ssush 20 & ssush 21 the early cold war. ssush 20 & ssush 21 conflict in europe western...

SSUSH 20 & SSUSH 21SSUSH 20 & SSUSH 21

The Early Cold WarThe Early Cold War


Conflict in EuropeConflict in Europe

• Western Allies were democracies with Western Allies were democracies with capitalist market systemscapitalist market systems

• Soviet Union was a socialist state led by Soviet Union was a socialist state led by the Communist party.the Communist party.

• Western Allies did not want to occupy Western Allies did not want to occupy the territory that they had conqueredthe territory that they had conquered

• Soviet Union decided it must maintain Soviet Union decided it must maintain control over Eastern Europecontrol over Eastern Europe


Iron CurtainIron Curtain• “ “ A shadow has now A shadow has now

fallen… an iron curtain fallen… an iron curtain had descended across had descended across the continent.” ---- the continent.” ---- Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

• The term The term Iron CurtainIron Curtain became the common became the common term used to refer to the term used to refer to the dividing line between dividing line between eastern and western eastern and western EuropeEurope


U.S Post War Policies in EuropeU.S Post War Policies in Europe

• U.S Diplomat George Kennan U.S Diplomat George Kennan recommended that the U.S should recommended that the U.S should focus on focus on containmentcontainment of Communism in of Communism in the countries where it existed.the countries where it existed.

• Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine stated that the U.S stated that the U.S would not hesitate to intervene and aid would not hesitate to intervene and aid nations to resist communismnations to resist communism


U.S Post War Policies in EuropeU.S Post War Policies in Europe

• Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine also featured a financial also featured a financial plan to rebuild Europe physically and plan to rebuild Europe physically and economically.economically.

• The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan gave financial support to gave financial support to war torn Nations and sparked an economic war torn Nations and sparked an economic revival and prosperity in those countries.revival and prosperity in those countries.

• Lack of economic hardship closed the door to Lack of economic hardship closed the door to Communist revolutionaries.Communist revolutionaries.

• Crowning achievement of the containment Crowning achievement of the containment policypolicy


A Divided GermanyA Divided Germany

• When World War II ended, the Allies When World War II ended, the Allies divided Germany among themselvesdivided Germany among themselves

• The German capital of Berlin, though in The German capital of Berlin, though in the Soviet section, was also divided.the Soviet section, was also divided.

• The Allies saw the division as The Allies saw the division as temporary, but Stalin had no intention of temporary, but Stalin had no intention of giving up the eastern section of the giving up the eastern section of the country or Berlincountry or Berlin



• By 1948, The Allies realized that Stalin By 1948, The Allies realized that Stalin would not relent, so they combined their would not relent, so they combined their sectors into one nation- sectors into one nation- The Federal The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)Republic of Germany (West Germany)

• The U.S.S.R. responded by establishing The U.S.S.R. responded by establishing the the German Democratic Republic ( East German Democratic Republic ( East Germany)Germany)



• People began to flee the Communist People began to flee the Communist controlled section of Berlin to make their controlled section of Berlin to make their way to freedom.way to freedom.

• To stop this, Stalin decided to force the To stop this, Stalin decided to force the West to surrender its portion of Berlin.West to surrender its portion of Berlin.

• He cut off the city, not allowing the He cut off the city, not allowing the needed supplies to reach Berlin.needed supplies to reach Berlin.


Berlin Air LiftBerlin Air Lift

• To avoid war, yet deal firmly with Stalin, To avoid war, yet deal firmly with Stalin, Truman authorized the Truman authorized the Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift

• Over 15 months, British and American Over 15 months, British and American plans delivered the needed supplies to plans delivered the needed supplies to the West Berlin. the West Berlin.

• Soviets gave up in May of 1949, but this Soviets gave up in May of 1949, but this was the first event in the was the first event in the Cold WarCold War..


Cold WarCold War

• This refers to the tension between the This refers to the tension between the United States and the Soviet Union that United States and the Soviet Union that dominated both nation’s foreign policies dominated both nation’s foreign policies and which many feared would lead to and which many feared would lead to actual war.actual war.


China’s Communist RevolutionChina’s Communist Revolution

• Prior to the Japanese invasion during Prior to the Japanese invasion during WWII, Nationalist leader, WWII, Nationalist leader, Chiang Kai-Chiang Kai-shekshek ruled China. ruled China.

• The communist were headed by The communist were headed by Mao Mao Tse-tungTse-tung

• After WWII, tensions sparked again.After WWII, tensions sparked again.• The U.S. backed the NationalistThe U.S. backed the Nationalist• The U.S.S.R. backed the CommunistThe U.S.S.R. backed the Communist


China’s Communist RevolutionChina’s Communist Revolution

• By 1949, Mao’s forces controlled the By 1949, Mao’s forces controlled the mainland and Chiang’s forces had mainland and Chiang’s forces had retreated to the island of retreated to the island of Taiwan.Taiwan.

• The U.S. used its veto power at the The U.S. used its veto power at the U.N. to stop Mao’s government from U.N. to stop Mao’s government from being recognized as the official China.being recognized as the official China.


Korean WarKorean War

• Japan had occupied Korea during WWIIJapan had occupied Korea during WWII• The U.S. and U.S.S.R. divided the The U.S. and U.S.S.R. divided the

nation along the 38nation along the 38º parallel.º parallel.• Democracy in the South; Communist in Democracy in the South; Communist in

the North.the North.• The Korean war started when the The Korean war started when the

Communist crossed the 38º parallelCommunist crossed the 38º parallel



• The United Nations elected to come to The United Nations elected to come to the aid of South Koreathe aid of South Korea

• General Douglas MacArthur was General Douglas MacArthur was chosen to lead the U.N. forces.chosen to lead the U.N. forces.

• Never a declared war; but a U.N. police Never a declared war; but a U.N. police actionaction

• MacArthur pushed the Communist back MacArthur pushed the Communist back very close to the Chinese Border very close to the Chinese Border



• Chinese wanted to maintain a Chinese wanted to maintain a communist government in North Korea, communist government in North Korea, so they sent troops to helpso they sent troops to help

• A stalemate soon developedA stalemate soon developed• Truman fires MacArthur for criticizing Truman fires MacArthur for criticizing

his handling of the war.his handling of the war.• Both signed a truce in 1953 that left the Both signed a truce in 1953 that left the

country divided.country divided.


Attitudes at HomeAttitudes at Home

• The U.S. and USSR were engaged in a The U.S. and USSR were engaged in a nuclear arms racenuclear arms race in which both sides in which both sides continually built updated weapons continually built updated weapons aimed at one anotheraimed at one another

• Private citizens built Private citizens built fallout sheltersfallout shelters• Schools taught Schools taught “duck and cover“duck and cover” in the ” in the

event of a missile strikeevent of a missile strike


Attitudes at HomeAttitudes at Home

• People were convinced that the People were convinced that the Communist would stop at nothing less Communist would stop at nothing less than world domination.than world domination.

• This fear found its way into the This fear found its way into the government where it conducted government where it conducted investigations into people’s private lives investigations into people’s private lives

• This was known as the This was known as the Red ScareRed Scare


Government Policies Dealing with Government Policies Dealing with CommunismCommunism• Truman established the Department of Truman established the Department of

DefenseDefense• The National Security Council to The National Security Council to

coordinate national security policycoordinate national security policy• The Central Intelligence Agency to spy The Central Intelligence Agency to spy

on the USSR and its allieson the USSR and its allies• Congress established the House Un-Congress established the House Un-

American Activities CommitteeAmerican Activities Committee


House Un-American Activities House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)Committee (HUAC)• Purpose was to root out communist in the Purpose was to root out communist in the

Federal GovernmentFederal Government• Albert Hiss was accused of giving the Soviets Albert Hiss was accused of giving the Soviets

classified info during the 1930sclassified info during the 1930s• He denied the charge but was convicted of He denied the charge but was convicted of

perjury and sent to prison.perjury and sent to prison.• They also targeted Hollywood People and They also targeted Hollywood People and

many actors were blacklisted because of many actors were blacklisted because of suspected communist activitysuspected communist activity


Joseph McCarthyJoseph McCarthy

• Wisconsin SenatorWisconsin Senator• Convinced that communist had Convinced that communist had

infiltrated high levels of the government infiltrated high levels of the government and military.and military.

• By 1954, people viewed him as By 1954, people viewed him as paranoid if not crazyparanoid if not crazy

• McCarthyism –the fear of communism McCarthyism –the fear of communism promoted by him began to diminish promoted by him began to diminish


Effects of the GI BillEffects of the GI Bill

• ““GI” stands for government issueGI” stands for government issue• Servicemen’s Readjustment ActServicemen’s Readjustment Act• Provided military veterans with job Provided military veterans with job

priority, money for education, training, priority, money for education, training, and loans for purchasing homes and and loans for purchasing homes and propertyproperty

• Caused a social revolution!Caused a social revolution!



• For the first time, average people could For the first time, average people could afford to buy their own homes.afford to buy their own homes.

• Developers like William Levitt built Developers like William Levitt built entire communities of new houses.entire communities of new houses.

• He built his homes quickly and He built his homes quickly and efficientlyefficiently

• His developments became known as His developments became known as Levittown's Levittown's



• The nation experienced a population The nation experienced a population explosion known as the Baby Boom.explosion known as the Baby Boom.

• These babies would be your grandparents!These babies would be your grandparents!• The GI Bill also had a lasting effect on The GI Bill also had a lasting effect on

Education – most people before the war did Education – most people before the war did not get a college education.not get a college education.

• The middle class grew as college education The middle class grew as college education translated into better paying jobs.translated into better paying jobs.


National Highway Act National Highway Act

• Concerns about a possible nuclear act Concerns about a possible nuclear act led President Eisenhower to support the led President Eisenhower to support the National Highway Act.National Highway Act.

• Called for the construction of a federal Called for the construction of a federal interstate highway systeminterstate highway system

• Interstates were designed to rapidly Interstates were designed to rapidly move military troops and personnel move military troops and personnel

• Caused an expansion of SuburbsCaused an expansion of Suburbs


Prosperity and ConsumerismProsperity and Consumerism

• People had not been able to spend their People had not been able to spend their money during the War.money during the War.

• During the 1940s and 1950s the nation During the 1940s and 1950s the nation once again became a consumer once again became a consumer society.society.

• People began to use credit cards and People began to use credit cards and stopped savingstopped saving

• Shopping becomes a popular past time.Shopping becomes a popular past time.


The Impact of TelevisionThe Impact of Television

• Television changed the way people Television changed the way people were entertained. They no longer had to were entertained. They no longer had to go to the movies.go to the movies.

• Shows like I Love Lucy became regular Shows like I Love Lucy became regular parts of people’s weekly scheduleparts of people’s weekly schedule

• Television also changed PoliticsTelevision also changed Politics


Kennedy- NixonKennedy- NixonPresidential DebatePresidential Debate• First televised debate in history.First televised debate in history.• People who listened on the radio thought that People who listened on the radio thought that

Nixon had wonNixon had won• People who watched on TV though Kennedy People who watched on TV though Kennedy

looked more presidential.looked more presidential.• Kennedy defeats Nixon in one of the closest Kennedy defeats Nixon in one of the closest

presidential races in historypresidential races in history


The Impact of TelevisionThe Impact of Television

• Revolutionized Media coverage.Revolutionized Media coverage.• People could now see events happen People could now see events happen

instead of reading an account in the instead of reading an account in the newspaper or listen to it on the radionewspaper or listen to it on the radio

• Showing the violence of the Showing the violence of the Civil Rights Civil Rights MovementMovement changed people’s opinions changed people’s opinions

• Vietnam was the first war fought in Vietnam was the first war fought in people’s living rooms.people’s living rooms.


The Space RaceThe Space Race

• The Russians launched The Russians launched SputnikSputnik in 1957, the in 1957, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth.first artificial satellite to orbit the earth.

• The U.S eagerly entered the The U.S eagerly entered the Space raceSpace race – – competition with the Soviet Union to gain the competition with the Soviet Union to gain the upper-hand in space travel and technology upper-hand in space travel and technology

• 1961, The Soviet Union launched the first 1961, The Soviet Union launched the first manned space flight – manned space flight – Yuri GagarinYuri Gagarin first first cosmonautcosmonaut


The Space RaceThe Space Race

• President Kennedy issued a challenge to the President Kennedy issued a challenge to the U.S. to put a man on the moon before the end U.S. to put a man on the moon before the end of the 1960sof the 1960s

• NASA, National Aeronautics and Space NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration sent Administration sent John GlenJohn Glen into space a into space a year later.year later.

• Seven years later 1969, Seven years later 1969, Neil ArmstrongNeil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon.became the first man to walk on the moon.


The Eisenhower DoctrineThe Eisenhower Doctrine

• Eisenhower was elected in 1952 concerned Eisenhower was elected in 1952 concerned about the spread of communism and Soviet about the spread of communism and Soviet aggression.aggression.

• Believed in the Domino Theory – if one nation Believed in the Domino Theory – if one nation fell to communism; its neighbors would soon fell to communism; its neighbors would soon fall as well.fall as well.

• Eisenhower saw to it that the CIA overthrew Eisenhower saw to it that the CIA overthrew the pro- Communist leader of Iran and the pro- Communist leader of Iran and restored the pro-US Shah of Iran restored the pro-US Shah of Iran


Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine

• 1957, the president stated that the 1957, the president stated that the United States would not hesitate to aid United States would not hesitate to aid any country in the Middle East that any country in the Middle East that asked for help resisting communist asked for help resisting communist aggression.aggression.


Eisenhower and KhrushchevEisenhower and Khrushchev

• Nikita Khrushchev became Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev became Soviet leader following the death of Stalin in 1953.following the death of Stalin in 1953.

• Tensions of Berlin increased when the Tensions of Berlin increased when the Soviets demanded that western powers Soviets demanded that western powers withdrawwithdraw

• Khrushchev visited Washington D.C. to Khrushchev visited Washington D.C. to negotiate and invited Eisenhower to Moscownegotiate and invited Eisenhower to Moscow


U-2 IncidentU-2 Incident•A U.S. U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union.

•Soviets withdraw their invitation to the President.

•Eisenhower refused to apologize for the incident


Bay of PigsBay of Pigs

• Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban government in 1959.government in 1959.

• He allied himself with the Soviet Union He allied himself with the Soviet Union and seized American property.and seized American property.

• Eisenhower breaks off relations with Eisenhower breaks off relations with Cuba and authorized the CIA to train Cuba and authorized the CIA to train Cuban exiles for an invasion.Cuban exiles for an invasion.


Bay of PigsBay of Pigs

• President Kennedy is elected and President Kennedy is elected and authorizes the go ahead of the authorizes the go ahead of the operation.operation.

• The invasion landed at the Bay of Pigs The invasion landed at the Bay of Pigs in 1961.in 1961.

• Turned out to be a terrible failure and a Turned out to be a terrible failure and a huge embarrassment for the president.huge embarrassment for the president.


Berlin WallBerlin Wall

• The Soviets were determined to stop The Soviets were determined to stop the flow of refugees from East Germany the flow of refugees from East Germany into West Berlin.into West Berlin.

• The Soviet Union built a wall that The Soviet Union built a wall that separated the communist East from the separated the communist East from the Democratic west.Democratic west.

• It stood for more than 25 years as a It stood for more than 25 years as a symbol of the cold war.symbol of the cold war.


The Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis

• Castro feared another invasion by AmericaCastro feared another invasion by America• Castro allowed the Soviet Union to put Castro allowed the Soviet Union to put

nuclear missiles in Cuba- 90 miles from nuclear missiles in Cuba- 90 miles from Florida.Florida.

• 1962, Spy planes spotted the missiles and 1962, Spy planes spotted the missiles and Kennedy ordered a blockade of the Island.Kennedy ordered a blockade of the Island.

• For Thirteen days the world watched as the For Thirteen days the world watched as the US and USSR stared each other down.US and USSR stared each other down.


The Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis

• Soviets agreed to remove missiles for Soviets agreed to remove missiles for assurances that the US would not assurances that the US would not invade Cuba.invade Cuba.

• Secretly, the US said it would remove Secretly, the US said it would remove nuclear missiles that it had it Turkeynuclear missiles that it had it Turkey

• Fidel Castro is the world’s longest ruling Fidel Castro is the world’s longest ruling leader in the world. (Over 50 years)leader in the world. (Over 50 years)


VietnamVietnam

• Former French Colony that sought Former French Colony that sought independence after WWIIindependence after WWII

• Concerned the US because of the Concerned the US because of the Vietnamese Nationalist communist tiesVietnamese Nationalist communist ties

• Geneva Accords 1954-Geneva Accords 1954- divided the divided the nation into two countries.nation into two countries.

• Communist controlled North; South pro-Communist controlled North; South pro-democracy led by corrupt leader.democracy led by corrupt leader.


Vietnam – US involvement beginsVietnam – US involvement begins

• Eisenhower and Kennedy sent military Eisenhower and Kennedy sent military advisors to assist the South against the advisors to assist the South against the North and Communist rebels in the North and Communist rebels in the South, known as the South, known as the Viet CongViet Cong

• Kennedy looked into how to get Kennedy looked into how to get Americans out of VietnamAmericans out of Vietnam

• Kennedy is assassinated before this Kennedy is assassinated before this happens.happens.


Vietnam- US involvementVietnam- US involvement

• Lyndon Johnson takes over as Lyndon Johnson takes over as president and vows to not allow the president and vows to not allow the communist to get Vietnamcommunist to get Vietnam

• An escalation of war beginsAn escalation of war begins• Johnson elected in 1964 by down Johnson elected in 1964 by down

playing his own intentions to escalate playing his own intentions to escalate the war.the war.


Vietnam- US InvolvementVietnam- US Involvement

• Gulf of Tonkin Incident – Vietnamese had Gulf of Tonkin Incident – Vietnamese had attacked US. Ships!?!?attacked US. Ships!?!?

• Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionGulf of Tonkin Resolution – gave the – gave the president the authority to take all measures president the authority to take all measures to repel any armed attack against the USto repel any armed attack against the US

• Declaration of War never made.Declaration of War never made.


U.S. War Effort in VietnamU.S. War Effort in Vietnam• South Vietnamese were drawn to the North’s South Vietnamese were drawn to the North’s

cause.cause.• Key to the Viet Cong’s efforts were the Key to the Viet Cong’s efforts were the

supplies that came through the supplies that came through the Ho Chi Minh Ho Chi Minh Trail.Trail.

• Johnson ordered an intense bombing Johnson ordered an intense bombing campaign named campaign named Operation Rolling ThunderOperation Rolling Thunder

• U.S Dropped more bombs than were dropped U.S Dropped more bombs than were dropped by us in WWII.by us in WWII.


U.S War Effort in VietnamU.S War Effort in Vietnam

• U.S did not bomb certain military targets U.S did not bomb certain military targets for fear of starting a war with China and for fear of starting a war with China and USSRUSSR

• Critics said, Critics said, “Johnson is quick to send “Johnson is quick to send US soldiers to fight but then would not US soldiers to fight but then would not let them win once they got therelet them win once they got there.”.”

• Between 1965 and 1968, American Between 1965 and 1968, American presence greatly increased.presence greatly increased.


Tet OffensiveTet Offensive

• In 1968, the Viet Cong launched a major In 1968, the Viet Cong launched a major coordinated attack against South Vietnam and coordinated attack against South Vietnam and the USthe US

• It was known as the It was known as the Tet offensiveTet offensive• The Viet Cong were eventually turned back , but The Viet Cong were eventually turned back , but

they won a psychological victorythey won a psychological victory• It caused people back home to question how the It caused people back home to question how the

war was being conducted.war was being conducted.


Nixon and the End of US Nixon and the End of US InvolvementInvolvement• Nixon had promised to reduce the number of Nixon had promised to reduce the number of

troops in Vietnam troops in Vietnam • He combined this with more bombing of He combined this with more bombing of

Vietnam, Cambodia, and LaosVietnam, Cambodia, and Laos• In 1970, Nixon ordered troops to invade In 1970, Nixon ordered troops to invade

CambodiaCambodia to destroy a training camp to destroy a training camp• He did not expect these moves to win the He did not expect these moves to win the

war, but to put us in a better bargaining war, but to put us in a better bargaining position.position.


Nixon and the End of US Nixon and the End of US InvolvementInvolvement• 1973 – 1973 – Paris Peace AccordsParis Peace Accords ended U.S. ended U.S.

involvement in Vietnaminvolvement in Vietnam• Called for:Called for:

• Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam in 60 daysWithdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam in 60 days• The release of war prisonersThe release of war prisoners• All military activity would end in Cambodia and All military activity would end in Cambodia and

LaosLaos• The 17The 17thth Parallel would continue to divide North Parallel would continue to divide North

and Southand South


End of US InvolvementEnd of US Involvement• Following the US withdrawal, fighting quickly Following the US withdrawal, fighting quickly

resumedresumed• Spring of 1975, North Vietnamese forces Spring of 1975, North Vietnamese forces

surrounded Siagonsurrounded Siagon• April 29, 1975, US military carries out a last April 29, 1975, US military carries out a last

minute evacuation of the cityminute evacuation of the city• Vietnam fell to the communist the next dayVietnam fell to the communist the next day• To this day, Vietnam is the only war that To this day, Vietnam is the only war that

America lost.America lost.


Attitudes at Home about the WarAttitudes at Home about the War

• Some Americans supported the war, but were Some Americans supported the war, but were angry at the government for limiting the angry at the government for limiting the military’s ability to win the war.military’s ability to win the war.

• Other Americans thought the war was Other Americans thought the war was criminal and protested loudly about it.criminal and protested loudly about it.

• President President Johnson’sJohnson’s approval ratings approval ratings plummeted and he decided plummeted and he decided not to runnot to run in 1968 in 1968


Attitudes at Home about the WarAttitudes at Home about the War

• College campuses became places of College campuses became places of protests against the war.protests against the war.

• Students For a Democratic SocietyStudents For a Democratic Society – – launched protest against the war and launched protest against the war and supported social causes and civil rightssupported social causes and civil rights


Kent StateKent State

• By invading Cambodia, Nixon set off a By invading Cambodia, Nixon set off a firestorm of protestfirestorm of protest

• Kent State University the protest turned Kent State University the protest turned violentviolent

• Protestors attacked businesses and Protestors attacked businesses and burned the ROTC building on campusburned the ROTC building on campus

• Governor of Ohio sent in the National Governor of Ohio sent in the National GuardGuard


Kent StateKent State

• Students started throwing rocks at the Students started throwing rocks at the guardsmen. The guardsmen retreated guardsmen. The guardsmen retreated to higher ground and began firing on the to higher ground and began firing on the studentsstudents

• Guardsmen killed four students and Guardsmen killed four students and injured nine others.injured nine others.


Pentagon PapersPentagon Papers

• Another factor that caused public Another factor that caused public support to dwindle was the publishing of support to dwindle was the publishing of the Pentagon Papers in the NY Times.the Pentagon Papers in the NY Times.

• They showed that the executive branch They showed that the executive branch had lied to Congress concerning the had lied to Congress concerning the war; Presidents had made secret war; Presidents had made secret decisions and undertaking unapproved decisions and undertaking unapproved military actionsmilitary actions


Pentagon PapersPentagon Papers

• The U.S. Government actually sued the The U.S. Government actually sued the NY Times for publishing the story.NY Times for publishing the story.

• The Supreme Court ruled that the times The Supreme Court ruled that the times had done nothing wrong and that the had done nothing wrong and that the paper had the right under the First paper had the right under the First Amendment to publish the articles.Amendment to publish the articles.


The Troops Come HomeThe Troops Come Home

• The return of US soldiers caused almost The return of US soldiers caused almost as much division as the war itself.as much division as the war itself.

• Some appreciated the efforts of their Some appreciated the efforts of their soldiers and saw them as returning soldiers and saw them as returning heroes.heroes.

• Others viewed them as having Others viewed them as having participated in an unjust war against a participated in an unjust war against a third world countrythird world country


The Troops Come HomeThe Troops Come Home

• Others felt let down and were unsure why the Others felt let down and were unsure why the US had gone in the first place.US had gone in the first place.

• The US appeared to by limping out of The US appeared to by limping out of VietnamVietnam

• The soldiers bravery and sacrifice was The soldiers bravery and sacrifice was overshadowed by controversy and disgust.overshadowed by controversy and disgust.

• Many who returned suffered from health Many who returned suffered from health effects, mental trauma and drug addictions.effects, mental trauma and drug addictions.

ssush 20 & ssush 21 the early cold war. ssush 20 & ssush 21 conflict in europe western...

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