ssm, srb and cmu without company and insolvency laws ... · 2 ssm, srm and national laws the ssm...
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SSM, SRB and CMU without company and insolvency laws uniformity: The hidden traps
Lorenzo Stanghellini
Università di FirenzeDipartimento di Scienze giuridiche (*)
“Reflections on the design and implementation of the Banking Union”Bologna, Villa Guastavillani, 17 September 2016(*) [email protected]
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SSM, SRM and national lawsThe SSM and SRM rely on national laws
Rules on supervision Banking resolution/Insolvency Corporate law/General insolvency law
“Core” rules harmonized, with options Role of EBA (See Cappiello) ECOFIN 17 June 2016, Par. 7(c)(i): possible amendments to CRR/CRD4
Company and insolvency law not fully harmonized, or not at all
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Part 1
SSM
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SSM: Possible problems with early intervention tools
They operate in difficult times (by definition!)
Success not guaranteed
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General insolvency law and rescue attemptsGeneral insolvency law: Three kinds of risks loom over rescue attempts Avoidance Civil and criminal liability No priority for new financing
The (standard) answer: safe harbors (in various flavors) The Draft Directive on Restructuring (forthcoming, Oct. 2016)
will provide for some
No safe harbors in the BRRD. A problem? In case of failure, no full control of competent/resolution
authorities over the process
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The BRRD and early intervention
Acts implementing a recovery plan
Acts in furtherance of Art. 27 measures Not all of them (if any) could be considered “orders” See, e.g., Art. 27(1)(b)
New financing? Payments outside the ordinary course of business? [see Art. 27(e)]
Intra-group financial support (related parties!) Competent authority can oppose within 5 bus. days [Art. 25(2);
see also par. 5 (tacit consent)]
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Part 2
SRM
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SRM: Possible problems with the NCWO principle
Treatment of shareholders and creditors must comply with the NCWO principle
I.e., what they would have received in “normal insolvency proceedings” National, not harmonized
In a cross-border group resolution, the SRB must second-guess several national liquidation procedures The more efficient they are, the more difficult/costly is the
resolution
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Complicating the picture: Different rankings
Ranking of creditors in insolvency procedures is not harmonized And most likely it will not be in the upcoming Restructuring
Directive… Exception: covered and some eligible deposits (Art. 108
BRRD)
The SRB must quickly skim through different national rankings for similar creditors National, not harmonized Creditors’ right to invoke a set-off is a thorny issue
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Complicating the picture further: Different national laws for the same bank
Directive 2001/24/EC (“Winding up Directive”) Home Member State generally applicable [Art. 10; for
ranking, see Par. 2(h)]
But there are exceptions (Arts. 20 et seq.): Contracts that give “the right to make use or acquire
immovable property” “Third parties’ rights in re” and reservation of title (Arts. 21
and 22) Right to set-off, generally admitted if the law applicable to
the credit institution’s claim allows it (Art. 23)
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SRM: The problem of NPLs
Inefficient national foreclosure and insolvency procedures may jeopardize bank recovery and resolution
Uncertainty about the value from NPLs makes more difficult to accurately quantify losses
Risk of errors, in both directions
Some help may come (only prospectively) from the upcoming Restructuring Directive
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Part 3
CMU
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CMU: The risk of fragmentation
CRR/BRRD have regulated the “bottom” and the “top” of the hierarchy Loss absorbing instruments Protection for deposits
Member States are free to regulate the ranking of what lies in between
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Ranking after the BRRD (Art. 108)
How to protect ALL deposits?
Source: European Parliament, Brief 28 January 2016
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Downgrading bonds (statutory sub.)...
Source: European Parliament, Brief 28 January 2016
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...Upgrading deposits (statutory sub.)...
Source: European Parliament, Brief 28 January 2016
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...Creating a buffer (contractual sub.)
Source: European Parliament, Brief 28 January 2016
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Ranking and TLAC
Differences in ranking hamper the free flow of capital
High information costs for investors
A solution may be under way
Implementation of TLAC
ECOFIN 17 June 2016, Par. 7(b): The EU Commission “will put forward a proposal on a common approach to the bank creditor hierarchy, to enhance legal certainty in case of resolution”
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CMU: The problem of NPLs (again!)
Source: EU Commission, DG Justice and Consumers
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CMU: The problem of NPLs (again!)
Foreclosure and insolvency proceedings are national, and disparate
Fragmentation of the market for NPLs
Again, some role for the upcoming Restructuring Directive
But even more could be done by creating US PACER-like registers
Italy will implement one in 2017