sswh 2 presentation - mrs. stanford's world...
TRANSCRIPT
A.
Describe the development of Indian civilization, include: the rise and fall of
the Maurya and Gupta Empires.
VocabularySubcontinent - a large distinguishable part of a continent
Indus River - located in Western India; the site of one of the earliest civilizations
Himalayas - a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The Himalayan range has many of the Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest.
Maurya Empire - name of the first empire in India - ruled from 321 to 185 B.C.E.
Ashoka - ruled the Mauryan Empire from 273 to 232 BCE, during which time he converted from Hinduism to Buddhism and renounced war.
Gupta Empire - Indian Empire ruled from 320 to 550 CE and is known for the artistic and intellectual advances that cultivated there because of its long-lasting peace.
Early India & Geography
• Early Indian civilizations developed in the Indus River valley– Ancient Indian cities and
towns were all located along the Indus River because of trade and transportation
INDUS RIVER
Early India & Geography• India is separated from the
rest of Asia by two major mountain ranges– Himalayas– Hindu Kush
HimalayasHindu
Kush
Indian subcontinent
• Invaders can only enter the Indian subcontinent over water or through a small number of mountain passes
HimalayasHindu
Kush
Indian subcontinent
•The most well-known mountain pass is the Khyber Pass.
Khyber Pass
Early India & Geography• Plains stretch south
from the mountains• There are two major
rivers on these plains– Indus– Ganges
Indus River
Ganges River
Aryan Civilization• Beginning in
1500 B.C.E., a group of peoples called Aryans invaded the Indus River valley
Aryan Civilization• The Aryans originated
from the area north of the Black and Caspian Seas
• The Aryans entered India through the Khyber Pass
Aryan Civilization• Nomadic at first, settled
down into agriculture in Indus Valley
• Each tribe led by a rajah (chief)
• Importance of cattle– Served as basis of diet,
eventually used as money
Mauryan EmpireThe Mauryas: ● Indian dynasty in the
fourth-third centuries BCE
● unified the subcontinent for the first time
● contributed to the spread of Buddhism
● Unified by Chandragupta Maurya
Chandragupta Maurya(321 - 297 BCE)
● Founded the Mauryan Empire
● united Northern India under his rule
● efficient and highly organized autocracy with a standing army and civil service
Ashoka Maurya(272 BCE - 232 BCE)
● Grandson to Chandragupta Maurya
● last major emperor in the Mauryan dynasty
● Following his successful but bloody conquest
○ renounced armed conquest
Ashoka Maurya(272 BCE - 232 BCE)
● After the adoption of Buddhism, Ashoka:○ Never again went to war
● publicity for his teachings/work:○ made them known by
engravings on rocks and pillars at suitable sites
Ashoka Maurya● Carved his laws on rocks
(Edicts of Ashoka)○ These laws let everyone
know of his conversion to Buddhism
● Established free hospitals and veterinary clinics
● Built roads with rest areas for travelers
Fall of the Mauryan Empire●Ashoka dies. Due to a period of decentralization
and waring kingdom creates roughly 500 years of years of turmoil.
1. Weak Successors2. Size of the Empire3. Foreign invasion4. Internal Revolt
Gupta Empire BeginningsLegacy of Strong Rulers Reunites India
Chandragupta I (319 CE - 335 CE)
● gains political power and military might
● makes the empire powerful
Gupta Empire BeginningsLegacy of Strong Rulers
Reunites India
Samudragupta (335 CE - 375 CE)
● military genius● continues growth of kingdom
Gupta Empire BeginningsLegacy of Strong Rulers
Reunites India
Chandragupta II (375 CE - 415 CE)
● Uses military conquest and diplomacy to rise to power
● Creates standing military
Gupta Empire
● Scientific achievement○ Medicine: made huge strides in the field of
surgery○ Astronomy: Discovered the earth turns on its
axis every day● Less centralized than Mauryan Empire- Involved
local people in the government
● “Golden Age” - peace, prosperity, focus on education and achievements
● arts, music, literature, and science grew
Gupta Empire● Charitable institutions, schools,
orphanages ● hospitals rest houses
● Healthy system of trade● Religious tolerance
VocabularyDynasty - is a ruling family whose members govern one after another over a long period of time.Zhou - was the second dynasty in China and was the longest lasting one in Chinese history: 1045 to 256 BCE.Mandate of Heaven - the belief that Chinese dynasties ruled or lost power based on how pleased or displeased the gods were with their abilities and actions.Qin - dynasty unified China in 221 BCE, standardized the language, and built the Great Wall before being overthrown in 206 BCE.Han - Chinese dynasty ruled from the 200s BCE to the 200s CE, implementing a civil service system during their rule.
Great Wall - is a series of stone and earthen fortifications which were built, rebuilt, and maintained between the 6th Century BC and the 16th century AD, to protect the northern borders of an empire.
Ancient China• Early societies in China developed along the Yangtze and
Huang He (Yellow River)– It is the 2nd longest river in the world– Known as “China’s Sorrow” - because of its flooding– People lived here for 27,000 years
Zhou China (1100 B.C. – 250 B.C.)
● Nomadic tribe that defeated the Shang dynasty
● Established the idea of the “Mandate of Heaven” to validate their rule○ Mandate of Heaven: Authority
granted by heaven to deserving rulers - supernatural spirits
○ If you are fair and just you can continue to rule
Zhou China (1100 B.C. – 250 B.C.)
● Use of the Feudal System of government○ Emperor gives land to ‘lords’○ These leaders pledge loyalty○ These leaders give out jobs
and land
Fall of Zhou Empire● Use of feudal techniques to
manage a widespread empire○ regional leaders given
considerable control○ subjects became loyal to the
local power rather than to the Emperor
● Zhou Dynasty ended in wars and political upheaval.
Qin China (221 B.C. – 206 B.C.)
● China was unified by Qin Shihuangdi following the Warring States period
● Utilized strong military power conquer their enemies
● Qin Shihuangdi destroyed the power of the nobles○ removed from their positions
and sent to live in the capital
● 213 B.C. - Shihuangdi burned thousands of books○ Afraid of scholars and writings
that could challenge his power● Believed in Legalism as a political
philosophy● Control people through the use of
more guards, strict rules, heavy penalties
Qin China (221 B.C. – 206 B.C.)
Achievements of the Qin• Standardized the Chinese language
and a system of measurement• Unified law code for China• Credit for unifying China
economically, politically, and culturally
• Created a legacy of centralized government unified under one ruler
• We get the modern day name for China from the Qin
Qin China (221 B.C.E – 206 B.C.E)
• Connected walls built along the northern border of China to form the Great Wall to protect from invaders
– It stretched 4,000 miles
End of Qin China
● Qin Shihuangdi died in 210 B.C.
● Son was weak leader● Hatred for Qin boiled over
into rebellion in 206 B.C.
Han China (206 B.C.E – 220 C.E.)
● End of rebellion: peasant named Liu Bang emerged as the new emperor of China and established the Han Dynasty
● maintained many of the policies of the Qin but relaxed the severity through use of Confucianism ○ required leaders to earn the
respect of the governed.
Han China (206 B.C.E – 220 C.E)
● maintained control of an empire even larger than the Qin
● the Han directed a vast bureaucracy organized into nine ministries and regional authorities○ staffed by educated civil
servants who received their appointments based on their score on a rigorous civil service examination
Achievements of Han China (206 B.C.E – 220 C.E)
● effective tax collection system● a postal service● built extensive roads, canals, and
defensive walls● protected the empire from the threat
of nomadic invaders
● security of the Han period led to a thriving economy that engaged in extensive internal and international trade
Collapse of Han China (206 B.C.E – 220 C.E)
● Han Dynasty eventually collapses due to:○ bureaucratic corruption and
infighting○ food shortages○ epidemic disease○ Banditry○ pressure from nomadic
invaders along the northern border
VocabularyHinduism - This religion originated in India and was closely tied to the Indian Caste System.
Buddhism - followers of this philosophy study the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path.
Confucianism - a way of life, a social ethic, political ideology - it is a set of ethical values, morality, social norms, social order, etc
8 Fold Path - the principle teachings of the Buddha, saying, among other things, that people should practice Right Speech, Right Action, Right Effort, and other essentials to achieve enlightenment.
Karma - the sum effect of your good or bad deeds
Hinduism● National religion of India● Based on variety of beliefs and
practices● Belief in dharma
○ Duties you are expected to perform. The ethical way in which you are supposed to behave.
○ Both of which are based off your station in life.
Hinduism● Belief in reincarnation (or
transmigration of the soul)○ The soul is reborn into
another body after death● Karma determines where
you are born○ Therefore your actions
determine your station in life
Hinduism● One can be born into a higher
caste or lower caste● Eventually, one can escape
the cycle and reach enlightenment○ Called moksha○ Prayer, rituals, self-denial
and rejection of worldly possessions can help achieve this
Hinduism
Three most important facets/aspects of Brahman:● Brahma – Creator
○ Continues to create new creations● Vishnu – Preserver
○ Preserves new creation, sometimes by traveling to earth if necessary
● Shiva – Destroyer○ Can be compassionate or destructive
● henotheistic: recognize existence of thousands of gods but believe in only one supreme god○ supreme god: Brahman – everything in the
world is considered an aspect of Brahman
Buddhism● Founded by Siddhartha Gautama● Called Buddha
○ Means “Enlightened One”
● Legend:○ Born into luxury, became shocked when he drove around
in his chariot and saw poverty and sickness○ Left wife and newborn son to wander around India at age
29○ Lived as hermit for 7 years until finally finding
enlightenment
Buddhism● Based on variety of beliefs and practices
○ Karma determines where you are born■ Therefore your actions determine your station in
life● Belief in dharma
○ Duties you are expected to perform. The ethical way in which you are supposed to behave.
○ But in this case, it is all based off the teachings of Buddha telling you how to act/live
Buddhism● Belief in reincarnation (or
transmigration of the soul)○ The soul is reborn into
another body after death
● Differs: Rejection of caste system
Buddhism• To get rid of suffering, taught:
– Four Noble Truths:
1. All people suffer2. People suffer because of their material desires 3. Suffering could end by eliminating desires 4. Following the Eightfold Path one could eliminate
desires
Buddhism• Eightfold Path
1) Know truth2) Resist evil3) Say nothing to hurt others4) Respect life5) Work for the good of others6) Free your mind from evil7) Control your thoughts8) Practice meditation
Buddhism
● Purpose: To reach nirvana ○ To attain enlightenment
■ (attainment allows escape)● More philosophy than religion, but can be considered
both or either● The Middle Way is important
○ Away from extremes○ Moderation
Diffusion of Buddhism
• Ashoka was the first ruler to send out Buddhist missions to convert other nations, helping the religion spread
Confucianism• Founded by Kongfuzi
(551-479 B.C.)– (anglicized as Confucius)
• Confucius was an important Chinese philosopher.
• stressed the importance of order to achieve harmony.
Confucianism● believed that if people
knew and did what they should do, then harmony would occur
● Believed humans were innately good and that if treated with respect would obey righteous leaders
Confucianism● Belief system included:
○ traditions of respect for elders and the Mandate of Heaven held the key to social order
○ the family served as a model for society as a whole■ The eldest male of the family held a moral
obligation to lead and care for his household● each member of the family was obliged to
obey.
Social Classes in Chinese Society● Older generations
were highly respected.
● Merchants were not seen as working for the good of society
● Lived in strict social groups● people were expected to behave according to their social
position
Patriarchal Family• Family members were not equals• Top – oldest male (father), followed by males in
chronological order, then female• Women's’ role in society was to produce a male heir• Role of the Father
– Determined education, career and marriages for his children
– Controlled finances– Rewarded or punished as he saw fit
D.
Explain how geography contributed to the movement of people and ideas,
include: Silk Roads and Indian Ocean Trade.
Silk Roads● Central Asia was home to many
nomadic societies○ relied on farming/grazing
● made these societies experts on the use of pack animals
● “transport technologies” combined with the trade in silk, cotton cloth, horses, spices, perfumes and slaves led to the rise of the Silk Road
● Spread Chinese inventions
Silk Roads● functioned primarily as a relay
system ○ with each merchant only
traveling a portion of the full length of the road
● individuals rarely traveled the full length of the trade routes, elements of culture and technology did
● There was cultural exchange between China and the West
Silk Roads
● examples of this include:○ Buddhism spread from
India to China○ Christianity spread to the
east○ New crops were introduced
to China (alfalfa, grapes) ○ Rome (peaches, apricots)○ Middle East (rice,
sugarcane, and cotton)
Indian Ocean Trade● predictable nature of the
monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean made navigation easier
● led to the rise of a vast network of trade between East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China
● New technologies begin to develop to make sailing and trading more efficient