sslc biology instant note by minhad

8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad

1/49

BIOLOGY X

Instant Notes


2/49

Instant Notes

Minhad. M. Muhiyudheen

Kaliyattamukku, [email protected]

SCIENCE INSTITUTEOpp. HP pump, Vengara, Malappuram
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


3/49

First of all, thanking the CREATOR who bestowed me to bring out the book Biology-X

Instant notesto the students of class X under Kerala state syllabus.

This book has been exclusively designed as a powerful tool for the last-minute preparation in

their pursuit of success in the SSLC-Board Examination.

Every effort has been made to make the description point wise as per the new grading and

evaluation system. Difficulties which nerve the students have been dealt within simple and

lucid style.

I hereby express my sincere gratitude to Rahees Valappil (Director, Sunrise Institute-

Pandikasala) who put forward the idea of making capsule notes, Vinod Sir (G.Rajas.H.S.S,

Kottakal) & Jaleel Sir (Oriental H.S.S, Tirurangadi), who ready to share their valuable

materials, My brother, Munawar Ahammed, who helped me in typing material and all and all

Rajeev Sir (Blogger,www.english4keralasyllabus.com)who constantly motivated me in

bringing this note.

I kindly requesting the teaching faculties to share their materials with English blog, who

humbly trying to give as much aids to the student community.

I hope that this book will be warmly received by students and teachers. Great care has been

taken to avoid mistakes. Constructive criticism of the book and suggestions for its further

improvement will be gratefully acknowledged.

Minhad. M. Muhiyudeen

Kaliyattamukku, Malappuram

[email protected]

Mob:9846292227

Faculty of Biology, Science Institute-Vengara
http://www.english4keralasyllabus.com/http://www.english4keralasyllabus.com/http://www.english4keralasyllabus.com/http://www.english4keralasyllabus.com/


4/49

CChhaapptteerrII.. C{nbp apdw...............................1

CChhaapptteerrIIII.. {]XnIcW Cs\bpw.......................8

CChhaapptteerrIIIIII.. {]XnIcWv ]nnse ck X{w..........11

CChhaapptteerrIIVV.. D]m]Nbn\v tijw..............................18

CChhaapptteerrVV.. kanXn XIcptm............................22

CChhaapptteerrVVII.. kpcbpw NnInkbpw..........................25

CChhaapptteerrVVIIII..\sf s\ \fmbn..............................31

CChhaapptteerrVVIIIIII.. Pohs IY, PohnIfp sSbpw .....................36


5/49

SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara1

1 C{nb p apdwakvXnjvhpw 5 mt\{nbfpw a\pjys\ Npp]mSpap amsf a\nemphm\pw {]XnIcnphm\pw klmbnpp.

]mTw Npcp n

kwcWwLS\, [aw

I. Iv ImgvN Step-1. t^m Zqcw {IaoIcnpp

Step-2. hkvXphns {]Xn_nw_w sdn\bn ]XnppStep-3. {]Imi {KmlnI Do]nnsSppStep-4. \mUob AthK Xetmdntev

Zznt\{X Zi\wsshIey

\yqtdm-ASnm\ LSIw\mUn 3 Xcw, Kmwntbm

\mUohyh {]h\w C{nbm\p`hfnse ]vXetmdv kwc Ww, LS\, [aw

LS\

II. sNhn tIhn F A\p`hwicocns Xpe\\ne ]me\w

III. \mhv LS\kzmZv F A\p`hw

IV. aqv LS\

Kw F A\p`hw

V. Xzv LS\

I. IvImgvNbpsS C{nbw

kwcWw

1. Xetbmnbnse Ipgnbn Ddnncnpp. BLmXfn \nv c

2. It]mf, I]oen In s]mSn]Se hnSmsX XS bpp.

3. Ip\o

Ins\ Ftmgpw CuapXmn shpp

s]mSnhoWm IgpIn Ifbpp

ssetkmsskw In\pntev ISp tcmKmWpsf \innp cmkmn ASnbncnpp.

LS\bpw [ahpw


6/49


t\{X`mKw khntijX [aw

I. ZrV]Sew _mly]mfn t\{XtKmfn\v ZrVX \Ipp

a) tImWnb kpXmcyamb ap`mKw {]Imi civanIsf Dntev ISn hnSpp

b) t\{XmhcWwtImWnb HgnsI Ins ap`mKwBhcWw sNbvXncnp ew

kwcWw

II. c]Sew ctemanI sIm p a[y]mfn Inse IeIv t]mjWhpw HmIvknP\pw \Ipp

a) sFdnkv c]Sens hrmIrXnbnep Ccpap`mKw

sFdnknse t]inI {]Imins GpdnepI

\pkcnv IrjvWaWnsb NpcppIbpw hnIknnpIbpw hgn Intev {]thinp {]Imins Afhv\nb{npp

IrjvWaWn sFdnkns a[y`mKp kpjncw

b) sekvIrjvWaWnv ]nmenbnkv\mbpsIm v koenbdn t]inIfpambn _ntImshIvkv sekv

t^m Zqcw {IaoIcnv {]Xn_nw_w sdn\bn ]Xnnpp

III. ZrjvSn ]Sew {]Imi {KmlnI ImWsSp Bc]mfncq]sSp {]Xn_nw_n\\pkcnv BthKsfD mpp

a) ]oX _npImgvN in Ghpw IqSpA\p`hsSp t\{X `mKw

b) A_np

ChnsS {]Xn_nw_w cq]w sIm m ImgvN

km[yac) t\{X\mUn A_nphn \nv XpSp \mUn BthKsf Xetmdntev hlnpp

AIzkv Ad tImWnbpw sekn\pw CSbnep AdtImWnbpw sekn\pw Bhiyamb t]mjWhpw O2\Ip PekZriamb \ndncnpp

hn{Snbkv Adsekn\pw sdn\pw CSbnep henbAd

t\{XtKmfn\v BIrXn \Ip sPn t]mep\ndncnpp

Imgv L1.t^m Zqcw {IaoIcn

ASppw AIsebpap hkvXpfpsS {]Xn_nw_w sdn\bn ]Xnbm Inse sekv t^m Zqcw {IaoIcnp hn[w

2.{]Xn_n_w sdn\bn

hkvXphn \nv hcp {]Imi civanI InIqSnISp t]mIp ]mX ImWnp ^vtfmNm

tImWnb AIzkv Ad IrjvWaWn sekv hn{Snbkv Ad sdn\

{]Xn_nw_ns {]tXyIX Io sNdpXvo Xe XncnXv

o bYmw


7/49


3.sdn\bpsS LS\bpw {]Xn_nw_hpw cq]sSptmgp mIp amhpw

sdn\bnse tdmUv, tIm tImifn ImWsSp tdmtUm]vkn, t^mtm]vknFo hW fpsS {]Imi hnLS\amWvImgvNbpsS ASnm\w

Vit.Abn \np m Ip sdn\m F cmkhkvXphpw Hm]vkn F amwkyhpw tNmWv Cu hWI D mhpXv. tdmUp tImi anb shfnn DtPnXamIpp

tdmtUm]vkn hnLSn v sdn\mepw Hm]vkn\pw Bbn amdpp. Cu cmkamw \mUob BthK Dfhmpp.

Vit.A

sdtUm]vkn sdn\m + Hm]vkn

Ch c- pw {]Imins Akmnyn tbmPnpp.

hnman F bpsS A`mhw ]p\xkwtbmP\n Ipdhp mp p \nimX.

tIm tImi Xo{h {]Imin DtPnXamIpp, \nd Xncndnbm (t^mtm]vkn hnLSnpXv Xo{h {]IminembXn\m)

a\pjy\n Nphv, ], \oe Fo civanIfm ]camh[n DtPnsSp 3 C\w tIm tImifmWpXv.

tIm tImifn XIcmdv ImcWw Nne \nd ImWm km[nm Ah hWmX.

Fp sIm v?? \mb, ]q XpSnb kkvX\nI temIs 2 \ndfpsS an{inXambnmWv ImWpXv

? ]nI ImWp temIw a\pjytcm hWi_famWv

? A_nphn {]Xn_nw_w ]Xnm ImgvN km[ya

? ]qv cm{Xnbn ImgvN in IqSpXemWv

? aqv ]I ImgvNbn

4.\mUob AthK Xetmdntev ImgvN F A\p`hw1. Hcp hkvXphns {]Xn_nw_w ZrjvSn]Sen ]Xnptm

{]Imi {KmlnI Do]nnsSpp.2. BthK cq]sSpp.3. BthK t\{X\mUn hgn Xetmdnse ImgvNbpsS tI{n

Fpp.4. ImgvNbpsS tI{w c v In \npap {]Xn_nw_sf t\mn

hkvXphns\ AtX cq]n ImgvN km[yampIbpw sNpp.

Zznt\{X Zi\whkvXphn \np AIehpw AXns I\hpw kw_nv IrXyamb [mcW \Ip {Xnam\ ImgvN km[yampp.

Ins sshIey

sshIeyw ImcWw eWw ]cnlmcw

1. ZoL ZrjvSn

2. {lkzZrjvSn

3. tImv t]iosshIeywc- v IpIfpw Htc hkvXphntI{oIcnIcnm IgnbmAh

ikv{X{Inb

4. tmtmaAIzkv {Zhns ]p\cmKncWwXSsSpXv

aqew In aw hnpp

5. {]kv_tbmnbsekns CemkvXnIX\jvsSpp

ASpp hkvXpsf hyambnImWm Ignbn

tImshIvkv sekvD]tbmKnv ]cnlcnmw

6. Xnancw t\{X sekvAXmcyamIpp ImgvN {ItaW \jvS sSppsekv amnshikv{X{Inb


8/49


\mUo hyh C{n bm\p`hfnse ]vmt\{nbfn kzoIcns hnhc (AhnsSbp {KmlnI Do]nnsv BthKfmbn) Hne[nIw

\qtdmWpIfneqsS ISpt]mbn Xetmdnse {]tXyI tI{nsepp. AhnsS shv BthK hniIe\w sNbvXpwkwtbmPnnpw IrXyamb C{nbm\p`h \apv {]Zm\w sNpp.

\yqtdm ASnm\ LSIw

\mUn 3 Xcw - mt\{nbfn \np Xetmdntepw kpjpav\bntepw BthKsf sIm- pt]mIp \mUoXp

- Xetmdnsbpw kpjpav\bpsSbpw \ntZi Ahbhfntep sIm- pt]mIp \mUoXp

- kwthZ\mUoXpfpw t{]cI\mUoXpfpw DtNncnp \mUnI

Kmwntbm-\mUo tImiicoc Iqam HcmhcWw sIm - v s]mXnncn (tKmfmIrXnbnep) `mK.

hnhcfpsS ssIamw

{KmlnI - icocn\pn \npw ]cnkcp\npw Do]\sf kzoIcnphm Ignhp \mUotImi

Do]\w- icoc n\Itm Npp]mSntem D- mIp am {KmlotImifnse ]mkvamkvXcnsCcphipw \ne\np sshZypX kpenXmhbn D mIp hyXnbm\w

AthK - p t - mIp w

{]XnIcWw- AthK - mIp am


9/49


Xetmdv \mUohyhbpsS tI{w

kwcW1. XetbmSv ISpw IqSnb IhNw2. sa\nkv Xetmdns\ s]mXnbp 3]mfn

3.CSF sa\nkns Bc]mfnInSbnep {Zhw

{][m\ `mK`mKw khntijX [w

1. skdn{_w

Xetmdnse Ghpw henb `mKw

]pdw `mKw t{Kamdpw D`mKw sshv

amdpamWv

_pn, Hma, Nn, `mh\ XpSnb KpWfpsStI{w

ImgvN tIhn, Kw, cpNn, kv]iw Fnhsb ]nt_m[w Dfhmpp

Fm sFnI Ne\sfbpw \nb{npp

2. skdns_w Xetmdnse c- mas henb `mKw t]in {]h\sf GtIm]nnv icocnsXpe\ \ne ]menpp

3. saUpeHtmtK

skdns_tmSv tNv Zv t]mseImWsSp mKw

CXns XpSbmWv kpipw\

sshv am ]pdpw t{Kam AIpamWv

Ass\nI {]h\sf \nb{npp

4. Xemakv skdn{_ntepw XncntIbpap hniIe\w

sNbvXv BthKsf ]p\x{]kcWw sNpp5. ssltm Xemakv Bc kanXn ]menpp.

CXns ]pdw`mKv \yqtdmWpIfpsS tImiicoc XnnsRcpn ImWsSpp. aben CmXp sIm v skdn{_nsCu `mKn\v Nmc\ndamWpXv. AXn\m Cu ]pdw`mKs t{Kam Fp hnfnpp. t{Kamdn D NpfnhpIfpw aSpIfpwIqSpX \yqtdmWpIsf DsmpXn\p A\pIqe\fmWv.

shfpp \ndtmSpIqSnb aben sIm v BhcWw sNbvXncnp \mUoXpfmWv Cu `mKpXv.

II. sNhn sNhnbmWv {ihWs klmbnp mt\{nbw.

icocns Xpe\ \ne ]menm klmbnpI F [hpw sNhnp v.sNhnbpsS LS\


10/49


tIhn F A\p`hw

sNhnpS I\mfw I]Sw An irwJe Hmh hntUm

tImnb s]cnenw^v FtUm enw^v HmK Hm^v tImn (i_vZ{KmlnI)

{ihW \mUn

Xetmdnse {ihW tI{w

i_vZw Xncndnbpp

icocns kpe\hpw sNhnbpw

Bc Inse A hrmImc Ipg, shn_yq Fnh tNmWv icocs Xpe\ \ne ]menm klmbnpXv.

Bc Iw

A hrmImc Ipg shn_yq

Bw]yqfbnse {KmlnI bq{Snn, kmyq{KmlnI

FtUmenw^n Ne\w

Do]\w

BthKw

skdns_w

t]io {]h\sf GtIm]nn vicoc Xpe\ \ne km[yampp

III. \mhv \mhnepw Ihnfnepw sXm bnepw nXnsNp kzmZpapIpffmWv kzmZv Adnbphm klmbnpXv. a[pcw, Ibv]v, ]pfn, Dv Fo {]mYanI kzmZpI Xncndnbphm hyXykvXkzmZpapIpf D v.

LS\cpNn F A\p`hw((SStteepp--11)) ]ZmYIWnII Dan\ocnebnpp

((SStteepp--22)) kzmZpapIpffnse kzmZv{KmlnI

Do]nnsSpp((SStteepp--33)) BthK cq]sSpp.((SStteepp--44)) \mUn hgn

((SStteepp--55)) skdn{_nse cpNnbpsS tI{n Fpp((SStteepp--66)) cpNn A\p`hsSpp


11/49


IV. aqvLS\

Kw F A\p`hw ((SStteepp--11))KIWnII hmbphnt\msSmw aqn\pn {]thinpp.

((SStteepp--22))tjva{Zhn ebnv KIWnII {LmW{Kmlnbn Fpp.

((SStteepp--33)){LmW{KmlnI Do]nv BthK D mIpp.

((SStteepp--44))BthK {LmW\mUn hgn skdn{_nse {LmWtI{n Fnpp((SStteepp--55))Kw A\p`hsSpp.

V. Xzv LS\

A\p`h 1. NqSv, kv]iw, thZ\, XWpv, aZwFo {KmlnI

Do]nsSpp

2. BthK D mIpp.

3. BthK _s \mUnI hgn Xetmdn Fpp

4. Ah A\p`hfmbn amdpp.


12/49


2 {]XnIc W Cs\bpwa\pjy\nse {]XnIcW kwhn[m\icocnse hnhn[ AhbhfpsS {]h\sf GtIm]nnpIbpw \nb{npIbpw sNpXv \mUohyhbpwAx{kmhnhyhbpamWv (Ax{kmhnhyhASp Aymbn N sNpw).Npp]mSn \npw icocn\pn \npw Do]\ kzoIcnpIbpw {]XnIcW cq]sSppIbpw sNpXv

\mUohybmWv. \psS \mUohyhsb tI{\mUohyh, s]cns^d \mUohyh Fns\ c- mbn Xncnmw.

s]cns^d\mUohyh

tI{\mUohyhXetmdpw kpjpav\bpw tNXmWv tI{\mUohyh. imcocnI {]h\mhiyamb

t_m[]qhamb Xocp am\ {][m\ambpw XetmdnemWp mIpXv (Ccnep sFnI {]XnIcWsf Ipdn v ap Aymbn N sNbvXp).Fm ASnbcLfn Do]\\pkcn v BI kvanIhpw Ass\nIhpambn D mIp imcocnI {]XnIcWv(dn^vfIvkv {]h\) XmImenI \ntZi A[nIhpw kpjpav\bn \nmWp mIpXv.

saUp H_vtfmwtKbpsS XpSbmbn \snsIogwhscsbp AIw s]mbmb Hcp hncenshap shfp ZmWv kpjpav\.

kwcWw

1. \sns IhNw2. 3 ]mfn sa\nRvPkv sIm p BhcWw3. sa\nRvPkv ]mfnInSbnepw sk{S I\menepw CSF

AXn\ptijambncnpw BthK XetmdnsepXv. XpSv t_m[]qhamb {]XnIcW D mIpp.DZm: bmZrnIambn Xobn Nhnptm Imev s]sv ]nhenpp.

Xbv v sIm ncnptm kqNn ssIbn sIm m ssI ]nhenpp.

kpjpav\bpsS LS\

intcm\mUnI(12 tPmUn)

kpjpav\ \mUnI

(31 tPmUn)

Xetm

kpjpav\tI{\mUohyh


13/49


dn^vfIvkv {]h\nse BthKfpsS ]mXbmWv dn^vfIvkv BIv.

ap 2 dn^vfIvkpI

skdn{_ dn vfIvkv : Xetmdn \npw cq]sSp dn^vfIvkv ( NB:Igpn\v apIfn kw`hnpp). DZm:IpNn,Xp

I ojUv dn vfIvkv : ]cnioe\ neqsSbpw A\p`hn eqsSbpw cq]sSp dn^vfIvkv

DZm: kU t{_v sNpXv.

cpNntbdnb Blmc ]Zmsf ]n tIptm Dan\o D]mZ\w IqSpp.

t{]anp s]ns t]cv tImtem Ahfp]tbmKnp kvt{]bpsS Kw aqneSn mtem tcmamw D mIpXv.

s]cns^d \mUohyhtI{\mUohyhsb icocnse Ahbhfpambn _nnp \mUnI tNXmWv s]cns^d \mUohyh.BcnImhbh fpsS {]h\sf \nb{npXp s]cns^d \mUohyhbpsS `mKamb kzX{\mUohyhbmWv.

knw]XnIv hyhbpw ]mcmknw]XnIvhyhbpw tNcpXmWv kzX{\mUohyh.

\sns Ccphipap Kmwntbm irwJebpw AhtbmSv

_s \mUotI{fpw tNXmWv knw]XnIv hyh.({]XnknLfn icoctmSv A\pI (Sympathy)tXmn

icocs cnm {]h\aamIpXn\memWv Chv Cu

t]cv e`nXv)

akvXnjvIn \npw kpjpav\bpsS Ahkm\`mKs

KmwntbmWpIfn \npw ]pdsSp \mUnI tNXmWv

]mcmknw]XnIvhyh

(knw]XnIv hyhv ]mcBbXn\memWv Chv Cu t]cv e`n Xv)

{]XnknLsf t\cnSm knw]XnIvhyh icocs kampw. {]XnknLw XcWw sNbvXp Ignm ]mcmknw]X

nIvhyh imcocnI {]h\sf km[mcW\nebntep sIm phcpIbpw sNpw.

? Bc Do]\\p kcnv a\pjy {]XnIcn psXs\ckZnep mIp hyXnbm\w, Pens Afhn hcp amw, CO2s Afhn hcp amw CsXmw BcDo]\fmWv. Ccw Do]\sf {KlnpXn\v klmbIamb {KmlnI Bcmhbfnepw t]inIfnepw D v.

DZm: Iotamdnk]vdpI (cmkhkvXpfpsS kmn[n Do]nsSp {KmlotImi),_mtcmdnk]vdpI (cpgepIfn ImWsSp aZ{KmlnI )

Cu {KmlnI Do]nnsSpXns ^eambn BthK D mhpIbpw _s Ahbh AXn\\pkcnv

{]hnpIbpw sNpw.

{KmlnIDo]nsSpp

BthK kwthZ\ \yqtdm hgn kpjpav\bntev

{]XnIcWw \Spp

kwthZ\ \mUnbn \npwBthK C \yqtdmhgn

t{]cI \mUnbntev

\nti t{]cI \yqtdmhgn _s t]inbntev


14/49


\mUo hyhp mIp sshIeytcmKw ImcWw eWw ]cnlmcw1. kvt{Smv2. XfhmXw

3. Assja tcmKw\mUo IeIfn tIv cq]sSp^eambn \yqtdmWpI \inpXv

Hma ]qWambpw \inpp]qWambpw NnInnv t`Zamm Ignbn

4. ]mnk

tcmKw

tUm]mans Ipdhv aqewXetmdnse KmwntbmWpI

\inpp

hndb, Dan\o HgpIn sIm ncnpI, icocns Xpe\m

h \jvSsSpI, PohnXtmSv hncnbpw hnjmZhpw

]qambn kpJsSpmIgnbn. tUm]man

D]tbmKnv \nb{nmw

5. A]kvamcwXetmdnse sshZypX XcwKp- mIp {IacmlnXyw

kn, At_m[mh acpv sIm v ]cnlcnmw

ap PohnIfnse {]XnIcW kwhn[m\

Pohn{KmlnI Ds

Ahbhw{]XnIcW coXn/ {]tXyIX

mantUmsamWmkv,

bpo\ sFkvt]mv

{]Imins hyXnbm\ Xncndnv {]XnIcnpp.

ssl{U \mUo PmenI \mUo tImi het]mse icocn hym]nncnpw

Npp]mSn \npw Do]\ kzoIcnpIbpw AXn\\pkrXambn{]XnIcnpIbpw sNpp.

jUv]Z HamnUnbw {]Imi Do]\sf Hmtcm HamUnnbn \npw

BthKfmbn Xetmdnsenv {]Xn_nw_sf kwtbmPnnvImgvN km[yampp.

hmepI A{Sm tkmWnIv i_vZns {]Xn[z\n hniIe\w sNbvXv kmc]mXbnse XS Xncndnbpp.

]mv

AWen,s]cpmv

tP_vkkvHmK

Xm]{KmlnI

IqsSqsS \op \mn ]n]nSnncnp KIWnIIsftP_vkkv HmK\nse {LmW {KmlnI kzoIcnv aWw

Xncndnbpp.cm{XnImefn av PohnIfpsS kmn[yw Xncndnbm klmbnpp

kkyfnse {]XnIcWwss^tmt{Imw(hWI t{]mo) {]Imi n\\pkcn v Imm{Ks hfpp, ]qfp mpp, hn v apfnpp.


15/49


3 {]XnIc Wv ]nnse ck X{wa\pjy\pw Ahs klPohnIfpw _mlytam BcnItam Bb Do]\\pkcnv {]XnIcnpXv AhcpsS icocn shv\Sp Nne cmkka\zbns ^eambmWv.

cmkka\zbw a\pjy\n\mUohyh t]mse Ax{kmhnhyhbpw BcnIhpw _mlyhpamb ]cnnXnbnep mIp hyXnbm\\pkcnv Poh

[sf \nb{npw {IaoIcnpamWv icocw kmlNcysf XcWw sNpXv. \mUohyh \nb{np {]XnIcWhfsc s]sv \SphbmWv (ap Aymbn N sNbvXp).

{Iam\pKXambn \St {]XnIcWsf (DZm: hfcpp, hyXy hnImc {]ISnnpp, Ddpp, hnbpp, aq{Xw t]mIpp)\nb{npXv Ax{kmhnhyhbmWv. AXn\mbn a\pjy icocns hnhn[ `mKfn nXn sNp Ax{kmhn {KnIDev]mZnnp ktihmlIcmWv tlmtamWpI. Cu cmkhkvXp cneqsS eym\spIbpw imcocnI{]h\sf Bhiym\pkcWw amw hcppIbpw sNpp.

tlmtamWpI eyIeIfn

SStteepp--11))

{KnIfn \nv tlmtamWpI t\cnv cn Iecpp.(AXn\memWv tlmtam D]mZI{KnIsf Ax{kmhn{KnI Fvhnfn pXv).

SStteepp--22))tlmtam Xam{XI cneqsS eyIeIfntev kwhl\w sNpp(cneqsS icocns FmbnSpw Fpps nepw Hmtcm tlmtamWnt\bpw kzoIcnpXn\v AXns{]h\tI{fn {]tXyI {KmlnIfp v).

SStteepp--33))eyIeIfpsS tImikvXcntem tImi{Zhyntem ImWsSp {Kmlnbpambn tlmtam knv tlmtam{Kmlnkwbpw cq]sSpp.

SStteepp--44))CXns\ XpSv tImin\I v cmkmnI {]h\aamIpp.

SStteepp--55))CXns eambn tImins {]h\ntem LS\bntem amap mIpp.

a\pjy\nse Ax{kmhn{KnIfpwAhbpsS tlmtam Wp Ifpw (icoc nse m\a\pkcn v)

m\w akvXnjvIns a[y`mKv Xemakn\v Xmsg tlmtamWpI:

dneoknwKv tlmtamWpI

ssltmXemaknse \mUotImi D]mZnnp {]tXyI Xcw tlmtamWpIfmWv dneoknwKv tlmtamWpI. Ch

Poh{]h\sf t\cnv \nb{npn. Ch (t]m knc hgn Fn) ]nyqdn {KnbpsS apZfs Do]nnptm

hyXykvX t{Sm]nIv tlmtamWpI D]mZnnsSpp. Hmtcm t{Sm]nIv tlmtamWpIfpw AXmXv {KnIsf

Do]nnv hyXykvX tlmtamWpI D]mZnnsSpp. Cln_ndn tlmtamWpI

dneoknwKv tlmtamWpIsXncmbn Nne {KnIfpsS tlmtam D]mZ\s ao`hnnp tlmtamWpIIfmWnh.

Cu c- p hn`mKw tlmtamWpIfpsSbpw kwtbmPnX {]h\neqsSbmWv an Ax{kmhn {KnIfpsSbpw [a

IrXyambn \nb{nsSp Xv.


16/49


17/49


hmtkm{]kn

aq{XneqsSbp Pe\jvSw \nb{npp.

aq{XneqsSbp Pe\jvSw Ipdbvt kmlNcy n (DZmA[nI hnbn\mtem Pemwins Ipdhn\mtem cn Pens

Afhv IpdbpI)hmtkm{]kns D]mZ\w IqSpIbpw Ah hrIfn \nv IqSpX Pew cntev XncnsI BKncWw sNpp.

aq{XneqsS IqSpX Pew ]pd t- kmlNcy n(cn Pens Afhv IpSptm DZmagmew, ap Imew AsIn

hnbmXncnptm) hmtkm{]kns D]mZ\wIpdbpIbpw Ah hrIfn \np Pens ]p\cmKncWw IpdbvpIbpw

sNpp.

aq{XneqsSbp Pe\jvSw {IaoIcnp tlmtam F AYn BnssUbqsdnIv tlmtam-ADHFpw

hmtkm{]kn AdnbsSpp v. ( ADH Cmbncpsn Znhkhpw 27l aq{Xw cq]sSpambncpp).

Ub_nkv Ckn]n Ukvhmtkm{]kns Ipdhv aqew aq{XneqsS AanXambn Pew \jvSsSp Ah.

HmIvkntSmkn

an\pkt]inIfpsS ktmNw km[yamp tlmtamWm Wv HmIvkntSmkn. AXn\m {]khw kpKaamm HmIvkntSmknklmbnpp. ]m NpcpXn\pw Cu tlmtam klmbnpp v.

m\w ssltmXemakn\v Xmsg

LS\m]cambn ]nyq dn {Knv c- p Zffp vapZfhpw ]nZfhpw

apZfw tlmtamWpI:

t{Sm]nIv tlmtamWpIdneoknwKv tlmtamWpIfpsS Do]\ns ^eambmWv ]nyqdn {KnbpsS apZfn \npw t{Sm]nIv tlmtamWpID]mZnnsSpXv. ssXtdmbvUv {Kn, A{Un\ tImIvkv, sKmWmUpI (hrjW, AWvUmib ) XpS nb av{KnI tlmtamWpIsf {khnpXv t{Sm]nIv (Do]\)tlmtamWpIfpsS t{]cWbmemWv.

Nne t{Sm]nIv tlmtamWpI

TSH- ssXtdmbvUv naptenwKv tlmtam

ACTH-A{Unt\m tImntmt{Sm]nIv tlmtam

GTH- sKmWmtUm t{Sm]nIv tlmtamWpI skmamtmt{Sm]n (hfmtlmtam)

icochf km[yampp. Cu tlmtamWns D]mZ\nep mIp Gpdn hfsb tZmjIcambn _m[npp.

sshIeyw eWw ImcWwhma\Xzw

AnIfpsS hf apcSnvIpmcmbn Xocpp.

hfmImeLn skmamtmt{Sm]n D]mZ\wIpdbpXv.

`oamImcXzw s]mhpw mchpw IqSnbhcmbn XocpphfmImeLn skmamtmt{Sm]n D]mZ\wIqSpXv.

At{ImsaKmenBcmhbhfpw icocns A{K`mKfpw (hncepI, apJmnI)am{Xw AanXambn hfcpp.

hfmImeLn\ptijwskmamtmt{Sm]ns D]mZ\w IqSpXv.

t{]memIvn

]mep]mZ\n\p klmbnpp

]nZfw

ssltmXemakv D]mZnnp

HmIvkntSmkn\pw hmtkm{]kn\pw ]nyqdn {KnbpsS ]nZfn kw`cnsSpp. ]noSvBhiym\pkcWw ]nZfn \nv cntev hnpsImSppIbpw sNpp. (av tlmtamWpI D]mZnnsSpn)

m\w akvXnjvIns a[y`mKv

tlmtam:

saetSmWn

ssPhnI{]h\sf kzm[o\nv ssZ\nIhpw EXp_nbpamb XmfmIX ssIhcpm klmbnpp.

Nne DZmlcW

Ddepw DWcepw

PohnIfpsS tZimS\w

]pev tImgn IqhpXv.


18/49


19/49


tImIvkv tlmtamWpI:

tImntkmamwkyw, sImgpv Fnhsb hnLSnnpp; Aant\m BknUv hnLSnn v qtmkv D]mZnnpp; Icfn sstmPkw`cnpp; {]Xntcm[tImisf ao`hnnpp.AePntcmKsfbpw \ohosbpw XSbpXn\v tImntkm klmbIamWv. AXn\m BkvXva, knhow XpSnb NnetcmKv tImntkm Huj[ambn \Imdp v.

tImntkmfns AantXm]tbmKw cnse qtmkns Afhv IqSm ImcWamIpp. AXpsIm v {]taltcmKnIvCXv Huj[ambn \Im ]mSpX.

AtUmotdmehWPekpe\w ]menpXn\v klmbnpp. hnbv, aq{Xw FnhbneqsSbp tkmUnbw Atbm WpIfpsS \jvSwIpdpw s]mmknbwAtbm WpIsf ]pdnbpamWv AtUmotdm ehWkpe\w km[yamp Xv.

ssewKnItlmtamWpI

ssewKnIhfsbbpw [asfbpw \nb{npp.

m\w Bamibn\v Xmsg, ]IzmibtmSv tNv

tlmtamWpI:

Ckpen

cnse qtmkns Afhv A[nIamImsX {IaoIcnpp. (cnse qtmkns km[mcW Afhv 70-110 mg / 100 ml)qtmkns Afhv IqSptm ]m{Inbmknep sFevkv Hm^v emKlmknse tImi Ckp en D]mZnnpp.Ckpen qtmkns BKncWw XzcnXsSppp, A[nIap qtmkns\ sstm P, sImgp v, amwkyw Fnhbmn ampp

qtKm

cn qtmkns Afhv IpdbmsX {IaoIcnpp.

qtmkns Afhv Ipdbptm ]m{Inbmknep sFevkv Hm^v emKlmknse tImi qtKm D]mZnnpp.qtKm sstmPs\bpw Aant\m BknUpIsfbpw qtmkmn ampp.

Ub_nkv saenkvcnse qtmkns Afhv A[nIcnp Ah.CXn\pImcWw

1) sFevkv Hm^v emKlmknse _omtImi \inpI

2) Ckpen {KmlnI {]h\aamXmIpI

3) {]h\aam Ckpen D]mZnn

Cu tcmKaphcpsS aq{XneqsS A[nIap qtmkv ]pdwXsSpp. Cu Pe\jvSw ]cnlcnphm tcmKn IqSpXshw IpSnpw. ]cnlmcwHuj[, Blmc\nb{Ww, Ckpen Ipnhbv]v

hrjW (]pcpjamcn)

m\w DZcmibn\v shfnbn, hrjvWknbn

tlmtam:

sStmntdmIuamcnse imcocnIam km[yam, ssewKnImhbhfpsS hf, _otPm]mZ\w.

AWvUmib (kv{XoIfn)

m\w DZcmibn, K`mibn\ncphipambn

tlmtamWpI:

Cukv{SP

Iuamcnse imcocnIam km[yam, ssewKnImhbhfpsS hf, Atm]mZ\w, BhN{I{IaoIcWw.

s{]mPtdm

BhN{I{IaoIcWw, K`[mcWs klmbn , {`qWs \ne\n, K`mibhf.


20/49


Ax{kmhnhyhbpw \mUohyhbpwHcp XmcXayw Ax{kmhnhyh \mUo hyh

ktifbpXv cneqsS kwhlnsSp{]tXyI cmkhkvXp (tlmtamWpI) hgn.

ktifbpXv \mUoXphneqsS t{]jWw sNsSp BthKfmbnv.

cneqsS kwhlnsSpXn\m tlmtamW{]XnIcW kmh[m\nemWv

BthK AXnthKn kcnpXn\m \mUob{]XnIcW s]sphbmWv.

cntev {khnsSpXn\m tlmtamWpIicocns Fm `mKpw Fpp. AXpsIm vtlmtamW {]XnIcW ]etmgpw icocnshnZqc `mKfnep hnhn[ eyIeI DsSpXmbncnpw.

\mUob BthK {]tXyI \mUoXp hgn \nZnjvSeym\fn am{Xsa Fppp. AXpsIm v\mUob {]XnIcW hfsc {]mtZinIambncnpw.

tlmtamW {]XnIcW s]mXpsh ZoLImetv \o p\nphbmbncnpw.

DZmhf, D]m]Nbw

\mUob {]XnIcW {lkzImetv am{Xaphbmbncnpw.

DZmHcp t]inbpsS ktmNw\mUobhpw cmkobhpamb ktihn\nab kwhn[m\ ]ckv]c]qcIambn {]hnmWv BckanXn ]cn]mensSpXv.

cmkka\zbw ap PohnIfnNne Pp ktihn\nabn\mbn Npp]mSntev Nne {]tXyI cmkhkvXp ]pdphnSpp v. Cu cmkhkvXpsf ^ndtamWpIFp]d bpw.Htc PohnKWnse AwKv am{Xta Ah D]mZnnp ^ndtamWpIsf Xncndnbm Ignbq.

{][m\ [a$ A]mbkqN\ \I$ kmc]mX \nWbn$ hmkens ]cn[n tcJsSp$ kmnyspdnp kqN\ \I$ CWIsf BIjn

Nne PohnIfpw AhbpsS ^ndtamWp IfpwPohn ^ndtam [awDdpv \nnXamb ]mXbneqsS hcnhcnbmbn kcnm

klmbnpp

shcpIv knshtmCWIsf BIjnmIkvXqcnam IkvXqcn

s] ]p\qie`

t_mw_ntm

^ndtamWpIsftbm kam\LS\bp cmkhkvXpsftbm D]tbmKnv IoSsf BIjnp \innp kwhn[m\amWv ^ndtamsIW

cmkka\zbw kkyfn kkyfn Poh{]h\sf \nb{nm sacnanItImifn (hfcp `mKfn ImWsSp {]tXyIXcw tImi)\nansSp {]tXyI cmkhkvXpfmWv kkytlmtamWpI.

tImihn`P\w, tImihf, tImifpsS sshhn[yhcWw Fo hfm Lsf kzm[o\nm\p ktifmWvkkytlmtamWpIfneqsS tImiv \IsSpXv. AXn\m kkytlmtamWpI hfmhkvXp F t]cnepw Adnb sSpp.


21/49


kkytlmtamWpI:hfm L sf kzm[o \np hn[w

hfsb klmbnph hfsb XS bph

Kn=apf bvp hnnse A_vv B.=hnnsbpw apIpffpsSbpw kp]vXmh kw`rXmlmcs hnLSnn

ssktm, Kn=tImihfbpw tImihn`P\hpw A_vv B.,FYn=tImihn`P\hpw tImihfbpw XSbXzcnXsSp, hnpapfbv

HmIvkn=_oPioj nsbpw_oPaqensbpw hf

HmIvkn,Kn =ImWvUZoLoIcWw

Kn=CeI hncnbHmIvkn=A{KapIpf ns ta[mhnw

]mizthcpIfpsS hf

HmIvkn=s]]qfpsS D]mZ\w FYn= CeIfpw ^efpw aqs,]gpssktm=]qfpw CeIfpw sImgnbpXv

XSbpp

A_vv B.=]mIamb Ce Ifpw ^efpw sImgnb


22/49


hfphfcpXns ckX{w

Ir{Xna kkytlmtamWpIkkytlmtamWpIv kam\amb cmkLS\Sp kwbp Ir{Xnaambn kwtjnv Cv ImjnI taJebn hym]Iambn D]tbm

Knpp v.

Ir{Xna kkytlmtamWpIfpsS {][m\ {]tbmP\

\mc, am XpSnb ^e hmWnPymSnm\n Hcpanv ]gpnm

ssIXtmfn Htc kab v ]qhnS \Sm

shcnhK hnfIfn s]]qfpsS D]mZ\w Iqm

Ir{Xna kkytlmtamWpIfpsS AhinjvS Nnetm BtcmKy{]iv\v ImcWamtbmw. CmcWfm Ir{Xna kkytlmtamWpIfpsS D]tbmKn AXoh{i ]pet Xp v.


23/49SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara 18

4 D]m ]Nbn\v tijwPohnIfn Blmcnse hnhn[ LSI Zl\{]{Inbaqew hnLSnv sNdnb LSIfmbn cq]sv icoc

IeIfntev BKncWw sNsSpp. tImifn shv BlmcLSI hnhn[ cmkamv hnt[bamIpp (D]m]NbwPoh\vB[mcamb {]{Inb). Cu D]m]Nb {]h\fpsS êambn Blmcns Hcwiw icochfmbpw qcn`mKhpw icocnsssZ\wZn\ {]h\p DutPmXv]mZ\n\mbpw hn\ntbmKnsSpp.

D]m]Nb{]h\ êambn icocIeIfn ]ehn[ ]mgvhkvXpfpw D mIpp. ss\t{SmP\nI amen\y (AtamWnb/

bqdnb/bqdnIv BknUv), CO2, Pew, ss_ ]nspI (lotamtmns hnLS\êambp mIpXv), ehW FnhbmWv Chbn{][m\sh.Ch icocneSnv IqSpXv Bcka nXn XIcm\nSbmIpw. AXn\m Cu lm\nIcamb hkvXpsf thncnvbYmkabw Hmtcm PohnbptSbpw hnkP\mhbh]pdw Xpp.

a\pjy\nse hnkP \mh bha\pjy hnkP\w \SpXv {][m\ambpw Hcp tPmUn hrI hgnbmWv.

hrIfpsS(a) m\wDZcmibns \sns Ccphipap

amwkt]in\ncIfpsS AcnIn.

(b) BIrXn]baWnbpsS BIrXn

(c)

henw 11cm \ofhpw, 5cmhoXnbpw, 3cm I\hpw(d) `mcw150 {Kmw(e) \ndwISpwNphv(f) [awbqdnb, eh W, Bhiyne[nIambn icocnsep acppI,

hnman\pI, tZmjIcamb ap ]ZmY Fnhsb cn \npwAcnpamn aq{Xcq]n ]pdpp.

((SStteepp--11)) hnkPy hkvXp cn Iev hrbntev

Blmcnse amwkyns D]m]Nb êambn ({]tbmP\wicoc \namW{]h\mhiyamb ]pXnb amwky, FsskapI XpSn hnhn[ ]ZmYfpsS kwt jWn\mbp Aant\m BknUpI hnLSnp mIpp) cq] sSp]mgvhkvXphmb AtamWnbbpw [m\yInsbpw sImgpnsbpw D]m]Nb eambn ({]tbmP\w DutPmXv]mZ\w) cq]sSp CO2pw Pehpw tImifn \npw cntev hym]npIbpw cw Chsb Icfn FnpIbpw sNpp. Icfnshv FsskapIfpsS ssPh Dt{]cIwklmbm Ch IqSntv bqdnbF ]ZmY ambn amsSpp.

NH3+ CO2+H2O bqdnb(bqdnbmssknFdnb sSp Cu {]h\w Nm{InIambn ]e LfmbmWv \SpXv.AtamWnb Gsd lm\nIchpw ebnm [mcmfw Pew Bh iyambXn\mepwa\pjy Pe PohnAmXn\m bqdnbbmbn ampp. bqdnb XmcXtay\ hnjmwiw IpdhpXpw shn\mbn ebnpXpamb Hcp ]ZmYamWv.)

Icfn cq]sSp bqdnb ho pw c ntev amsSpp. bqdnbbpw ap tZmjIc

amb ]ZmYfpw Ie cw (lrZbn \nv DXaZnep) hrm[a\n hgn hrIfn

sepp (GItZiw 1100ml/min).

((SStteepp--22)) hr hnkPy hkvXpsf Acn v amn aq{XampphrbpsS BcLS\


24/49

Zl\mhinjv S

aew

DutPmXv ]mZ\w

]

mgvhkvXpCO2+H2O

]pXnbamwky fpsSbpw

F

sskapIfpsSbpw

k

wtjWw

]

mgvhkvXp AtamWnb

P

oh{]h\sf

k

lmbnpp, A

[nIapXv

Zl\w

(Ip Sen )

qtmkv

Aant\mBknUv

D]m]Nb{]h\

(tImin )

bqdnbmsskn

(Icfn )

(lr Zbw)

kqvaAcn

(hr bn ses\t{^mWn )

hmtkm{]kn

/ADH

( ssltmXem ak v \n v)

]n y q d n ]n Z fw, kw`cn pp

Bhiy

L

SI

B

hiy an m

]

Zm

Pew

apJyhnkP\mhbhw

Preparedby,

Minhad.M.Muhiyudheen

[email protected]

cw



Hmtcm hrbpsSbpw tImIvkn ImWsSp kqva AcnIfmWv s\t{^mWpI (GXm v 12 et mfwHcwXpdXpw atbw ASXpamb \o pNpcp IpgemWXv). ChbmWv cn Ie hnkPy hkvXpsf Acnv amnaq{XampXv.

s\t{^mWns LS\

kqva Acn \Sp hn[w Hmtcm s\t{^mWn\pw Ins BIrXnbnep `mKamb t_mamkv Im]vkyqfn ImWsSp temanImPmes

tmadpekvFv ]d bpp.henw IqSnb A^cv shk(hrm[a\nbpsS imJ) t_mamkv Im]vkyqfntev cw hln p sIm v hcpp. Fmt\ C^cv shk (hrmkncbpsS imJ) BWv t_mamkv Im]vkyqfn\v ]pdtv cw sIm pt]mIpXv. hennep Cu hyXymkw cns Hgpn aap mpp. CXp ImcWambntmadpekntev hcp amen\yfSnb cw t_mamkv Im]vkyqfnseAXnkqva kpjncneqsS AcnsSpp. Cu {ZmhIs tmadpem^nt{SvFp ]dbpp.(kqva kpjnc Petbpw cnse hfsc sNdnb IWnIItfbpwam{Xta ISnhnSpIbpq. amwkyhpw Nph cmWpfpw kpjncsfm henw IqSnbXn\m ^nt{Sntev Ahsb ISn hnSpn).

127mltmadpem ^nt{Sv 1 an\pnep mIpp. Fm Ch bnepPehpw qtmkpw ap ]e LSIfpw icocn\v BhiyaphbmWv.^nt{Sv \ofw IqSnb hrm\fnIbneqsS ISpt]mIptm Cu hkvXpsf]p\cmKncWw sNsSpp. CXns\mw Bhiyanm Nne ]Zm^nt{Sntev tNsSpp. GItZiw ^nt{Sns 126mlDw]p\cmKncWw sNsSpIbpw _mn mKw aq{XambntiJ cW\mfnbntemvISpp.

lotamtm_ns hnLS\^eambp mIp bqtdmt{ImwF hW IamWv aq{Xn\v Cfw a\ndw sImSppXv.

aq{Xw ]pdp hn[wtiJcW\mfnbn \npw aq{Xw hrbpsS s]hnknsepp. AhnsS \npw aq{XhmlnbneqsS

aq{Xmibnsen tiJcnsSpp. aq{Xmibw \ndbptm aq{X\mfnbneqsS ]pdsSpp.

((SStteepp--33)) ipoIcn cs kncIfntev ISn hnSppipoIcn cw hrmknchgn XncnsItmhpIbpw sNpp.

aq{Xns Af hvtlmtam \nb{Ww icmicn Hcp hyn 1.5laq{X amWv Znhkhpw ]pdpXv. Fm Cu Afhv Imemhb\pkcnv

hyXymk sSpp. th\ Imefn \mw IqSpX hnbpXn\m icocn Pe\jvSw kw`hnpp. Atm cnse Pens Afhv IpdbpIbpw Pens Afhv \ne\nt nhcnIbpw sNpp. AXn\m ADH/hmtkm{]kns D]mZ\w IqSpIbpwaq{Xns D]mZ\w IpdbpIbpw sNpw.ag/ XWp v Imefn hnbns cq]n Pe\jvSw kw`hnpn. Atm cnse Pens AfhvIqSpXn\m A[nIap Pens ]pdt nhcpp. AXn\m ADHs D]mZ\w IpdbpIbpw aq{Xns Afhv IqSpIbpwsNpw.



hr tcmKtcmKw {][m\tcmKeWw ImcWw apIcpX]cnlmcw

s\ss{^nkvhrhow)

IenbXpw ISpw\ndtmSpIqSnbXpamb aq{Xw, ]pdwthZ\bpw]\nbpw, apJpw IWmenepw]mZnepw \ohow.

kvs{S]vtmtImkv tcmKmWp _m[,aq{Xmibneq sSbp AWp_m[,kzbw {]Xntcm[ sshIey Fnh.

Znhkhpw 23l shw

IpSnpI.

IrXyamb CSthfIfnaq{Xw HgnpI.

aq{Xpcbpw Npp]mSpwipNnbmbn kqnpI.

Bhiyanm acppID]tbmKnmXncnpI.

hramyw

hnf, icoc`mcw IpdbpI, XeIdw,On XpSnbh.bqdnbbpw ap hnkPyhkvXpfpwAcnpamsSmsX cn Xs\ne\npp.

]eXcw hrtcmK,{]talw, cmXnkZw, s\ss{^nFnh.

aq{Xn Iv

ASnhbn thZ\, aq{XXSw,]pdwthZ\, XeIdw, On.

Imyw HmIvktev, Imyw t^mkvt^v Fnh XcnIfmbn aq{Xhmlnbnepw hrIfnepw ASnpIqSpp.

hrmXIcmdpIv ]cnlmcwhrI {]h\clnXamb DS Xs NnIn tXtS XmWv.

A.UbmenknkvkoWamb b{kwhn[m\w D]tbmKnv cnse amen\y Acnpamn cw ipoIcnp {]{InbbmWnXv.

c- v hrIfpw {]h\clnXamIp AhbnemWv Ubmenknkv \SpXv.

? Ubmenknkv sNpsXs\((SStteepp--11))kuIcy{][amb [a\nIfn \npw hnkPyhkvXpfpsS AfhpIqSnbcw tiJcnpp.

((SStteepp--22))cw I]nSnmXncnm\mbn slmcnF cmkhkvXp tNpp.

((SStteepp--33))Ubmenknkv ^vfqbnUv\nd Smn\pnse \o skptemkv IpgeneqsScs ]Xps ISnhnSpp. skptemkv Ipg hfsc sNdnb IWnIItfbpw Petbpw vfqbnUntev Ahym]\w sNpp.(Fm cnse amwkyhpw tvepIfpw henaph bmbXn\m Ahym]\wsNsSpn. AXn\m Cu kwhn[m\w Hcp Ir{Xna hrt]mse {]hnpp.)

((SStteepp--44))ipoIcns cw tcmKnbpsS kncbntev ISnhnSpp.

B.hr amnshHcnepw NnInnp t`Zamm Ignbm Xcn c- p hrIfpw {]h\clnXamIp AhbnemWv hrI amnhbvt n hcpXv. Cu Ir{Xna hrI km[mcW hrt]mse {]hnpp.

km[yXIfpw ]cnanXnIfpw$ ]q BtcmKyhm\mbncns A]ISntem atm s]v acWspt]mIpbmfpsStbm]q BtcmKyhm\mb HcmfpsStbm hrI amnshmhpXmWv.$ GXp KWns] ZmXmhmbmepw, ZmXmhnsbpw kzoImhnsbpw c{Kqp

I ]ckv]cw s]mcpsSpXmbncnWw.$ ZmXmhn \npw {]h\\ncXamb Hcp hrbmWv kzoImhntebvv amnhbvpXv. kzoImhns icocw Cu hrsb ]qambpw kzoIcnptm am{Xta hramnhbv hnPbIcamIppq.

hr Zm\w sNq... Poh ]phbvq...Hcp hr am{Xw D]tbmKn v Hcp hynv Pohnm\mIpw (AXn\v Aw henw IqSpsav am{Xw). BtcmKyhm\mb HcmAbmfpsS Hcp hr Zm\w sNbvXm asmcmv AXp]tbmKnv Pohnm\mIpw. AXn\m hr Zm\neqsSasmcmfpambn PohnXw ]phbvm\mIpw.

icocnse ap hnkP\mhbh Xzv, izmktImiw, Ic Fnhbpw hnkP\n\v klmbnpp.

Ahbhw hnkPy hnkP\ coXnizmktImiw CO2, Pew CO2 tiJcnv \ocmhntbmsSmw ]pdpp.Ic ico cn cq]sSptXm ]pdp \nv Fp

tXm Bb hnjhkvXphnjhkvXpsf \nhocyampp.t\cnv ]pdpn.

Xzv Pew, bqdnb, bqdnIv BknUv, eh W hnbneqsS]pdpp.



ap Nne Ppfnse hnkP\mhbh hnkPyhkvXpfpw hnkP\mhbhfpsS koWX PohnIfnse Poh{]h\ \nc\pkcnpw PohnpNpp]mS\pkcnpw ({][m\ambpw Pee`yX) hyXymksSpp.

Pp hnkPyhkvXp hnkP\mhbhw hnk\ coXnAao_ AtamWnb icocn A[nIamsbp Pehpw ktmNt^\ ]pdpp.

anc bqdnb s\{^oUn bicoc Adbn \npw Pew, ss\t{SmP\nI hnkPyhkvXp FnhthXncnv icotcm]cnXenep kpjncw hgn ]pdpp.

jUv]Z bqdnIv BknUvam]oPnb\fnII

icoc Adbn \ndp\np icoc{Zhn kzX{ambn hym]npInSp Cu t\cnb IpgepI A]Yntev Xpdpp.am]oPnb \fnII icoc{Zhn \nv amen\ysf thXncnvA]Yn Fnpp. AhnsS \nv ]pdpp.

ayw AtamWnb hr hrIfneqsS t\cnv Pentev hnkPn sSpp.hmam{In Xhf

AtamWnbbqdnb

hr hrIfneqsS t\cnv PentevhnkPnsSpp.Npp]mSntev hnkPnsSpp.

]nI,DcK

bqdnIv BknUv hrJccq]ntem Ipgpcq]ntem ]pdpp.(CXv hnkP\neqsSbp Pe\jvSw ]camh[n Ipdbvmklmbnpp.)

kkyfnse hnkP\{]{InbIkkyfn Ppsftmse Hcp {]tXyI hnkP\hyh \nehn C. kkyfn cq]sSp hnkPyfpsS

Afhpw Ppsf At]nv hfsc IpdhmWv. Ppfpambn XmcXayw sNptm kkyfpsS {]h\\ncXIpdhmbXmWv CXn\v Hcp {][m\ ImcWambn ]dbsSp Xv.

hnkPy hkvXp hnk\ coXnO2

({]ImikwtjWns Dt]mambp mIpHmIvknP Bhiyne[nIapXv)

CO2 smam hgn(tImiizk\ns ^eambp mIpXv) (CeIfpsS Xmsgbpw Cfw ImWvUfnepw

ImWsSp kpjnc)

Pew(an \nv Bhiyne[nIw hensSppXv)

Pew sslUmtmUpI hgn]phKkkyfn (CeIfpsS A{Kn ImWsSp kpjnc)

smambneqsS _mjv]ambpw sslUmtmUneqsS sNdpXpnIfmbpamWv Pew ]pdphnSpXv.

tImit^\ n kqn

ap Nne hnkPyhkvXp ImWvUns a[ynep {]mbwsN sskewIpgepIfn \nt]n

({ItaW ImXBbn amdpp)

Ce sImgnb(sImgnbmdmIptm kky BhiyambLSIsf XncnsSpv hnkPyhkvXp\nt]npp)

_mly]cnnXnbpsS kpnXn_mly]cnnXn amen\yapamt Xns Bh iyIX

tcmKBhmkhyhbpsS \miw

ssPhsshhn[y timjWwImemhmhyXnbm\w

\namP\ amK


28/49

SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara22

5 ka nXn XI cptmPoh{]h\ \n_m[w \SWsan tImi]cnkc v BhiyhkvXp Fnttc Xp v. AtXmsSmw AhnsS

\nv A\mhiyhkvXp \ow sNstS Xpap v. Cu {]{InbIv XSw t\cnSptm BckanXn XIcmdnemhpIbpw

Xqew hnhn[ tcmKfp mhpIbpw sNpp. AXpt]mse Xs _mly]cnnXnbpsS kpnXnbpw Pohs \ne\nn

{]m[m\yapXmWv.

a\pjy tcmK1. kmw{IanI tcmK

Hcp hynbn \npw asmcmfntev ]Icp tcmK. kqva PohnIfmWv Ccnep tcmKv Imc WamIpXv.tcmKmcn tcmKw eW

ssSt^mbnUv $ XethZ\ $ iamb ]\n $ DZcthZ\, aew

tImfd $ hbdnfw, On $ Inshw t]msebp aew

$ t]inIfn tImnnSpw

bw $ XpSbmbn A\p`hsSp hc Npa

$ ]\n $ I^n cw $ s\pthZ\ $ `mcpdhv

Fen\n

km[mcW ]\nbpsS eWp ]pdsa

$ In Nphv, shbnept\mm {]bmkw$ Bcmhbhfmb hr, Ic, izmktImiw Fnhbn c{kmhw

Nnt]mIvkv $ ]\n, XethZ\

$ icoc`mKfn Nph XnWpI. Ch {ItaW Ipanf Ifmbn cq]sSpp.

sUn\n

$ apJpw ImWp Nph XSnpI

$ icocns hnhn[ `mKfn c{kmhw(cnse tvsepIfpsS Fw IpdbpXp aqew)

]n\n $ PetZmjn\p kam\amb eW

NnpKp\nb $ hndbtemSpIqSnb ]\n, XethZ\ ({]mcw`eW) $ knhow, thZ\

hbdpISn $ t\cnb hbdpthZ\ $ CSbvnsS aehnkP\w $ aen chpw I^hpw

ae\n $ ITn\amb ]\n, hndb $ Aklyamb XethZ\$ icocamsI Npps]mp A\p`hw $ \nnX CSthfIfn ]\n Bhnpp.

av$ hndbtemSpIqSnb ]\n $ tcmKm_m[bpnSv thZ\, Nph v \ndw

$ icoc`mK hopp (enw^vhmlnbn hncI hfcpXpaqew, enw^ns {]hmlwXSsSpXn\m)

]pgpSn

dnwKvthw(hsmdn) $ icocn hrmIrXnbnep XnWpI

tcmK ]Icp coXnItcmKkw{IaWw XSbm\p apIcpXepI

ssSt^mbnUvtImfd Blmc]m\ob

hbdpISn

bw

Nnt]mIvkv hmbp

]n\n

sUn\n

NnpKp\nb {]mWnIfpsS Zwi\wae\n

av

Fen\n

]pgpSn kw, av coXnI

dnwKv thw


29/49


kqva PohnI icocs _m[n p hn[wkqva Pohn B{IaWcoXnI

tImins P\nXIkwhn[m\fpsS \nb{Ww GsSpv s]cpIn icoctImisf \innpp

Ch D]mZnnp hnjhkvXptImifnse {]h \s _m[npItbm \innpItbm sNpp.

Ch D]mZnnptSmIvkn\pI, FsskapI IpS ensbpw apw BhcWIesb \innpp.Nneh ctImisf B{Ianpp]pdsSphnp FsskapItImi sf \innpp.

2. Zpoefpw tcmKfpw

a. Sm, \ntmn, CO, s_tkmss]dn XpSn 60 ]cw Imgvknt\mP\pI

]pIbnebn ASnbnp v.

t{_mssnkv]pIbneP\y cmkhkvXp izk\]Ynse koenbIfpsS Ne\sXSbpIbpw izmk\mfn tjvaw ASnpIqSnizmktImin how D mhpIbpwsNp Ah.

cn\v HmIvknPs\ kzoIcnm\p tijn Ipdbpp.(ImcWw lotamtmn\v O2-SpXnt\m {]Xn]n CO-t\mSmWv. AXn\m COlotamtm_n \p

ambn tNv Imt_mIvkolotamtmn\mbn amdpp. CXvhfsc kmh[m \ta hnLSnppq).

]pIhen ico cs _m[n p hn[w

b. CXv \mUohyhsb _m[nv t]io{]h\fpsS GtIm]\w XSsSppp.

dn^vfIvkpI kmh[m\amIpXn\pwASnb ncLfn s]sv Xocpam\ FSppXn\p tijn \jvSsSpXn\pw ImcWamIpp.

Ichow, kntdmknkv Fo tcmKp Imc Whpw aZy]m\amWv.

c.DZmacnPphm\ ,sImss, Hmnbw, sltdmbn, tam^n, LSD.

Chbn NneXv `bw,DIWvT, aXn{`aw Fnh D mpp.

apNneh \mUohyqls Xfn abap mpIbmWv sNpXv.

d. Nne _mIvSocnb, ^wKkpI Fnh aqew aq{Xmibns BckvXcn AWpm[ \nan w how D mIpp. Ccw

AWp_m[ Nnetm s\ss{^nkn\v hgnshbvpp.

ImcWhnkP\n\v tijw hrnbmmXncnpI hrnlo\amb aq{Xpc D]tbmKnBhiyn\v shw IpSnmXncnpIaq{XsamgnmsX ]nSnp \npI

kzoIcnmhp apIcpXepI

3. ImkicoctImi A\nb{nXambn s]cpIpIbpw av tImiv e`nt t]mjI hensSp v Ahsb \innp

Ibpw sNp AhbmWv Imk.

Imk tImiv AhbpsS Dhm\p\nv cneqsStbm enw^neqsStbm icocnsav `mKfn Fntcphm\pw AhnSfn s]cpIphm\pap Ignhp v.

UVcivanI

]pIbne Imc W av hnIncW

Nnebn\w sshdkv

kzoIcnmhp apIcpXepI


30/49


4. P\nXItcmKPo\pIfnse sshIeyw \nanap tcmK

tcmKw eWw ImcWw

sNdnb apdnhn\np t]mepw A\nb{nXamb c{kmhw

cw I]nSnm\mhiyamb t{]mos A`mhw

hnf, ImbnIamb A[zm\w Bhiyap tPmenIsNm _pnapv

1. lotamtm_ns LS\m]camb sshIeyw2. AcpWcmWpfpsS Fw, Ahbnse lotam

tm_n Ch km[mcWtXmXnepw Ipdhv

5. BckanXn XIcm\p ap ImcW

kzoIcn mhp apIcpXepI

PptcmK

B{mIvkv

Ipfv tcmKw

AInSphow

]ptmdw

kky tcmK 1. kqva PohnIfp mp tcmK

IqpNob (sXv) ^wKkv almfn (Ihpv)(Imphgn) {ZpXhmw (IpcpapfIv)

sshdkv Ipdp\mptcmKw (hmg)(IoS hgn) samsskv tcmKw (]bsNSn, aco\n)

hmtcmKw (hgpX\) CeI s]sv hmSn sImgnbpp,D]mZ\w KWyambn Ipdbpp.

_mIvSocnb(hnphgn) ssv tcmKw (s\sSn) CebpsS hi fn \ndhyXymk ap ]mSpI,

CebpsS A{K mK DWpp.

2. \yq\t]mjWw sIm- p mIp tcmKkkyv imcocnI {]h\mbn hnhn[ imcocnI {]hmbn hnhn[ aqeI an \npw e yamtI Xp v.Ch e`nmXncpm imcocnI{]h XSs]SpIbpw tcmK D mhpIbpw sNpw.

aqeI {][m\ [a \yq\t]mjWw sIm p mIp tcmK eWs]mmkyw $ amwkykwtjWw

$ Bkyc{ Xpdm\pwASbvm\pw klmbnpp

$ CeIfn Xhnp\ndnep DWnb ]mSpI$ CebpsS RcpIfn afnv$ CebpsS ASn`mKv ]n \ndw

aojyw $ lcnXIns \nanXnv

AXymhiyw$ izk\{]{InbbnseFsskapIfpsS {]h\wXzcnXsSp

$ CeIfnse RcpInSbn a\ndwaqsnb CeIfnemWv Cu eWw I pXpS pXv.{ItaW CXv XfncneIfntepw hym]npp.



6 kpcbpw NnInkbpwtcmKfp mm tijnbp [mcmfw kqvaPohnIv \SphnemWv \mw PohnpsXnepw \mw Ftmgpw tcmK_m[nXcmImdn. ImcWw kqvaPohnI icocnsepXv XSbm\pw GsXnepw Xcnsenbm Ahsb \innm\pw Ignhp kpcm{]Xntcm[kwhn[m\ \app v. C\n tcmKw _m[n v Ignm AXn \npw c t\SpXn\mbn \mwNnInsb B{ibnpp.

]mTw Npcpn

Xzv

1. icocnse kpcmkwhn[m\hnhn[ {kh, cmkhkvXp

1. icocXm]\ne Db2. mtKmssktmknkv

2. kzm`mhnI {]Xntcm[ {]h\ 3. ho {]XnIcWw4. cw I]nSn5. Bnt_mUnI D]mZnn

hnIknnsSp imkv{XRvP3. Ir{Xna {]Xntcm[hcWw hmIvkn\pI

kzbw {]Xntcm[ sshIey

4. {]Xntcm[ sshIey AanX {]Xntcm[wAhbhw amnhbvepw {]Xntcm[hpw{]Xntcm[tijn \in AIDS

1. NnInmcoXnI BbpthZw, tlmantbmXn, AtemXn etc.

kvs]jyssetkj\pI2. B[p\nI sshZyimkv{Xw tcmK \nWtbm]m[nI

Bn_tbmnIv

{]Ya ip{iqj

3. A]ISw Ipdm c \nthi\w c{KqpI, RhLSIw, Fdnt{Xmmtmknkv ^om enkv cZm\w:{]m[m\yw

kzm`mhnI kwhn[m\tcmK{]Xntcm[w

{]Xntcm[hcWw

kpcmkwhn [m\fpw {]Xntcm[ {]h\fpw1. icocnse kpcmkwhn [m\

XzvtcmKmcnIsf AIv {]thinmsX kpiamb hnhn[ coXnIfn Xzv XSbpp. sIcmn

sUankv FnsUankv (AWpfpsS{]thi\w XSbpp)

]mfnItjvakvXcw tcmaw

sNhn, Iv, aqv, hmbv, aq{X\mfw NqSn \npw XWpnXpSnb `mKfnep t\ Cu \npw kwcnpptjvamhcWw tcmKmWpsf XSbpp A\yhkvXpsf XSbpp

{kh

hnbv sk_wAWp\miIw AWp\miIw

Xzv

FabapXn\m

shw ]nnSnn



Xzv Cm `mKv tcmKmWpsf Nne {kh /cmkhkvXp D]mZnn v XSbpItbm \innpItbm sNpp.

{kh/cmkhkvXp

ImWsSp`mKw

{]Xntcm[ coXn

Ip\o Ivssetkmsskw F AWp\min\n ASnbnp Cu {Zhw Ins\ \\bvpIhgn tcmKmWpsf \innpp.

tjvaw aqv HgpIp tjvaneqsS tcmKmWpsf ]pdpp.sagpIv sNhn AWp\miIwDan\o hmb mcKpWhpw AWp\miItijnbpw tcmKmWpsf XSbpp.

HCl Bamibw

`WneqsSbpw shneqsSbpsap tcmKmWpsf

\innpp.

2. kzm`mhnI {]Xntcm[ {]h\i.icocXm]\ne Db a\pjys km[mcW icotcmjvamhv (36.9

oC, Cuw, pH, t]mjILSIfpsS e`yX XpS nb A\pIqe kmlNcy)

tcmKmWpfpsS h[\hn\v A\ptbmPyamWv.

tcmKmWp_m[bp mIptm AhbpsS s]cpI tijnsb IpdpXn\v icocw Xm]\ne Dbpp.

(AYhm]\nHcp {]Xntcm[ {]h\w)

ii. mtKmssktmknkv icocXm]\ne Dbn tcmKmWpfpsS s]cpI \nb{nm icocn\v Ignbpsanepw \innpn.

(Dnsenb tcmKmWpsf \innm am{Xta tcmKap mIpXv XSbm\mIq). tizXcmWp (\yqt{Sm^n, tamtWmsskv) tcmKmWpsf hngpn \innpp ^mtKmssktmknkv.

iii.ho {]XnIcWw kqvaPohnIsXnsc icocw \Sp Hcp {]Xntcm[ {]h\amWv ho.(SStteepp--11)) icocnse apdnhneqsS tcmKmWp Dn

ISptm B mKs ctemanIIfnse `nnIfnhoap mIpp.

(SStteepp--22)) ctemanIIfneqsS D mIp c{]hmlw IqSpp.

(SStteepp--33)) IqSpX tizXcmWp temanIm`nnbnse hnShpIfneqsS ]pdv hcpp.

(SStteepp--44)) tcmKmWpsf hngpn \innpp.

(SStteepp--55)) apdnth `mKw km[mcW \nebnemIpp.

iv.cw I]nSn apdnth ev cwI cq]sSpXv aqew tcmKmWp apdnhneqsS icocn\Itv {]thinpXv XSbpp. AanXambn cw hmv A]ISap mImXncnm klmbnpp.



v. Bnt_mUnI D]mZnn ^mtKmssktmknkns\ AXnPohn v Htsd tcmKmWp icocnsemw.tcmKmWpfpsS (BnP){]tXyIX Xncn dnv Benwt^msskpIfpw Tenwt^mssk pIfpwt\cntm Bnt_mUnI (amwky Xm{XI)D]mZnntm \innpp.

3.Ir{Xna {]Xntcm[hcWw tcmKmWpsf {]Xntcm[nm\mbn kzm`mhnI {]XnIcW cq]sSm kabsaSppw. Cu kabn\nSbns hfsc

IqSpX s]cpIm\pw hym]nm\pw Nne tcmKmWpp Ignbpw.

Cu Ahkcfn Ir{Xna {]Xntcm[tijn apIqn BPnpXneqsS tcmKmWpsf XSbmw.

hnIkn nsSp imkv{X RvPFtUzUvP eqbn ]mkvN

BZyambn hmIvknt\j ]conp.

hkqcn CmXmm {]bXv\np.

tcmKmWpknmw (kqvaPohnI aqeamWv tcmKD mIpsX knmw) BhnjvIcnp.

]mkvNssdtkj F {]{Inb Is n.

B{mIvkv, t]hnjm[ FnhbvsXnsc hmIvkn \nanp

hmIvkn\pI\nhocyamnbtXm Poh\nmtXm Bb tcmKmWpsf Ipnsh v AWp_m[tbm hynIfn {]Xntcm[w hfnsbSpp {]h\amWv hmIvknt\j. \nhocyampXneqsS AhbpsS tcmKap mm\p tijn IpdbpXn\m AhbneSnb

ssPhnIXm{XIsf icocnse tizXcmWp BnP\mbn I v Bnt_mUn D]mZnn v \innm kmh Imiw e`npp.Ccw {]Xntcm[tijn icocn \ne\npXn\m ]noSv {]thinp bYm tcmKmWphn\v tcmKw D mm IgnbmAh icocnep mIpp.

hmIvkn\pI ]ehn[w

arXfmb Poh\pXpw \nhocyam kPohamb \nhocyamnbAWp sXpamb tcmKmWp tcmKmWp tSmIvkn\pI

DZmdm_okv hmIvkn\pI, _n.kn.Pn. hkqcn hmIvkn T.Tkmv hmIvkn

4. {]Xntcm[ sshIey{]Xntcm[ kwhn[m\fpsS XIcmdpI icocn Nne hn]coX ^efp mpp.XIcmdpI tcmKw ImcWwkzbw{]Xntcm[

sshIey

hmX\n kzw icocnse tImisfs BnP\pIfmbn

v AhbvsXnsc enwt^msskpI {]hnpp.AanX {]Xntcm[w BkvXvaAePn

s]mSn]Se, ]cmKtcWp XpSnb BnP\pIsXnsc icocw AanXambn {]XnIcnpXv aqeapAkzX.

Ahbhw amn hbvepw {]Xntcm[hpw XIcmdnemb Ahbhp]Icambn ]pXpXmbn tNphbvp Ahbhw icocs kw_nnStmfw Hc\yhkvXp

(BnP)BWv . tNphbvp Ahbhns\Xnsc icocw Bnt_mUnI D]mZnn v {]XnIcW{]h\ \Sn Xnckvcnpw.

]cnlm cw{]Xntcm[tijn XmmenIambn AapXn\p acppI D]tbmKnpI.shphnfn {]Xntcm[tijn IpdXv ImcWw tcmKmWp {]thi\ns km[yX IqSpX. (AXpsIm v Cu Ahbnse

]cnNcWn {]tXyI {i BhiyamWv)

tcmKw hmIvkn

bw BCG

t]mfntbm OPVIchow slssnkv hmIkn\pI

ap n\ocv MMR

sS\kv DPT

Un^vXocnb DPT

hnNpa DPT



{]Xntcm[tijn \in/AIDSkpcnXam AWphnapamm c\nthi\wssewKnI _w kqNnI

enwt^msskpIfpw ap kpcmkwhn[m\fpw

{]hnpI hgn BtcmKyap icocw

HIVbpsS B{I aWw enwt^msskpIsf \innpp

{]Xntcm[tijn Ipdbpp

tcmK ]nSns]Spp acWw

FbvUvkns\Xnsc kzoIcnt apIcpXepI

NnInHmtcm \mnsebpw kmlNcy\pkcn v Htsd NnInmcoXnI cq]snp v.

NnInmcoXn khntijX

BbpthZw]pcmWImew apX mcXn {]Nmcnep mbncp NnInmcoXn icocs kpkambn]cn]menm\p Hcp PohnXNcy

tlmantbmXnm]Ikmaph l\namXXzwHmtcmcp cnepap tcmKeWv {]m[m\yamWv \IpXv.

tcmKn\p ImcWamIp hkvXphn\pXstcmKia\ap mm\pw Ignbpw.{]amWwHuj [ t\npwtXmdpw AhbpsS hocywh[npp.

AtemXn m]I lntm{ImkvtcmK \nWbw, tcmKNnIn, acppI Fnhbvv {]m[m\yw

B[p\nI sshZyimkv{Xw

Hmtcm tcmKNnInpw {]tXyI]T\ (kvs]jyssetkj) apXn\mepw \qX\ tcmK\nWtbm]m[nIfpXn\mepw Cv anBip]{XnIfpw B[p\nI sshZyimkv{Xw ASnm\amn bmWv {]hnpXv.

kvs]jyssetkj _s taJe]oUnbm{SnIvkv iniptcmK NnInImUntbmfPn lrZbNnInsPdnbm{SnIvkv hm[IytcmK NnInHmtmfPn Imk NnInH^vXmtamfPn t\{XNnIn\yqtdmfPn akvXnjvI\mUotcmK NnInbqtdmfPn aq{XmibtcmK NnInssK\tmfPn kv{XotcmK NnIntdUntbmfPn tdUntbj D]tbmKnp tcmK

\nWbhpw NnInbpw

E.N.T sNhn, sXm , aqv kw_ambtcmKfpsS NnIn

HIVico cn IS



tcmK\nWtbm ]m[nI

Bn_tbmnIv ( )kqvaPohnIsf \inntm \nhocyamntbm tcmK NnInn v t`Zamphm D]tbmKnp hkvXpfmWv Bn_tbmnpI.icocn\pnepw icotcm]cnXenepw Ch D]tbmKnsSpp. Chbn NneXv kqvaPohnIfn \ntm Asncmk{]{InbIfneqsStbm D mpp.

AeIvkm vsfanwKmWv BZy Bn_tbmnmb s]\nknen I p]nSnXv.

Bn_tbmnpI PohZmbn\nI kqnp]tbmKnnsn Poh\min\nI

\nccamb D]tbmKw ChbvsXnsc _mIvSocnbIfn AXnPoh\tijn D mIm CSbmpp.

icocnse D]ImcnIfmbnp _mIvSocnbIsf \innpp.icocn Nne hnman\pIfpsS Afhv Ipdbvpp.

A]ISw Ipdm

i. {]Yaip{iqj

Xtahpw s]sv tcmKw aqnhpw Bip]{XnbnsenpXv hsc \Ip ip{iqj.

shn hoWmsf cnm

An`wKw kw`hnm

izmk]Yw ASm

]e ImcWfmepw BfpI A]ISw kw`hn hynv {]Yaip{iqj \Im aSnpp

ii. c\nthi\wASnbc Lfn Poh cnm c\nthi\w klmbIamhpw.

{int Imcy

$ tcmKIm km[yX

$ cns Afhv

$ ZmXmhns {]mbw, enwKw, BtcmKynXn XpSnbh

$ A\ptbmPyXHmtcm hynbptSbpw cn hyXykvX t{]mo BnP\pw Bnt_mUnbpwASnbn cnpp. Ch

ZmXmhnepw kzoImhnepw tbmPnncnWw.

c{Kq v BnP Bnt_mUn Bcn\nsmwkzoIcnmw

A A Anti-B A, O

B B Anti-A B, O

AB A, B C AB, A, B, OO C Anti-A, Anti-B O

tcmK\nW b

D]m [nI{]tbm P\w

n\n sXtamao icocns Xm]\ne AfpXn\p D]Ic WwsXkvtImv lrZbkv]\w AfpXn\p D]IcWwkv^ntmamt\mao ckw AfpXn\p D]IcWw

MRI kvIm arZpIeIfpsS Nn{XsfSppXn\p kwhn[m\w

FIvkvtd FpIfpsS Nn{XsfSppXn\p kwhn[m\wkn. n. kvIm

arZpIeIfpsS 3DNn{XsfSppXn\p kwhn[m\wt]kvta lrZbanSnv IrXyambn \nb{npXn\p D]IcWwECG lrZbnse sshZypX XcwK tcJsSpm klmbnp kmtXnIhnZy.

EEG akvXnjvInse sshZypXXcwKsf sdtmUv sNp kmtXnIhnZy.BPntbm{Kmw lrZbcpgepIfnse XS Ip]nSnpXn\v CXv klmbnppIr{Xna hmhpI {]h\clnXamb lrZb hmhpIfpsS ]Icambn D]tbmKnmss_mkv kPdn cIpg XSsm asmcp cIpg B `mKn\v kamcambn Xpntp ikv{X{InbsSen saUnkn hnhc ssIamdm Ignbp hn[nep Zriy{ihy ktXfpsS klmbw tcmKnsb

]cntim[np Xn\pw acpv \nt[inpXn\pw sSv \SpXn\pw D]tbmKsSpppP\nnIv Fn\obdnwKv Hcp PohnbpsS P\nXI LS\bn A`nejWobamb am hcpp kmtXnI \mt\m sSIvt\mfPn BfptS Xen ]Zms ssIImcyw sNp kmtXnIhnZyFtUmkvtImn Zl\]Yhpw icocAdbpw \nconp Xn\p kwhn[m\w.

PosXdmn XIcmdnemb Po\pIsf amn ]Icw BtcmKyap Po\pI sh v ]nSnn v tcmKw NnInnp coXn



c\nthi\w \Sptm A, B BnP\pIsmw RhLSIw F Hcn\w BnPs kmn[yw IqSn ]cnK Wnt Xp v.

RhLS I ]eXps nepw BnP DBWv Ah bn {][m\w. Cu LSIaph Rh+Fpw Cmh Rh-Fpw

AdnbsSpp.

Fdnt{Xmmtmknkv ^omenkv

Rh+c{Kqp kv{Xov Rh

-c{Kqp Ipv P\nptmgp mIp sshcpy]camb AhbmWnXv.

a) -ve c{Kqp kv{Xopw +vec {Kqp ]pcpj\pw BZyw P\np Ipn\v

XIcmsdmpap mIpn.

b)Fm {]khkab v mk ths]Sptm Ipns cnse RhLSIw

AbpsS cnsentbmw.

c)Atm AbpsS icocw Cu LSIns\Xnsc Bnt_mUnI cq]sSppp.

d)]noSp K`fn Ipv Rh+BsWn t\cs cq]s Bnt_mUnI mk hgn

{`qWn {]thin v AcpWcmWp I]nSn v {`qWw \inpXn\nSbmpp.

cZm\w t{]mmlnnm sNmhp Imcy

kpcmkwhn[m\w kkyfn1. kzm`m hnI {]Xntcm[kwhn[m\

LS\m]c amb kwhn [m\sXmen, sXmenpds sagpIv, Iyqnn, enn

ssPhcmk]camb amtteepp--11)) tcmKmWp Dn {]thinptm Ahbnep cmk hkvXpsf kkytImi Xncndnbpp.

tteepp--22)) NneXcw t{]mo\pI, kmenknenIv BknUv, FYnen XpSnb ]ZmY D]mZnnpp.

tteepp--33))

Cu ]ZmYfpsS kmn[yw hgn tcmKmWp_m[bpsS hnhcw kkyicocnsembnSpw Fnpp.

tteepp--44)) tcmKmWpsf t\cnSm hnhn[ kkyIeIfnse tImifn LS\m]camb ]e amfpw D mIpp.

$ AWp_m[nXtImifpsS s]sp \miw.

$ AWpm[nXtImisf thXncnp tImv tImi\ncIfpsS cq]oIcWw.

$ ^nt\m kwbpfpsS \namWw.

2. {]Xntcm[hcWw P\nXI amw hcpnb kky D]mZnnp Bnt_mUnIfmWv mnt_mUnI.

DZm]pIbnesSnbn samsskIv F tcmKn\p ImcWamb Sp_mtmsamsskIv sshdkns Nne Po\pI ISnhn sNSnIv

Cu tcmKns\Xnsc {]Xntcm[tijn cq]sp.

Fdnt{Xmmtmknkv^om

enkvaqew acn Ipv


37/49

i

]gb tcmK\nW tbm]m[nI

1. n\n sXtamaoCu D]IcWw a\pjyicocns Xm]\ne Afphm D]tbmKnpp. n\n sXtam aodn Xm]\ne mclov

kvsIbven BWv. CXn 950

F(350C) apX 1080F(420C) hsc ASbmfsSpnbncnpw.

2. sXkvtIm vlrZbkv]\w AfpXn\p D]IcWamWnXv. sXkvtImnse Ub{^ns I\neqsS lrZbkv]\ns

kz`mhw tUmIvS Xncndnbpp.

3. kv ntmamt\mao

ckw AfpXn\p D]IcWamWnXv. lrZbw ktmNnptm D mIp aw aqew [a\nI hnIknpp.Cu aamWv kntmfnIv {]j. Fm lrZbw hn{ianp tmgp aamWv UbtmfnIv {]j. BtcmKyap HcmfpsS kntmfnIv{]j120mm/HgbpwUbtmfnIv {]j80mm/Hgbpw Bbncnpw.

\qX\ tcmK\nW tbm]m[nI

1. MRIkvImBcmhbhpsS hniZamb Nn{XoIcWn\v klmbnp asmcp kwhn[m\amWnXv. ImnIaehpw tdUntbm hnInc

WfpamWv Nn{XsfSppXn\v D]tbmKnpXv. arZpIeIfpsS Nn{XsfSppXn\v hfsc klmbIamWv Cu kwhn[m\w.CXn AtbmWoIcW tdUntbj\pI D]tbmKnpn. akvXnjvInsbpw \snsbpw tISp]mSpI Is pXn\pwknIfnse XIcmdpI Is pXn\pw Cu kwhn[m\w D]tbmKsSppp. Penep H2BfpsS khntij XbmWvCXv t^mkv sNpXv. AXn\m Pemwiw Ipdhp AnIsfbpw ]ns\bpw CXn\m ImWm ]n.

2. X-rayX-ray F sshZypXImnI hnIncWfpsS klmbm Bc`mKfpsS Nn{XsfSpp kmtXnIhnZybmWnXv.

X-ray hnIncWsf ISnhnSm\p tijnbpsS Imcyn icocIeI hyXymksncnpp. Cu {]tXyIX {]tbmP\sSpnsIm mWv X-ray Nn{XsfSpp Xv. hkvXpfpsS Dn ISp ]pd v hcp hnIncWs Hcp t^mtm^nenan hogm\\phZnptm icocn\pnse hkvXpfpsS {]Xncq]w ^nenan ]Xnbpp. X-rayIsf Hpw Xs IS nhnSmXn\m FpIX-ray Nn{Xn shfp \ndnepw, `mKnIambn ISnhnSpXn\m arZpIeI Nmc\ndnepw hmbp ]qWambpw ISnhnSpXn\m izmktImi Idpv \ndnepw ImWsSpp.

3. C.T.kvImX-ray hnIncWfp]tbmKn v icocnse Bc`mKfpsS Nn{XsfSppXn\p

Hcp kmtXnIhnZybmWv C.T.kvIm. arZpe IeIfpsS Nn{XsfSppXn\v hfsc A\ptbmPyamWnXv. ]ccmKX X-raybn \npw hyXykvXambn C.T.kvIm\nwKn Htc kabw hyXykvX BwKnfpIfn, At\Iw X-ray _oapI icocneqsS ISnhnSpp. icocn \nv ]pd v hcphnIncWsf Hcp detector kzoIcnpIbpw Iyqdns klmbtmsS {Xnam\ Nn{Xfmn

ampIbpw sNpp. Ccn icocns image D mnsIm v icocs ]cntim[npXn\p Hcp kwhn[m\amWnXv.


38/49

ii

4. Ir{Xna t]kvtaCeIvt{SmUpI aptJ\ sshZypX BthK \Insm- v lrZbanSnv IrXyambn

\nb{npXn\p D]IcWw. _mdn hgn {]hnpp. CSs tXmsfn\vXmsgbmbn icocn\pn CXv m]npp. CeIvt{SmUpIsf lrZbhpambn_nnpp.

5. ECG (Electrocardiograph)lrZbXmfhpw, lrZbnse sshZypX XcwKfpw hniZambn tcJsSpm klmbnp Hcp kmtXnIhnZybmWnXv.

ECG bneqsS e`yamIp {Km^v \nco v lrZb {]h\nse sshIeyw a\nemmw.

6. EEG (Electroencephalogram)

XetbmSn Ddnp CeIvt{SmUpI D]tbmKn v akvXnjvInse sshZypXXcwKsf sdtmUv sNp Hcp kmtXnIhnZybmWnXv. Xetmdns {]h\shniIe\w sNbvXv GsXnepw Xcn A]mIXI Ds n Is pXn\vklmbnpp.

7. BPntbm{Kmw

Contrastal dye bpw X-raybpw D]tbm Kn v cIpgepIfpsSbpw lrZbnsbpw BcnI`mK]cntim[np kmtXnIhnZybmWnXv. Intetbm Ibe(hbdnsbpw XpSbptSbpw CSbnep `mKw)bnsetbm [a\nbneqsS ISnhnSp Io D]tbmKn v lrZbn\v kao]ap cIpgepIfn ssU Ipnhbvpp.]noSv ssU hym]npXns X-rayNn{Xsf Spv hniIe\w sNpp. lrZbcpgepIfnse XS I p]nSnpXn\v CXv klmbnpp.

8. Ir{XnahmhpI{]h\clnXamb lrZb hmhpIfpsS m\v Ir{XnahmhpI sh v]nSnnp kwhn[m\hpw Cv \nehnep v.

9. ss_mkv kPdn

cIpg icnsSpm Ignbmhn[w XSsm asmcp cIpg (km[mcW tcmKnbpsS

Xs XpSbn \nsSpXv) B `mKn\v kamcambn Xpntp ikv{X{InbbmWvss_mkv kPdn.


39/49

iii

10. sSen saUnkn

hnhchn\nabkmtXnIhnZysb tcmK\nWbNnInm cwKv D]tbmKnpIbmWv sSensaUnkn\neqsS sNpXv. Cu kwhn[m\neqsS tcmKnbpw tUmIvSdpw tcmK\nWb kwhn[m\fpw Xnep Zqcns {]iv\w ]cnlcnsSpp. ]ckv]cw hnhc ssIamdm Ignbp hn[nepZriy{ihy ktXfpsS klmbw tcmKnsb ]cntim[npXn\pw acpv \nt[inpXn\pw sSv \SpXn\pw D]tbmKsSppp.

11. \mt\msSIvt\mfPnBfptStbm Xm{XIfptStbm Xen ]Zms ssIImcyw sNp kmtXnIhnZybmWv \mt\msSIvt\mfPn. km[mcW

KXnbn 1100nm (1 nm=10-9m)henap hkvXpfmWv Cu kmtXnIhnZybn DsSppXv. {]mcw`Zibnep Cu kmtXnIhnZybvv NnInmcwKpw CeIvt{SmWnv taJebnepsams Zqchym]Iamb am hcpm\Ipsap IcpXsSpp.

12. FtUm kvtImnZl\]Yhpw DSens D`mKhpw (Bcmhbh DsImp Ad) Endoscope F D]IcWw D]tbmKn v \nconpXn\p kwhn[m\amWnXv. hgap Hcp Syq_pw AXn\mbn LSnnncnp __pw IymadbpamWv Cu D]Ic Wns {][m\`mK. Syq_v icocn\I v ISn Iypdns tamWndneqsS Zriy \nconpp. Zl\]Ynse XS Is pXn\mWv CXv {][m\ambpw D]tbmKnpXv. Nnetm eLpikv{X{InbIpw D]tbmKnpp.

13. P\nnIv Fn\obdnwKvP\nXI hkvXp \ow sNbvtXm Iqnttm Hcp PohnbpsS P\nXI LS\bn

A`nejWobamb hyXnbm\ hcpp kmtXnIhnZybmWv P\nXI Fn\obdnwKv /dotImn\v DNAsSIvt\mfPn.

Tools-sdkv{SnIvj FtUm\yqntbkv' ("tamfnIyq em I{XnI')DNAsb apdnm D] tbmKnp

FsskapI.

entKkv("tamfnIypem ]i') DNAsb Xn tNp Fsskw.KthjWw, ssPhkmtXnIhnZy, sshZyimkv{Xw, Irjn, hyhkmbw XpSnb ]e taJe

Ifnepw Cu kmtXnIhnZy hym]Iambn D]tbmKnpp.

14. PosXdmn]mccytcmKv ImcWw Po\nse sshIeyw aqew sXmb t{]mo\pI D]mZnnpXmWv.

XIcmdnemb Po\pIsf amn ]Icw BtcmKyap Po\pI sh v ]nSnn v tcmKw NnInnp B[p\nI coXnbmWv PosXdmn.

Courtesy: Vinod Master (GRHSS, Kottakkal)



7\ sf s\ \fmbnAssewKnI {]Xyp]mZ\w Hcp amXmhn \nv am{XamIbm Ah D]mZnnp ASp Xeapd AXns X\n]Imbncnpw.

Fm a\pjy\Sw ]e PohnIfnepw \Sp ssewKnI {]Xyp]mZ\w amXmhpw ]nXmhpw DsSpXmWv. Cs\bp mIp]pXpXeapd Ah Xnepw amXm]nXmfn \npw kmZriyfpw (hwi]mccyw) sshhn[yfpw (hyXnbm\) {]ISampp.AXn\m Ccnep mIp km\ AXpeycmbncnpw (\sf t]mse \mw am{Xw).Ccnep hwi]mccytbpw hyXnbm\tfbpw Ipdnp ]T\amWv P\nXI imkv{Xw.

]mTw Npcpn

Mendal-]coW, ]mccy \nba

P\nXI imkv{Xw imkv{XimJbmbp Bhn`mhw

hfbnse \mgnI IpI

Po\pI( DNAbpsS {]h\ LSIw)

t{Imatkmw, DNA LS\

]mc cyns Po\pIfpsS {]h\w Xm{XmSnm\w DNA (gene)RNAt{]mo(kz`mhw \nb{npp)

hyXnbm\p 1.Po hn\nabw

ImcW 2. D]cnh\w ( ]mccytcmK)

enwK\nWb t{ImatkmapI]pcpj\nepw kv{Xobnepw

a\pjy\nse _oPtImifn

enwK\nWbw _oPkwtbmKkm[yXbpw enwKhpw (enwK \nWbn ]pw_oPns ]v)

P\nXI FPn\obdnwKv

P\nXI imkv{X nskw`mh\I km[yXIfpw BiIfpw

{KnK tPm saU F imkv{X \mWv BZyambn hwi]mccys Ipdnv imkv{Xobambn Dcw Is nb Xv.

AXn\m Atlw ]mccyimkv{Xns ]nXmhmbn Adnb sSpp.

Atlw ]bsSnbnemWv ]T\ \SnbXv. AXn\p ImcWw

saUs ]coWn\v 3 LSfp v.SStteepp--11))]bsSnbnse ip amXr]nXr kkysf Is n.

SStteepp--22))h kcWneqsS Hmw Xeapdsb D]mZnnp.

SStteepp--33))c- mw Xeapdtbbpw ]noSp XeapdItfbpw kz]cmKWn\v hnt[bamn.

GItZiw 29,000tmfw ]bsSnIsf Ccn apfnv \nconp.

]coWfn \npw Atlw e`n Nne \nKa\$ Hmtcm kz`mhn\pw ImcWamIp Hmtcm tPmUn LSI Fm PohnIfnepw D mbncnpw. Cu LSIsf

Atlw {]XoI D]tbmKnv kqNnnp.DZm: DbcqSpX T T , Nph ]qhv RR

Dbcpdhv tt , shfp ]qhv rr$ Cu tPmUn LSIfn Hv amXmhn \npw atXp ]nXmhn \npambncnpw e`npXv.

(Cu LSIfmWv amXm ]nXmfn \npw ]mccyKpW ASp Xeapdbntev hlnpXv).$ hn]coX KpW amXrkkyntem ]nXrkkyntem Bbncpmepw ]coW en\v bmsXmcp amhpw D mhn.



]bsNSnIfpsS DbcqSpX, Dbcpdhv Fo hn]coX KpWfmWv ]coWw1 ]T\hnt[b amnbXv.

amXrkkyw ]nXrkkyw(Dbcw IqSnbXv) (Dbcw IpdXv)

TT tt

_oPtImi T t

(F1 ) Tt

(Dbcw IqSnbXv)

\ncoWw 1mw Xeapdbn amXrkkyns DbcqSpX F KpWhntijWamWv km\ {]ISamnbXv. Fm P\nXILSIfn Ch Xn hyXymkap v. amXrkkyn Db cqSpXen\p 2 LSIfptm (TT) kXnbn DbcqSpXen\pwDbcpdhn\pap Hmtcm LSIfmWpXv (Tt).

\nbakqN\ DbcqSpXen\p LSIw (T) Dbcpdhn\p LSIns (t) ta ta[mhnXzw ImWnp.

\nKa\w {]ISkz`mh \nbaw

Hcp tPmUn hn]coX KpW IqSntcptm AXnsemcp KpWw am{Xw {]ISamhpIbpw ({]ISKpWw) atXpadncnpIbpw (Kp]vXKpWw) sNpw.

]coWw1se F1Xeapdbn kz]cmKWw \Sn D]mZnnp hnpI apfnmbncpp 2mas ]coWw.

Tt Tt

_oPtImi T t T t

F2 TT Tt Tt tt

(Dbcw IqSnbXv) (D. IqSnbXv) (D. IqSnbXv) (D. IpdXv)

\ncoWw 2mw Xeapdbn 3:1 F A\p]mXn Dbc w IqSnb sNSnIfpw Dbcw Ipd sNSnIfpw D mbn.Fm Dbcw IqSnb Fm kkyfpsSbpw P\nXI LS\ Hcpt]mteb. 1/3 DbcqSpXen\v ImcWamb LSI (TT) am{Xap

hbpw 2/3 DbcqSpXen\pw Dbcpdhn\pap Hmtcm LSIfphbpamWv (Tt).

\nbakqN\ amXrkkynset]mse ]nXrkkynepw tPmUnbmbn ImWsSp LSI tPmUn ]ncnmWv Hmtcm _oPtImifntepw t]mIpXv.

\nKa\whnthN\ \nbaw_oPtImi D mIptm KpWhntij sf \nWbnp ]mccy LSI tPmUn]ncnbpIbpw Hmtcmpw Hmtcm enwKtImintev t]mhpIbpw sNpp.

]coWw3 saU ]bsNSnbpsS Dbcw F KpWhpw ]qhns \ndhpw ]cnKWnp.

amXrkkyw ]nXrkkyw(D. IqSnb Nph ]qfpXv) (D. Ipd sh ]qfpXv)

TTRR ttrr

_oPtImi TR tr

(F1 ) TtRr

(D. IqSnb Nph ]qfpXv)

]coWw : 1

]coWw : 2

]coWw : 3



\ncoWw 1mw Xeapdbn Fm kXnIfpw amXrkkyns Dbcw IqSnb Nph ]qfp mp KpWfmWv {]ISamnbXv.Fm amXrkkyn \npw hyXykvXambn Kp]vXKpWn\pw ImcWamIp Hmtcm LS hoXhpw ASnbncnpp.

]coWw3se F1Xeapdsb kz]cmKWn\v hnt[b ampXmbncpp 4mas ]coWw.

TtRr TtRr

kv{Xo_oP ]pw_oP

_oPtImi TR Tr tR tr TR Tr tR tr

ChbpsS kwtbmKkw`mhyX ]v kvIzbdnCs\ kw{K lnmw

TR Tr tR tr

TRTTRRNp. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh

TTRrNp. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh

TtRRNp. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh

TtRrNp. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh

TrTTRrNp. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh

TTrrsh ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh

TtRrNp. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh

Ttrrsh ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh

tR

TtRR

Np. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh

TtRr

Np. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh

ttRR

Np. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh

ttRr

Np. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh

trTtRrNp. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh

Ttrrsh ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh

ttRrNp. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh

ttrrsh ]qfpD. Ipdh

\ncoWw 1mw Xeapdbn \nv 4 Xcnep kv{Xo_oP fpw ]pw_oPfpw D mIpp. amXr]nXrkkyfn Hnp\nKpWhntijfp km\v ]pdsa 2 kcbn\fpw D mbn.

Nph ]qfp Dbcw Ipdhshfp ]qfp Dbcw IqSnbh

A\p]mXw9:3:3:1

\nbakqN\ Hmtcm kz`mhhntijhpw asmpambn ZrV_w ImWnpnspw Ahbvv GXp ambpw IqSntcphm km[yXDs pw hnebncpn.

\nKa\w kzX{ A]hyql\ \nbaw

ct- m AXne[nItam tPmUn hn]coXKpW IqSntcptm AXntemtcm tPmUn KpWhpw A]ctPmUnbpambn IqSnecmsXXnIpw kzX{ambn ASp Xeapdbntep hym]cnp p.

saUens ]coW^e 1866 {]knoIcnpsh nepw Av AXn\v th {X AwKoImcw InpIbp mbn.884 saU Acnp. saU acWsv 16 hjp tijw lyqtKm Uo {hokv, Im tImdkv , FdnIv sjamIv Fo

imkv{XmcmWv saUens ]mccyimkv{X \nba kzX{ambn Is n ]p\cmhnjvIcnXv. ]noSmWv ]mccytbpwhyXnbm\tfbpw]n {]Xn]mZnp P\nXIimkv{XwF imkv{X imJ cq]w sIm Xv.

hjw imkv{X kw`mh\

1866 {KnK tPm saU P\nXI \nb a BhnjvIcnp.

1869 {^UdnIv anj \yqnIv BknUv Is n.

1900lyqtKm Un {hokv,FdnIv sjamv,Im tImdkv

saUens \nba ]p\cmhnjvIcnp.

1902hm Fkv k,XntbmU t_mhdn

]mccyLSI t{ImatkmapIfnemWv ASnbncnpXv Fv Is n.

1905 t_vk]mccysbpw hyXnbm\sfbpw ]n ]Tnp ]pXnb imkv{XimJbvvP\nIvkvF t]cp \In.

1943 Bthcn Ctlns t\XrXz nep KthjI DNABWv P\nXI hkvXpshp Is n.1953

Pbnwkv hmSvk,{^mknkv {Inv

DNAbpsS NpptKmhWn amXrI AhXcnnp.

1909 sPmlmk saU hniZoIcn ]mcc yLSIp Po Fp t]cp \In.

1970amj \nc_Kv,ltKm_nv sJmcm\

P\nXI tImUv Is n.

]coWw : 4



]mc cy t{]jWns Xm{Xm Snm\wkz`mhhntijfpsS ]mccyt{]jWw Nne LSI hgnbmsW saUens

kev]w bmYmYyamsWv ]noSv sXfnbnsp. GsXmcp PohnbpsSbpw Hmtcm kz`mhkhntijXtbbpw \nb{npXv Po\pIfmsWpw Po\pI DNA Xm{XbpsS `mK fmsWpw hyambn.

aan\pn t{ImatkmanemWv DNA ImWsSpXv.

Uo HmIvkn ssdt_m\yqnIv BknUns \o 2 CgIfmWv Hcp DNAXm{X.

2 CgIfpw Hcp NpptKmhWnbpsS BIrXnbnemWv. DNAbpsS ASnm\ LSIfmWv \yqntbmssSUpI.

CXn 3 LSIfp vUo HmIvkn ssdt_mkv ]kmc, t^mkvt^v Xm{X, 4 Xcwss\{SP t_kpI AUn\n(A), ssXao(T), Kzm\n(G), ssksmkn(C).ss\{SP t_kpI 4 Xcn DXn\m \yqntbmssSUpIfpw 4 XcnemWv.

]kmcbpw t^mkvt^pw tNmWv NpptKmhWnbpsS s\Snb CgIfpw ss\{SPt_kpI tNmWv AXns ]SnIfpw \nanncnpXv.

A-Tpambpw G-C pambpw tPmUntNcpp. AXmbXv DNA bnse c- ngIfpw Hcp t]mseb. Ah ]ckv]c ]qcIfmWv.

DNA bpsS {]h\LS IfmWv Po\pI. D]m]Nb {]h\sf \nb{n

pXpw kz`mh khntijXIp ImcWamIpXpw Cu `mKfmWv.Po\pIfpsS {]h\w

kz`mhkhntjXI cq]sSppXpw D]m]Nb {]h\sf \nb{npXpw t{]mo\pIfmWv. GXpXcw t{]mo\pI\nanWsav Xocpam\npXv DNAbnse Po\pIfmWv. DNAt\cnv t{]mo \nanpn.

SStteepp--11))DNA bn\nv RNA\nanpp.DNACg]ncnbppPo\nset_kpIfpambn ssdt_m\yqntbmssSUpI tNv XXpeyambRNA\nanppRNAbpsS CgI DNAbn \npw th]ncnbpp.(DNA ]qh nXnbnemIpp).

SStteepp--22))RNA bn\nv t{]mo\nanpp.RNA

aan \npw tImi{Z hynep ssdt_mtkmapIfnsepp RNAbnse \nt in\\pkcnvssdt_mtkman shv Aant\m BknUpI Iqntvt{]mo\nanpp.

DNA bpw RNA bpw Xnep hyXymk

hyXn bm \ p Imc W amXm]nXmfn \npw hyXykvXamb kz`mhhntij (hyXnbm\w) kXnIfn {]ISamIpXns

ImcW c- mWv Po hn\nabhpw D]cnh\hpw.

1. Po hn\nabw_oPtImi cq]sSp kabv (Du\`wKneqsS) amXmhn \npw ]nXmhn \npw e`n

kacq] t{ImatkmapI tPmUntNcpIbpw P\nXI hkvXp ssIamdpIbpw sNpw. Cu {]{Inb

bmWv Po hn\nabw.

Pohn\nab^eambn amXmhn \nv e`n t{Imatkman ]nXmhn \npap Nne Po\pIfpw

]nXmhn \nv e`n t{Imatkman amXmhn \npap Nne Po\pIfpw Fntcpp. CXv km\

fn sshhn[yap mpp.



2. D]cnh\wBIkvanIambn t{ImatkmapIfpsS LS\bntem Fntem kw`hnp am (D]cnh\) km\fn ]e

hn[ sshIeypw ImcWamIpp. Ch ]mccyambn t{]jWw sNsSpp. Ccw sshIeyfmWv ]mccy tcmK.

km[mcWbmbp ]mccytcmK

tcmK XIcm eW

SWknt{Umw

enwK\nWb t{ImatkmapIfn Hp Ipdhv (Hcpt{Imatkmw am{Xw)

t{Imatkm apI = 44 + XT

kv{XoeWw,hyX,s]mpdhv.

Uuknt{Umw

kzcq] t{ImatkmapIfn HpIqSpX(21mw t{Imatkmw aqsw.BsI 47 t{Imatkmw).

t{Imatkm apI= 45 + XX/ 45 + XY

_pnamyw,hyX,Ipd tcmK{]Xntcm[tijn.

knnskA\oanb

AcpWcmWpfnse lotamtm_nXm{XIfn LS\m]camb sshIeyap mIpp.BbXn\m cn HmIvknPs Afhv Ipdbptm AcpWcmWpv cq]amw kw`hnvAcnhmfns BIrXnbmbn amdpp.

IeIfntep HmIvknPkwhl\tijn Ipdbpp.

enwK\nWbw a\pjy\n

enwK \nWb t{ImatkmapI]pcpj\nepw kv{Xobnepw 46 t{Imatkmw BWpXv. Fm Chbn 2 Fw

enwKs \nWbnphbmWv. enwK\nWb t{ImatkmapI 2 Xcap vX & Y.

]pcpj\nX YDw kv{Xobn X XDw.

enwK \nWb t{ImatkmapI_oPtImifn

AWvUn X t{ImatkmapI am{Xambncnpw DXv. Fm ]pw_o Pn50% X Dw 50% Y Dw Bbncnpw.

enwK \nWbn ]pw_o Pns ]v_oPkwtbmK kabv AWvUhpambn X t{Imatkmw ASnb ]pw_oPamWv

kwtbmPnpsXn B knmWvUw hfv s]Ip nbmIpw(X X). adnvAWvUhpambn kwtbmPnpXv Y t{Imatkmw ASnb ]pw_oPamsWn AXv hfvBIpnbmIpw(X Y)

P\nXI hkvXp \ow sNbvtXm Iqnttm Hcp PohnbpsS P\n XI LS \bn A`nejWob amb

hyXnbm\ hcpp kmtXnIhnZybmWv P\nXI Fn\obdnwKv /dotImn \v DNAsSIvt\m fPn.

Tools-A. sdkv{SnIvj FtUm\yqntbkv' ("tamfnIyqem I{XnI')DNAsb apdn m D]tbmKnp FsskapI.

B. entKkv("tamfn Iypem ]i')Po\pIsf Xn tNp Fsskw.

kw`mh \I1. sshZyimkv{X taJe_mIvSocn bsb sIm- v a\pjyCkpen D]mZnnpp.

2. Irjn taJeIoS\m iI tijnbp sNSnI D]mZnnp. (Eg: Bt ]cpnbpw Bt hgpX\bpw)

3. hyhkmbnI taJes]t{Smfnbw D] Xnp\inn p kq _KpIsf krjvSnp.

4.

Ipmt\zmjW taJe]nXrXzw kw_n X ]cnl cnp Xn\pw IpIrXy sXfnbnpXn\pwD]tbmKnphcp DNA ^nwK{]nnwKv

BiI



8 Pohs IY... Pohn IfpsSbpwPohs D]nsbpdnpw PohnIfpsS Bhn`mhs kw_npw hyXykvXamb A`n{]mb \ne\npp- v.

APohob LSIfn \nmWv BZyPohIWnI D mbsXpw ]noSv AXn\v A\pIqeamb amw (]cnWmaw) kw`hnmWv

hyXykvX PohnhK D mbsXpamWv imkv{XtemIw hnizknpXv.

]mTw Npcp n

BZy PohIWnI

Pohs D]nbpw XpSbpw cmk ]cnWma hmZw (H]mcnlmtU ]cn Iev]\)

av 2 hmZKXnI

PohIWnIbn \npw ssPhsshhn[yntev

kzbmPnXkz`mhfpsS ]mccyt{]jWknmw

PohnIfn hyXnbm\v {]IrXn\n[mcW knmw

ImcWw D]cnh\ knmw

\h Umhn\nkwHsS

PohnIfpsS BcLS\bnse kmaywPoh]cnWmans sXfnhpI Poh {]h\fnse kmayw

t^mkn ]T\w

Bntbm ]vsSdnIvkv B\bpsS ]cnWmaw

ss{]tav HmUdn \nv

a\pjys D]nbpw ]cnWmahpw sXfnhpI 1. Hb irwJe ]T\w

2. t^mkn ]T\w

]cnWma hrw

]cnWman a\pjys CSs]SepI {]XymLmX

Pohs Bhn`mhw(BZy PohIWnI cq]sXv)

cmk]cnWma hmZw(H]m cnlmtU ]cnIev]\)

]cnIev]\bpsS km[qIcWwmen an, ltcmUv bqtd (1953): bphm Hmsd (1961): kndn s]mws]cpa (1963):

ayqtj\pI aqew



av2 hmZKXnI kap{Zn\Snbnse An]XcnInemWv BZyPohs DXv hw]mkvs]anb hmZw {]]ns atsXnepw `mKp cq]s Pohs IWnI `qanbnsen.

BZy PohIWnIbn \npw _lptImiPohnIfntev

cmk]cnWmaneqsS BZy PohIWnI cq]sSm GItZiw 1100 Ziewhj th nhp.

kzX{ HmIvknP CmXncpXn\m Ap mbncpPohnI hfsc efnXambLS\bp Ahmbh GItImiPohnIfmbncpp.

]noSv {]ImikwtjWtijnbp tImi cq]sp. CtXpSv Acon kzX{mhbn HmIvknP cq]sSpIbpw CXv hmbh PohnIfpsSBhn`mhn\nSbmpIbpw sNbvXp.

Pohn hKfp mbXv]cnWmaknm. kzbmPnXkz`mhfpsS ]mccyt{]jWknmw (By Lamarck)

Hcp Pohn AXns PohnXImev t\SnsbSpp imcocnI am (kzbmPnXkz`mh) PohnbpsS Po\pIfpsS LS\sb_m[nmXn\m Ah XpSp Xeapdbntev t{]jWw sNsSn. AXn\m emamns knmw ImelcWsp.

2. {]IrXn\n[mcW knm w (ByDarwin &Wallace)PohnIfn \nccw hyXnbm\fp mIpp. CXn A\pKpWamb hyXnbm\fphsb {]IrXn \n[mcWw (XncsSppI)

sNpIbpw Amh \inpIbpw sNpp.

Eg:]mn Im

Eg:Pndm^ns Igpv



(a)KemtKmkv IpcphnI Umhns\ ]cnWma Nnbntev \bn Ch 15 Zzo]pIfn 13 C\ap mbncpp. i_vZhpwIqSpIqp hn[hpw Hp t]msebp IpcphnI Blm cnepw BlmccoXnbnepamWv sshhn[yw {]ZinnncpXv.Umhns \nKa\whnpXo\n IpcphnIfpsS ]qhnI sXt Atacnbn\npw KemtKmkv Zzo]pIfntev IpSntbdn. HmtcmZzo]nepw Fs Ipcphn kaql Cc]nSnbamcpsS A`mhn AXXv efnse hyXykvX kmlNcyfpambn A\pIqe\w t\Sn hyXykvX IpcphnhKfmbn ]cnWanp.

(b)KmetKmkv BaI

(c)kky`ppIfmb CKzm\I, IS CKzm\I

hyXnbm\sfs\bp mIppshpw Ah ASp Xeapdbntev ssIamw sNssXs\sbpw hniZoIcnmUmhn\p Ignn. CXv Atlw t\cn Hcp {][m\ ]cnanXnbmbncpp.

]cnWma]T\v ]pXnb cq]w \InbXv P\nXIimkv{Xns hnImkamWv.

3. D]cnh\ knmw (By Hugo de Vries)PohnIfpsS P\nXILS\bn BIkvanIambp mIpXpw XeapdIfntev ssIamw sNsSmhpXpamb amfmWv

D]cnh\w) Poh]cnWmantev \bnpXv.

4. \hUmhn\nkwUmhns ]cnWma Bibsf P\nXI imkv{Xnse ]pXnb AdnhpIfpsS shfnn hniZoIcnp B[p\nI ]cnWmaimkv{Xw.

t{ImatkmapIfnepw Po\pIfnepap mIp ayqtj\pIfpsS ^eambn Hmtcm kv]ojnknepw sshhn[y D mIpw. Ch {]IrXn\n[mcWn\v hnt[bamIptm amdnb kmlNcyfpambn Hpt]mIph am{Xw \ne\npIbpw Amh \inpIbpw sNpp.

5. HsSacp`qanI, ]X\ncI, \ZnI XpSnbh Hcp hns] Ppsf ap Ppfn \npw ths]Sppw.

Cs\ Hsv Ignbp Pohnkaqlfn \nccw D mtbmhp ayqtj\pI aqew {]tXyI hambn Xocmw.

Eg:knar K (Bkvt{Xenbbn am{Xw)Atd_y HIhpw (B{^nbnepw Atd_y cmPyfnepw) _mIv{Snb HIhpw (a[y Gjy)

Poh]cnWmans sXfnhpI (a) PohnIfpsS Bc LS\bnse kmayw hyXykvX hn`mKfnepw kmlNcyfnepw Pohnp PohnIfpsS BcLS\bn s]mXphmb kmayw ImWpp.

DZma\pjys ssI (\nb{Wn\v), apXebpsS apIm (Cgbm), XnanwKens Xpg (Xpgbm), ]nbpsS NndIv (]dIm)Chsbmw \nnncnpXv pPmn1, tdUnbkv1, A\1, Im8, samIm5, s^em\vPkv14 (Total-30)

AnI sIm mWv.

(b)Poh {]h\

Fm PohPmefpsSbpw tImiLS\, Poh{]h\ Fnhbn hfsctbsd kam\XI DXmbn ImWsSpp.

(c) t^mkn ]T\w

]cnWmas Ipdnp Ghpw hnizk\obamb sXfnhmWv t^mknepI.F smt^mkn epI qhn

kwcnsnp {]mNo\ PohnIfpsS AhinjvStfm ASbmftfm BWv.

t^mkn apcq]nepw

]iIfn (Bw_) s]ptmb PohnI

emhbnepw apw ]Xn PohnIfpsS ASbmf.

ap]mfnbn IpSpntmb PohnIfpsS icoc.

CS\net^mknepI HcpPohnhKn \npw asmntep ]cnWmas Ipdnv hnhcw \Ipp.eLpLS\bp PohnIfn \nv koWLS\bp PohnI ]cnWanpp Fpw t^mkn ]T\w ImWnpp.

Bntbm]vsSdnIvkv (hmw{]mNo\ ]n)Bntbm]vsSdnIvkns t^mkn DcKfn \npw ]nI ]cnWanp FXn\v sXfnhmWv. ImcWw AXn DcKfp

sSbpw ]nIfpsSbpw kz`mhkhntijXI ImWmw.

DcK kz`mh ]n kz`mh

\sv hmep hsc \o pInSpp

sImn ]pI

apImen hncepI. AhbpsS Avhfv Iq \J.

XqhepIfpsS kmnyw

sImpIfpsS kmnyw

Eg:



B\bpsS ]cnWma Ncn{Xw t^mkn ]T\neqsS a\nemn.B\bpsS ]cnWman kw`hn {][m\ imcocnI am

XetbmSn\Iv [mcmfw hmbpAdIfp mbn. Igpv sNdpXmbn

]pIfpsS Fw Ipdp. AWpI{]tXyI coXnbn cq]sp.

Xpnss hfp

henn h[\hv sNhn hepXmbn Imev hfv iambn ta mSnbnse c- mas DfnpI hfv sImpIfmbn.

a\pjys D]nbpw ]cnWmahpwa\pjys D]n ss{]tav HmUdn \nv

? a\pjy Ipcn \ntm\sp Ppfnse kkvX\n hn`mKn ss{]tavHmU dnemWv a\pjy\pw Ipcpw DsSpXv.

ss{]tapIsf 2 hn`mKambn Xncnncnpps{]mknanbkpw Bt{mt]mbntUbpw. Bt{mt]mbntUsb (hmwa\pjy kmZriy

ambXv) ho pw 2 Bn Xncnncnpp sktm]ntmbntUbpw tlmant\mbntUbpw. BZytXn IpcpIfpw c- matXn

BIpc pIfpw a\pjycpw DsSpp. AXn\m a\pjy Ipcn \npw t\cnv ]cnWanX.

sXfnhpI

1. Hb irwJe XmcXayw

Bt{mt]mbntU


49/49

2. t^mkn ]T\wbpPo Upt_mbv (1891):Ctmt\jybnse PmhmZzo]n \npw tlmtam CdIvSkns t^mkn Is n.sUmWmUv sPmlmk (1971) :sXpIngt B{^nbn \npw Ghpw ]gw IqSnb Bkv{Smtem]nkv t^mkn Is n.eon IpSpw_w (1976):Xmkm\nbbn \npw emhbn ]Xn a\pjy]qhnIcpsS ImmSpI Is n.

a\pjy]cnWma hrw

]cnWman a\pjys CSs]SepIa\pjys CSs]SepI {]IrXnbnse PohPmefpsS \ne\nns\ {]XnIqeambn _m[npp. ImjnI cwKw,

sshZyimkv{XcwKw XpSnb taJeIfn Ah ]coWn\mbn hyXykvX PohPmesf D]tbmKsSppXn\m P\nX

Isshhn[yaph D]mZnnsSpp. CXv {]IrXnbpsS kzta[bmep \n[mcW km[yXbn Ipdhv hcppp. AtXmsSmw Nne PohnIfpsS hwi\min\pw Ahs CSs]SepI ImcWambnp v. DZmkzhf, tUmtUm ]n

IqSmsX hnthIiq\yamb IoS\min\nIfpsS {]tbmKw, Bn_tbmnpIfpsS D]tbmKw XpSnbh AXns\Xnsc{]Xntcm[tijnbp PohnIfpsS Bhn`mhn\v ImcWamIpp. Npcpn B[p\nI a\pjy ]cnWmans Znisb\nWbnpp. hnIk\w kpnchpw PohPmev \miw kw`hnm coXnbnepamIWw.

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