuth on the map between two points

What is the Grid Azimuth from the Mines in EG1582 to the water tower in EG1185

308 degrees

What is the Grid Azimuth from the Reservoir in EG0499 to the machine nest in EH0602

37 degrees

Bonus Question…What is the Magnetic Azimuth?

16 degrees

Enabling Learning Objective F

ACTION: Convert azimuths.

CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 military map with a declination diagram, a pencil, and a magnetic azimuth that must be converted.

STANDARDS: Convert the given magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth and the grid too magnetic.

There are Three Types of AzimuthTrue North Grid North Magnetic North

• True North. A line from any point on the earth's surface to the north pole. Is represented by a star.

• Magnetic North. The direction to the north magnetic poleindicated by the north-seeking needle of a magnetic compass. The magnetic north is usually symbolized by a line ending with half of an arrowhead.

• Grid North. vertical grid lines on the map. Symbolized by the letters GN. Used for UTM grid by military and rescue teams for its accuracy and simplicity.

G-M ANGLE. The angular difference between GN and MN.

THREE TYPES OF DIRECTION

Your direction of

travel

G - M Angle 14° + 10° = 24°

CONVERSION (four ways to remember)

GN MN GNMN

When MN is to the west (left) of GNMN to GN subtract G-M ANGLEGN to MN add G-M ANGLE

When MN is to the east (right) of GNMN to GN add G-M ANGLEGN to MN subtract G-M ANGLE

GNMN GNMN

Left to Right SUBTRACTRight to Left ADD

WEST to EAST is least ( - ) SUBTRACTEAST to WEST is best ( + ) ADD

HOW?

From ground to map.

1. You measure the bearing of a landmark on the ground

with a compass. It is 49° MN.

2. The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 24°

3. So MN to GN SUBTRACT 49°- 24° = 25° GN (Draw thison your map)

From map to ground.

2. You measure the bearing of a point on the map with a

protractor (next slides). It is 25° GN.

2. The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 24°

3. So GN to MN ADD 25°+ 24° = 49° MN (Put this on your compass)

CONVERSION(example 1)

G - M Angle 14° + 10° = 24°

Your direction of

travel

Left to Right SUBTRACTRight to Left ADD

HOW?

From ground to map.

1. You measure the bearing of a landmark on the ground

with a compass. It is 322° MN.

2. The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 9°

3. So MN to GN ADD 322°+ 9° = 331° GN (Draw thison your map)

From map to ground.

2. You measure the bearing of a point on the map with a

protractor (next slides). It is 331° GN.

2. The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 9°

3. So GN to MN SUBTRACT 331°- 9° = 322° MN (Put this on your compass)

CONVERSION(example 2)

G - M Angle 14° - 5° = 9°

Your direction of

travel

Left to Right SUBTRACTRight to Left ADD

Lars Ulrich

If you GO Left Add if you GO Right Subtract

What is the Magnetic Azimuth for the following Grid Azimuths?

What is the Grid Azimuth for the following Magnetic Azimuths?

229 degrees208 degrees

332 degrees311 degrees

17 degrees358 degrees

84 degrees105 degrees

6 degrees27 degrees

350 degrees11 degrees

Declination is 21 degrees

Now we can measure distance on a map, determine and convert azimuth… how do we apply this?

Enabling Learning Objective G

ACTION: Locate an unknown point on a map by resection.

CONDITIONS: Given an unknown location, a standard 1:50,000 scale military map, a straightedge, a coordinate scale and protractor, a pencil and two objects or terrain features that are identifiable on the map.

STANDARDS: Determine the eight-digit grid coordinate of your location within 10 meters of the actual grid.

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Resection

Resection is the method of locating one’s position on a map by determining the GRID AZIMUTH to at least two well-defined locations that can be pinpointed on the map.

60 degrees Mag+ 180 degrees

= 240 degrees BAM

Convert to Grid Azimuth

240 + 21 = 261 Degrees BAG

60

330

330 degrees Mag- 180 degrees

= 150 degrees BAM

Convert to Grid Azimuth

150 + 21 = 171 Degrees BAG

150

240

261

171

171 Degrees Back Azimuth GRID

261 Degrees Back Azimuth GRID

25 degrees magnetic azimuth to Crawford Mountain Lookout Tower in EG1887

320 degrees magnetic azimuth to a water tower in EG1185

Enabling Learning Objective H

ACTION: Locate an unknown point on a map by modified resection.

CONDITIONS: Given an unknown location, a standard 1:50,000 scale military map, a straightedge, a coordinate scale and protractor, a pencil and a linear feature that is identifiable on the map.

STANDARDS: Determine the eight-digit grid coordinate of your location within 10 meters of the actual grid.

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Modified Resection

Modified resection is the method of locating one’s position on the map when the person is located on a linear feature on the ground, such as a road, canal, or stream.

302 degrees Mag- 180 degrees

= 122 degrees BAM

122

302

Convert to Grid Azimuth

122 + 21 = 143 Degrees BAG

143 Degrees Back Azimuth GRID

143

Determine the Grid CoordinateEG177832

You have learned how to…

• Identify Topographic Symbols on a Military Map• Identify Terrain Features on a Map• Determine the Grid Coordinates of a Point on a

Military Map• Measure Distance on a Map• Convert Azimuths• Determine Azimuths Using a Protractor• Locate an Unknown Point on a Map and on the

Ground by Resection• Locate one’s position on a Map and on the

Ground by Modified Resection

Next: Land Navigation Field

Lensatic Compass• Parts• Using during day• Using at night

Orienting a MapDetermine an AzimuthFollow an AzimuthPace Count

Terminal Learning ObjectiveAction: Navigate from one point on the ground to another while dismounted.

Conditions: During day and night, given a classroom and training area, 1:50,000 map (Tenino) for the classroom, 1:50,000 map (Local) for the local training area, protractor, pencil, compass and or PLGR and FM 3-25.26.

Standards: Plot, navigate and find a minimum 3 out of 5 points within 3 hours during daylight and/or night.