ST. ANDREW’S HIGH SCHOOL

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHY

REVISION BOOKLET

The aim of this booklet is to have sample answers for many of the more commonly asked questions at NATIONAL 5 level.

Beware – learning sample answers off by heart will not ensure you get a good mark in the final exam.

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You should use the sample answers to give you an idea of where marks are gained and how to structure an answer to maximise the time you have.

You must be able to apply your knowledge from each section of the course to meet the requirements of how the exam question is worded.

PLEASE RETURN BOOKLET TO YOUR GEOGRAPHY TEACHERwww.sahsgeo.wikispaces.com

COMMAND WORDSUNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

COMMAND WORD MEANINGDescribe Say what you see

Explain Say why something happens or exists

Evaluate Make a judgment about the success, failures or impact of something and provide an

evidenced conclusion

Account for Give reasons for something – this may include using a source

Annotate Write notes around or label a diagram or photograph

To what extent Consider the impact of a management strategy

Discuss Explore ideas about a project or the impact of change

PHYSICAL GlaciationCoastal Weather

HUMAN Population and DevelopmentUrbanRural

GLOBAL ISSUES Environmental Hazards

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(ONLY ANSWER TWO) Tourism Health

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY1 GLACIATION

U – SHAPED VALLEYA glacier occupies a V-shaped Valley, the ice moves, eroding the sides and bottom of the valley through plucking and abrasion. This makes the valley sides steeper and the valley deeper. When the glacier retreats a steep, deep flat floored U – Shaped valley is left. The original stream seems too small for the wider valley and is known as a misfit stream.CORRIE

Snow collects in small hollows high up in mountain areas, especially on the less sunny north facing slopes.

The snow compacts into glacial ice by the weight of further snow this is called neve.

The build up of ice causes it to move downhill under the force of gravity.

The ice moves out of the hollow by rotational sliding on a thin layer of melted water that lubricates the movement

Plucking takes place on the backwall. Some of the rock remains stuck in the glacier whilst other rock falls down a gap between the rock and ice.

The bottom of the hollow is deepened by the sandpaper action of rock in the ice this is called abrasion.

Freeze-thaw continues to erode the backwall above the ice.

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GOOD LUCK IN YOUR FINAL EXAM

Mrs Carruthers, Miss Curley and Ms Lynas

The rotating movement causes the back wall and the base of the hollow to be eroded the most. There is less erosion at the front of the hollow and a lip is formed.

Once the glacier ice melts, the corrie may be filled with meltwater. A small, generally circular loch is formed. This is known as a tarn or

corrie lochan. ARETE An arete is a narrow, sharp-edged ridge of resistant rock which forms the side walls of 2 corries or 2 parallel glacial valleys.

The backwalls have been steepened by ice freezing onto rocks and then plucking them from the backwall and by processes of freeze thaw and abrasion.

The sides of the corrie start to migrate backwards and if two corries are side by side they will converge, leaving a narrow ridge which is very steep and rocky.

The top of the ridge is affected by frost shattering where melt water has seeped into cracks in the rocks. The water freezes and expands breaking off pieces of rock. Leaving a jagged ridge.

PYRAMIDAL PEAKIf there are 3 or more corries round a mountain, growing bigger, the core of the mountain gets more and more eroded, leaving behind a jagged and sometimes pointed summit. Plucking and frost shattering are the main erosion processes.

The back walls of the corries have been eroded so far back that only a narrow ridge separates them.

The backwalls of the corries have been steepened by ice freezing onto rocks and plucking them from the backwall.

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The top of the peak is affected by freeze thaw action or frost shattering where melt water has seeped into cracks in the rock. The water freezes and expands breaking off pieces of rock. This leaves the top peak jagged.

LAND USE IN LOCH LOMOND

1. Sheep FarmingThe land is high and steep. The soil is thin, rocky and infertile and only suitable for rough grazing. The high altitude means that temperatures are low and the winds strong. North facing slopes are particularly cold as they have less sun. Rainfall can be over 2500 mm per year. Only sheep can live in these conditions. The steep gradient also makes access for machinery difficult. Roads are also narrow and winding and it is far from the nearest markets. The best land is on the flat valley floor of the U-shaped valley. The soils are more suitable for growing crops and for cows.

2. Water supplyThe lochs and reservoirs in Loch Lomond supply drinking water to Glasgow. The deep U-shaped valleys of the glaciated landscape form natural troughs for reservoirs and the high annual rainfall (over 2000mm) means water levels are kept high. Loch Katrine first became the source for Glasgow’s water in the 19th century. This picture shows part of the 1859 aqueduct which can carry over 200 million litres of water per day. It carries the water through tunnels and over bridges.

3. Hydro-electric power Loch SloyThe power of the water turns turbines that generate electricity for the area. Upland glaciated areas have high rainfall which provide a reliable and good

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source of water. The dam wall at first looked out of place; however it is now a tourist attraction, with steps up to Loch Sloy. It provides a clean, renewable source of energy, jobs and electricity for the local area. Hydroelectric power is cheap and easy to generate. The disadvantages are that the building of the scheme caused disruption to wildlife and trees were cut down. Some people think that it looks unattractive.

4. ForestryRowardennan Forest is on the East side of Loch Lomond. Fast growing conifers are planted and then chopped down in large blocks. The steep gradient of the slope, thin soils and cold, wet climate make it ideal for forestry. Forestry creates jobs and money for the area. Forestry also disturbs animal habitats and generates noise and heavy trucks going in and out the area. The Great Trossachs Forest (TGTF) and Forestry Commission are working together to help protect. Leisure is also encouraged with forest walks and cycle routes, picnic areas.

5. Mining/quarryingMining has taken place in the area for a number of years, but has generally been on a small scale. It provides local industries with metals and stone for local building and jobs. Various rocks are quarried in the area including sandstone e.g. Dumbuck Quarry is situated just off the A82 near Dumbarton. There are planning restrictions in place due to noise and dust, the quarries are an eyesore and heavy lorries on the roads cause congestion.

TOURISM IN LOCH LOMONDIn Loch Lomond there is a wide variety of outdoor activities including hill walking, mountain biking, camping, climbing, sailing and fishing. At Loch Lomond Shores, Balloch there is a Gateway Centre which has a visitor centre, sealife centre and various facilities for tourists. On Loch Lomond, sports include jet skiing, canoeing, sailing, power boats and pleasure cruises. There is now a speed restriction in the middle of the loch. Winter tourism includes ice climbing. Skiing takes place in other upland glaciated areas E.g. Aviemore.Recent figures show around 10 million people visit the Loch Lomond National Park each year. The most popular places include Luss, Balmaha, Duck Bay and Ben Lomond.

Benefits of Tourism Jobs in local hotels, shops and restaurants in an area which had been

farming.

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Creation of jobs reduces rural depopulation people do not have to move away to find work.

Money for the economy. Increase in business for shops, restaurants ‘multiplier effect’. Trade for farmers. Improved transport upgrade A82, train stations at Balloch and Tarbet. Improved leisure and entertainment facilities for the local area, Duck

Bay Marina, IMAX Balloch, Loch Lomond Golf Course. Luss Highland Games and fetes.

More activities and people to meet and young people don’t have to move away to find work.

Nature reserves set up and money invested in conservation projects. Better access to the countryside Queen Elizabeth forest and Balloch Gateway centre , guides and tours.

National Park rangers help monitor and protect the area. Visitor centres educate people.

Problems of Tourism Jobs in tourism can be seasonal and hotels, loch cruises are quiet

winter season. Harm to animal habitats, wildflowers, nesting birds, loss of wildlife. Honey pot sites are destinations which attract large numbers of

visitors and their vehicles e.g. Balmaha, Luss or Balloch. Traffic congestion, accidents and pollution. Parking problems

E.g. Luss. Overcrowding, lochside very busy, Duck Bay gets congested. Litter, vandalism, Noise Pollution New buildings can look out of place and can ruin the character

of the area. Tourist shops and services replace the local shops and prices are

higher. Second homes people buy homes and only live there part of the year,

so they do not use the village shop, library, bus service or the local school. Many services close down and local people cannot afford high house prices and will be forced to live elsewhere.

Footpath erosion heavy trampling by thousands of boots causes erosion and damages the paths. By waking on grass, the grass dies and the path widens.

2 COASTALCoastal erosion

The force of the sea changes the coastal landscape. Waves get their energy from the wind.

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The size of the wave is determined by:

the speed of the wind. the length of time the wind has been blowing. the distance of sea it has travelled over (the fetch).

The stronger the wave the more erosion it will cause.

The four processes involved in erosion are:

Hydraulic action

Hydraulic action is the sheer force of waves crashing against the shore and cliffs. The power of the waves forces air into cracks, compresses it and blows the rock apart as the pressure is released.

Attrition

Attrition happens when rocks and pebbles carried by the waves smash into each other, wearing each other away and gradually becoming smaller, rounder and smoother.

Abrasion

Abrasion (also called corrasion, is the process of rocks and pebbles carried by the waves wearing away rocks as they are thrown against cliffs.

Corrosion

Solution (also called corrosion is when chemicals in the seawater dissolve minerals in the rocks, causing them to break up.

1. FEATURES OF COASTAL EROSION

Cliffs

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Cliff erosion

Old Harry chalk cliffs and stacks, Dorset, England

Cliffs usually form where there is harder more resistant rock such as limestone and chalk.

Wave erosion is strongest where large waves break against the base of the cliff.

A wave-cut notch will be formed as the cliff is under cut by the erosive power of the waves, through the processes of hydraulic action, corrosion and corrasion.

Eventually, the cliff becomes unsupported and collapses into the sea. The cliff retreats and leaves behind a wave-cut platform which is

visible at low tide.

2. Headlands and bays

Headland and bay formation created by

waves

A general view of the coastal town of Swanage

Headlands and bays are created by differential erosion, where rocks along the coastline are formed in alternating bands of different rock types, eg sandstone and clay, which meet the coast at right angles.

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Clay is a softer rock than the sandstone so is eroded more quickly - the softer rocks erode backwards faster, to form sheltered bays (which may have beaches).

The harder sandstone areas are more resistant to erosion and jut out into the sea to form exposed headlands.

3. Caves, arches and stacks

How did the original headland become eroded to the present coastal landscape?

A number of stages are involved:

All rocks have lines of weakness; the sea and its waves use hydraulic action, abrasion and solution to erode along any lines of weakness.

These lines of weakness get enlarged and develop into small sea caves.

The caves are deepened and widened on both sides of the headland until eventually the sea cuts through the headland, forming an arch.

The rock at the top of the arch becomes unsupported as the arch is enlarged, eventually collapsing to form a stack.

The stack gets eroded until only a stump remains. Over time the stump will disappear. As the headland retreats under this erosion, the gently sloping land at

the foot of the retreating cliff is called a wave-cut platform.

COASTAL TRANSPORTATION AND DEPOSITION

Longshore drift Transportation of particles along a coastline is influenced by the strength of waves and the angle at which the waves strike the shoreline. This is determined by the direction from which the prevailing wind blows:

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A pebble or sand particle moves from point A to B, carried by the swash up the beach, the angle determined by the wave and wind direction.

It is then pulled down the beach from B to C, carried by gravity and the wave's backwash.

This process is repeated over and over again and the particle moves along the shoreline- this process is called longshore drift.

Sand spits

There are different depositional features produced by longshore drift including beaches.

Formation of a sand spit

Spits form where the coastline changes direction and longshore drift continues to move material along the beach.

Longshore drift will deposit material in the sea after the coastline has changed direction.

Over time the level of the sand deposited will build-up until it is above sea level.

The spit cannot develop right across the bay as a river's estuary prevents the build-up of sand.

Sand spits often have a curved or hooked end. This is created when secondary wind and wave direction causes waves to strike from a different direction.

The beach therefore appears to extend out into the sea and is known as a spit or sandspit.

The spit creates an area of calmer water, sheltered by the spit. A lagoon, salt marsh and finally dry land can develop in this sheltered area.

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CASE STUDY: ABERDEEN COAST – REVISE NOTES IN JOTTER

3 WEATHER

Cold sector Cold front Warm sector Warm front Before the warm front

1 2 3 4 5

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2 3 4 51

Exam Style QuestionDescribe & Explain the differences in the weather at Glasgow and Lyon.

ANSWERGlasgow will be experiencing periods of heavy rain with a short dry period in between. The winds will be high. This is because Glasgow is experiencing the passage of a depression. Currently Glasgow is in the warm sector, after the cold front passed over. In the warm sector, there will be drizzle and stratus clouds and temperatures will rise as the stratus clouds act like a blanket, trapping heat.Lyon will be experiencing dry, sunny weather with clear calm skies. Lyon is currently experiencing an anticyclone which brings calm and settled weather with blue skies. There will be low temperatures and possibly frost as the date indicates that it is wintertime in Lyon and the lack of cloud allows heat to escape into the atmosphere.

If you got this correct - Well done you correctly identified the low pressure zone over Glasgow and, in particular the warm and cold fronts bringing rain. You also noticed that the isobars were close together.You correctly identified the High pressure over Lyon and the weather associated with this, especially noticing the fact that it was winter.Miss Anything? Remember to include wind, rain and temperature. What type of air pressure are they experiencing? Look at the spacing of the isobars.

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Exam Style QuestionDescribe similarities and differences in weather conditions caused

by anticyclones in winter and summer.SIMILARITIESAnticyclones bring few clouds in the sky which brings dry weather as there are no clouds so no precipitation. Wind speeds are light and calm towards the centre of the anticyclone. Again due to cloudlessness there may be mist in the morning at both times of year.DIFFERENCESTemperatures are high during summer but low during winter. During the night in summer, temperatures will remain above zero however in winter temperatures will fall below zero. Thunderstorms can occur in summer due to moist air rising from the ground however in winter evaporation is low. Prolonged anticyclones in winter can bring heatwaves whereas in winter temperatures are low.

AIR MASSES

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Exam Style QuestionDescribe the benefits and problems of a long spell of weather caused by a prolonged period of a Tropical Continental air mass in summer.

Benefits of a prolonged period of tropical continental include plenty of sun to ripen crops giving farmers a better yield. People will have more enjoyable weather for beach holidays and good levels of income for the tourist businesses in the resorts in the UK. People will need less fuel and power supplies in their homes saving people money on their bills. There will less pollution from power stations as less people will be using central heating. Sales of ice creams and paddling pools will increase boosting the economy and people will generally feel happier in the sunshine.

Problems of this type of weather include a shortage of water may cause a need for expensive irrigation of crops. Drought can cause water shortages and restrictions on use of water such as hosepipe bans. Some places may face the threat of damage caused by forest fires. People who are more exposed to the sun may experience sunstroke and possibly increased risk of skin cancer. Elderly people who are more vulnerable may suffer from dehydration.

HUMAN ENVIRONMENTS1 URBANFor Glasgow, or any other developed world city you have studied, explain

the main changes which have taken place in the CBD over recent years.(5 marks)

(2014N5Q5)Changes in Glasgow’s CBD

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Hint: Use the diagram as a prompt to help you answer.

The main changes in the CBD are changes to transport, shopping and gentrification of old areas/buildings in the Merchant city.

Remember to give your change and then give a reason why it has changed.

A city I have studied is Glasgow. One of the main changes in the CBD has been changes to shopping. Expensive designer shops and shopping centres have been built or refurbished (eg. St Enoch centre) to attract people back to the CBD to shop and away from the out of town shopping centres . To improve the shopping environment, trees and benches have been put on Buchanan Street . Streets have been pedestrianised and there are street lights to improve safety for shoppers . Other changes have focused on dealing with the problem of traffic. The underground stations have been refurbished and bus lanes have been put in to encourage people to take public transport . Parking in the city centre has gone up in price, again to put people off bringing their car into the city . This would also help reduce pollution .

Finally, changes have been made in areas like the Merchant City. Some of the old buildings like Candleriggs Fruit Market are no longer needed so have been converted into bars, restaurants or expensive, high quality flats . This helps make use of valuable space in the CBD .

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTES OF BUILDING A SHOPPING CENTRE

(on a certain site)

ADVANTAGES

The land is flat so it is easy to build on Room for expansion Roads and Motorways close by allowing easy access for the delivery of

goods Close to airport or port for international delivery

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Hint: Use these points as prompts to help you answer.

USUALLY A MAPPING QUESTION.

Remember to explain each point in detail. These points are broad points – you will need to make them specific to the named area you are given

Easy access for customers E.g. Give named examples of roads, train networks etc. (M8)

Outskirts of the city so the land may be cheaper Housing close by to supply a large workforce

DISADVANTAGES

Roads may take up a large amount of land so only a limited amount of land may be available for building on.

Road junctions may become congested during peak times Area may suffer from noise and air pollution

HOW TO SPOT THE CBD ON A MAP

Usually oldest area, with many churches Densely packed buildings

Where main roads meet High order shops and entertainment

Hotel and tourist facilities Usually main road / ring road

1. For Nairobi, or any other developing city you have studied, describe the measures taken to improve the quality of life in shanty towns such as Kibera.

(6 marks)(2013INT2Q2C)

Kibera Slum, Nairobi

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Hint: Use these points as prompts to help you answer.

USUALLY A MAPPING QUESTION.

Remember to explain each point in detail. These points are broad points – you will need to make them specific to the named area you are given

A city I studied was Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil or Kibera Slum, Nairobi. One method of improving life for people in Shanty Towns was via Self Help

Schemes. This encourages people to build and improve their homes by providing loans with low interest rates . The money can be used to buy

basic building materials such as bricks and corrugated metal for the roofs . Another method is Site and Service. This is when the government provides

the site with a small concrete hut and basic services such as water and sewage . In some cases the Government has also issued the title deeds for the land – this means that the person owns their land and will be more likely

to improve it and look after it . Rubbish disposal is another problem. A scheme has been invented where rubbish is burnt and methane gas released

which is used to power homes; this reduces the amount of rubbish on the streets . Increased police numbers in some shanty towns has helped cut down on crime . Things like more street lights have also helped reduce

crime . Other improvements include medical centres and new schools to help improve standard of living . Finally, in some areas the roads have been improved to help transport goods in and out of the shanty towns .

FEATURES OF DEVELOPING CITY

Overcrowding Illegal squatters Poorly built houses Lack of sanitation Poor access to water

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Hint: For this question you just have to describe. Don’t just list though, give details of each of the improvements you mention. But you don’t have to give reasons/explanations.

You must mention the city you studied.

Use of illegal electricity High unemployment figures High crime rates Low Life expectancy Lack of basic services. E.g. Education and Health care Few schools and hospitals Low literacy rates No taxes are paid – poor contribution to the economy of the country Overall poor image of the area – lack of tourism

HUMAN ENVIRONMENTS

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2 POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENTPOPULATION DISTRIBUTION

Densely populated areas = Europe, East Coast of USA, NW Africa, parts of India, East Coast China

Moderately populated areas = Midwest and West parts of USA, Eastern and central Russia

Sparsely populated = Canada, Northern Africa, Central Australia

QUESTIONExplain factors which influence the distribution of the world’s population.

You should refer to both physical and human factors

PHYSICAL HUMAN Relief Jobs Climate Industry Soils People Natural Resources Transport Links

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Hint: For this question you just have to explain. Don’t just list though, give details of each of the factor in detail.

PHYSICAL AND HUMAN FACTORS which influence the distribution of the world’s population

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

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SEE NOTES ON DTM IN YOUR JOTTER.

USE THE ABOVE CHART TO STRUCTURE YOUR ANWER

COMPARISON OF POPULATION PYRAMIDSDEVELOPED COUNTRIES – slowly growing population Why do developed countries have low birth rates?

• Contraceptives / abortion freely available• Women want careers / job security / promotions• Children expensive / have to be kept whilst in education• People have pensions /welfare system to look after them in old age• Women have equal rights / education etc

Why do developed countries have low death rates?• Medicines/hospitals/doctors/NHS• Benefit system

including pensions for elderly

• 100% access to clean drinking water

• Knowledge about how to stay healthy e.g. 5 a day, vaccinations, breast checks etc.

Effects of a slowly growing population

• Less dependent children to care for so it saves the government money• Fewer adults in the future to produce the country’s wealth and to pay

taxes• Less workers puts off industry• Less people to defend country• Higher taxes• Increased pension age• An ageing/greying population is very costly for the government e.g.

pensions, health care, care homes, pensions, bus passes etc.

Solutions to a slowly growing population• Increase child benefits• More maternity benefits

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• Long period of maternity leave• Tax allowances for large families• Provide crèches in workplaces and give women equal pay and

conditions• Raise retirement age• Increase immigration

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES – rapidly growing population Why do developing countries have high birth rates?

• Lack of contraceptives• Need children to work on farms• Need lots of

children to look after parents in their old age

• Lack of education for women so more likely to stay at home

• High infant mortality rates mean they need to have lots of children to ensure some survive into adulthood

Why do developing countries have high death rates?• Lack of medication / hospitals / doctors• Water borne diseases like cholera (due to lack of clean water)• Lack of ante and post natal care for pregnant women• Lack of welfare system to care for people who are sick or unemployed• Lack of proper diet means a poor immune system so more likely to die

from diseases

Effects of a rapidly growing populationIncreased demand on the country’s resources and services:

Food Employment Land Health Education Water

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Solutions to a rapidly growing population family planning clinics are set up to give advice and distribute

contraception Increase age of marriage Increase wealth of country through tourism etc.

DEVELOPMENTINDICATORS – SAMPLE QUESTION (SEE HOMEWORK BOOKLET)

If exports are chosen:The USA is more developed than Chad because it exports manufactured goods, which leads to more money coming into a country, whereas Chad exports mainly raw materials, which bring in much less money than manufactured goods. The USA will have higher levels of pay and employment than Chad, and therefore the standard of living for the population in the USA will be much higher than in Chad, where wages will be low.If literacy rates are chosen:Literacy rates are much higher in the USA than in Chad because of better standards of education are provided by the government. There will be more schools, colleges and universities available to educate people in USA. Since 99% of people in the USA can read as opposed to 35% in Chad, people will have better chance of obtaining employment in a wide range of jobs in the USA.

SOME EXAMPLES OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL INDICATORS

ECONOMIC SOCIAL GDP per capita Life expectancy

energy used per person % Literate

Number of cars per 1000 calories per person per day

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MEASURING DEVELOPMENTAspect of Standard

of LivingIndicator of

standard of livingReason used

Wealth GDP per capita Show how much wealth is available to give people a

high standard of livingFood Calories per person Shows availability of food

Health Number of people per doctor

Show how good the health service is

Education % people who are literate

Shows how good the education system is

Industrialisation % people in agriculture

Shows how industrialised the country is

Problems with using indicators1. If the population has not been counted properly, all the averages

could be unreliable.2. Averages can hide big differences. Some people may be wealthy or

live a long time, while others may be poor or have short lives.3. One indicator is not enough. Being able to read does not make up

for being hungry. Being wealthy does not make up for being ill.

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HUMAN ENVIRONMENTS3 RURAL

Organic Farming Diversification GM CropsBiofuels New technology Government Policy

For either a developed or developing country, describe in detail the effects of two of the factors shown.

SAMPLE ANSWERNEW TECHNOLOGY chosenDEVELOPING COUNTRY – CASE STUDY = SOUTH EAST ASIAIncreased crop yields means better profits for some farmers which can then be used to improve the overall standard of living. Less physical work for people but fewer jobs for people. Expense of machines that may need to be repaired costing more money which people in developing countries may not be able to afford.DEVELOPED COUNTRY – CASE STUDY = GREAT PLAINS, USANew technology increases the efficiency on a farm enabling a farmer to plough, sow, spray etc, faster and covering larger areas of land. It also speeds up harvesting and results in the product being delivered to markets fresher and at a higher premium. It also allows for a smaller workforce and therefore lower wage bills. It also allows for the use of computer aided machinery which can control the application of fertilisers to particular areas which improves yields and decreases cost and waste.

DIVERSIFICATION chosenDEVELOPED COUNTRYFarmers can obtain additional income from a variety of sources if they diversify their activities of the farm. They may turn the old farm workers’ cottages into holiday chalets. They may also use part of the land for golf courses or turn it into astro turf pitches for football to generate extra income.

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They may also earn income from other sports such as quad bike riding / paintballing etc.

RURAL – DEVELOPINGGREEN REVOLUTION (GR)

BENEFITS of the GR PROBLEMS with the GR

Food production has increased, so more people can feed.

Not all farmers feel the benefit of the Green Revolution

Crops are more resistant to disease Farmers borrowed money to pay for crops and are now in debt

Crops grow faster, so more harvests can be gathered each year

Machinery caused rural unemployment as it replaced people’s jobs.

Better – Off Farmers who can afford chemicals and machinery have become richer and employ more people

Chemicals have polluted water supplies

More jobs available in businesses supporting farming

Less well-off farmers who cannot compete have sold farms and relocated to urban areas.

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SAMPLE QUESTION AND ANSWERDescribe the benefits and problems that changes such as those shown in the diagram have brought to

developing countries

Increased Use of fertilisers

Use of tractors Irrigation Channels

GLOBAL ISSUES1 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

CASE STUDIES EARTHQUAKES and TSUNAMIS- JAPAN (MARCH 2011) VOLCANOES – MT ST HELEN (1989) TROPICAL STORM – HURRICANE KATRINA, NEW ORLEANS (2005)

DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL HAZARDSEARTHQUAKES

Earthquakes occur along or near the boundaries of large

plates which make up the earth’s crust. These are known

as plate margins. These are found in southern Europe and

South East Asia. There are also earthquakes stretching along

the west coast of the USA, through Mexico and down the

west coast of South America.

VOLCANOES

Volcanoes are found along the edges of plate boundaries. Many volcanoes are

found along the west coast of North and

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REMEMBER TO REFER

TO EXAMPLES

South America and in Alaska. Volcanoes are found along the coastal areas of China and Japan and along the Pacific ring of Fire.

TROPICAL STORMS

Tropical storms are found in areas with warm seas above 26 degrees C.

They occur in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. They are also found in in

areas of the eastern Pacific and affects countries such as the Philippines and

Japan. Cyclones often cause damage to countries such as Bangladesh, India and

Sri Lanka.

PLANNING AND PREDICTION SAMPLE ANSWERS

EARTHQUAKESScientists can predict where earthquakes will occur, but it is almost

impossible to predict when. Seismograph readings do not give enough warning. Despite advanced technology, extensive damage and loss of life

can happen in built up areas such as Los Angeles, Kobe etc.It is better to build earthquake proof buildings in known areas where

Earthquake occurs. It is also better to plan for an earthquake by having rescue services and medical services trained and ready to deal with a

disaster. VOLCANOES

Tremors and gas emissions give warning to local people. This allows time for evacuation. Although the landscape can be destroyed, evacuation prevents

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huge loss of life. If a volcano is becoming active, it may expel lava bombs which will warn the population to leave and evacuate the area. Areas where volcanoes are active will have rescue and aid measures in place to reduce

the impact of an eruption. TROPICAL STORMS

Satellite images can provide plenty of warning allowing the population time to evacuate the area and protect buildings. People can prepare to protect themselves by building storm shelters under the ground. Media such as

Radio and TV can be used to warn people. Local people often stock up on food and water supplies to use after the storm had passed.

IMPACT ON PEOPLE AND LANDSCAPE SAMPLE ANSWERS

Use these hints for your specific named example

Are these named examples Impact on people or Landscape?

P= PEOPLE L = LANDSCAPE

1200 drowned 7m gallons of oil spilled throughout the region

1833 deaths Many fragile coastal wetland habitats were lost

1 million homes destroyed Industries were affected

$80bn of damage – costliest natural disaster in US history clean water was unavailable

Massive outward migration – only 66% of people have moved back 3

years onLooting and violence became a

problem

Most windows in buildings were blown out Potential for cholera outbreaks

Most major roads and bridges in and out of the city were destroyed Airport closed for two weeks

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I1twin snap bridge collapsed making it difficult to get supplies in or people

out1 million people suffered power failures

Storm surge caused beach erosion Breeding grounds for pelicans and turtles were lost

Oil industry had to shut down for 3 weeks pushing up prices

Some insurance companies no longer insure people in this area

NOTE: Please see TOURISM and HEALTH booklets for your other

GLOBAL ISSUES topics.REMEMBER: ONLY ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

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