St. LouisSt. LouisCommunity Air Project Community Air Project

(CAP) Emission Inventory(CAP) Emission InventoryNARSTO Workshop NARSTO Workshop

October 14, 2003October 14, 2003Missouri DNR Air Pollution Control Program - Mollie Freebairn, Michele Boussad, Carlton Flowers, Nathan Holm, Kendall Hale,

Debbie Boschert, Cheryl Hickman, Calvin Ku, & EIU Staff;EPA Region 7 - Marcus Rivas, Jim Hirtz, Michael Jay;

St. Louis Association of Community Organizations - Emily Andrews;East-West Gateway Coordinating Council - Candi Jefferson;

City of St. Louis Air Pollution Control - Andrew Hilliker, Tom Weise;St. Louis County Air Pollution Section - Sue Erhardt

St. Louis Community Air ProjectToxics Emission Inventory Development

Abstract - An innovative, community-based environmental protection project istaking place in St. Louis, to investigate toxic air pollution, and inform and enablecity residents and businesses to address the problems that are found. As part of thisproject, ambient air monitoring of about 90 toxic pollutants has been done, healthbenchmarks for many of them have been determined, and a toxics emissioninventory has been developed. The inventory covers point, area, and on- andoffroad mobile sources in the City of St. Louis. Point source toxic emissions wereobtained from Emission Inventory Questionnaires (EIQs), and quality controlledsuch as by comparing and reconciling differences with the Toxics Release Inventory(TRI). Area source toxic emissions were obtained from the 1996 National ToxicsInventory (NTI), and an analysis has been made of their accuracy. Plans for a localbottoms-up area source inventory were also prepared, but found to be too resourceintensive to carry out. Onroad mobile modeling and speciation for toxics wasconducted first using MOBILE5b, and most recently the latest draft of MOBILE6.2.Offroad mobile emissions were obtained from the 1996 NTI. An analysis of thestrengths and errors in the inventory is given. Monitoring found the highest levelsof formaldehyde in any city to date. Current efforts to refine the emission inventoryand include biogenic sources to account for the high formaldehyde levels aredescribed.

St. Louis Community Air ProjectSt. Louis Community Air Project

Technical Aspects ofTechnical Aspects of

the Study to Characterize the Study to Characterize

Air Quality:Air Quality:

• Monitoring of 90 Toxic Air Pollutants• Emission Inventory of All Air Toxics• Health Risk Assessment to Inform Community

Action, Education, & Outreach

Emission Inventory Development:Emission Inventory Development:•• Point: Point: 1996 and 1999 Emission Inventory

Questionnaires (EIQs) reported by major point sources in St. Louis City and County. Quality control procedures included reconciling discrepanies between the EIQ/NTI and TRI data.

•• Area:Area: 1996 National Toxics Inventory (NTI). An analysis has been made of their accuracy. A local bottoms-up area source inventory plan was prepared, but not carried out.

•• OnroadOnroad:: 1996, 1999, & 2001 obtained using MOBILE5b, PART5, and speciation methods for 21 mobile source HAPs; subsequently updated with MOBILE6.2.

•• OffroadOffroad:: 1996 NTI estimates using an earlier version NONROAD model.

HAP Emission Inventories ComparedBetween the U.S. and the City of St. Louis:

1996/1999St. Louis CAP Inventory

Onroad53%

Offroad17%

Point11%

Area19%

1996National Toxics Inventory

Point24%

Area25%

Onroad31%

Offroad20%

1996 NTI for the United Statesvs.

1996/1999 St. Louis CAP for the City of St. Louis

- 188 HAPs -

United States City of St. Louis

1996 NTI Emissions 1996 / 1999 St. Louis CAP Emissions Lb/yr tons/yr %Point 2,277,289,927 1,138,645 24Area 2,346,381,637 1,173,191 25Onroad 2,834,916,125 1,417,458 31Offroad 1,887,839,460 943,920 20TOTAL 9,346,427,149 4,673,214 100

Lb/yr tons/yr %1999 Point 1,202,581 601 111996 Area 2,094,001 1,047 191999 Onroad 5,802,000 2,901 531996 Offroad 1,806,020 903 17TOTAL 10,904,602 5,452 100

Toxic Emisssions from Point Sources

02000400060008000

1000012000

1996 NTIemissions

(lb/yr)

1996 EIQuncontrolledemissions

(lbs/yr)

1999 EIQacutal

emissions(lbs/yr)

2001 EIQprojectedemissions

(lb/yr)

tons/y

r St Louis CitySt Louis County

TRI Data Receivedfrom EPA

HAPEmissions

>=10/25 TPY?

Yes

No

Deliver To TSS

Figure 6.

Is the Facilityin MoEIS?

Yes

NoTSS Sent

an EIQ to TRIFacility

LOG Into MoEIS

TRI vs EIQCriteria Met? No

Yes

Quality Assured datafor Air Planning

Facility submitan EIQ

HAP>=10/25?

Internal QCMSDS,Control,SCC,

etc

Yes

Facility corrects &resubmits

EIQ

STOP

Engineercorrects EIQ

Contact Facilityif necessary

No

FOCUS ReportIdentifying

Inconsistency

Feedback to Facilityw/ Corrected TRI

Data

20 Highest Point Source Emissions in St. Louis City & County1999 EIQ Actual Emissions

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

Hydro

gen

chlor

ide

Isom

ers o

f xyle

neTolu

ene

Perch

loroe

thyle

ne

Methy

l isob

utyl k

eton

Methy

l eth

yl ke

tone

2-Buto

xyeth

ano

Trichlo

roeth

ylene

Glycol

Ethers

Methy

l alco

hol

Dichlor

ometh

ane

Ethylbe

nzen

e

Hydro

gen

fluor

ideN-H

exan

eChlo

rofor

m

Methy

l chlo

ride

Ethylen

e gly

col

Pheno

l

Maleic

anhy

dride

ChE

MIS

SIO

NS

IN T

ON

S P

ER

Y

Point Source and Population Profiles for Study Area

20 Highest Area Source Emissions in St. Louis City - 1996 NTI

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Toluen

eXyle

nes

Met

hyl te

rtiar

y-bu

tyl et

he

Formald

ehyd

eBen

zene

Hexan

e

Aceta

ldehy

deM

etha

nol

Ethyl

benz

ene

1,1,

1-Tr

ichlor

oeth

ane

Tetrac

hloro

ethy

lene

Met

hylen

e ch

loride

1,3-

Butad

iene

Met

hyl e

thyl

keton

e

Met

hyl b

romide

Styren

e

Trichlo

roet

hylen

e

1,3-

Dichlor

opro

pene

Propio

nalde

hyde

1,4-

Dichlor

oben

zE

MIS

SiO

NS

IN T

ON

S P

ER

Y

Area EmissionsGreen - < 1900 lbs/yr

Blue - 1900 - 6100 lbs/yr

Purple - 6100-19,400 lbs/yr

Dry Cleaners

Gas Stations

Auto Body Shops

Auto Repair Shops

H Hospital

H

H

H

H

The 1996 NTI (National Toxic Inventory) 10 The 1996 NTI (National Toxic Inventory) 10 HighestHighest--Emitting Area Source CategoriesEmitting Area Source Categories

in the City of St. Louisin the City of St. Louis

Area Source Category Toxic Emissions(lb/yr)

1 Consumer Products Usage 892,4192 Surface Coatings: Architectural 291,0603 Autobody Refinishing Paint Application 177,9404 Halogenated Solvent Cleaners 148,6405 Gasoline Distribution Stage I 137,7276 Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaning 67,9607 Paints and Allied Products Manufacturing 74,7518 Paint Stripping Operations 48,6809 Asphalt Paving: Cutback Asphalt 47,901

10 Natural Gas Transmissions & Storage 41,900

A Comparison of Selected Area Source EmissionsA Comparison of Selected Area Source Emissionsin the City of St. Louis in the City of St. Louis

from the 1996 National Toxic Inventory(NTI)from the 1996 National Toxic Inventory(NTI)

Area Source Category Toxic Emissions(lb/yr)

1 Consumer Products Usage 892,41910 Natural Gas Transmission and Storage 41,90037 Institutional/Commercial Heating: Natural Gas 64341 Residential Heating: Natural Gas 498

Natural Gas Transmission and Storage for Missouri is 104,000 lb/yr

20 Highest Onroad Mobile Source Emissions in St. Louis City -MOBILE6.2

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Toluen

eXyle

nes

Met

hyl te

rtiar

y-bu

tyl et

h

Formald

ehyd

eBen

zene

Hexan

e

Aceta

ldehy

deM

etha

nol

Ethyl

benz

ene

1,1,

1-Tr

ichlor

oeth

an

Tetrac

hloro

ethy

lene

Met

hylen

e ch

loride

1,3-

Butad

iene

Met

hyl e

thyl

keton

Met

hyl b

romide

Styren

e

Trichlo

roet

hylen

e

1,3-

Dichlor

opro

pene

Propio

nald

EM

ISS

ION

S IN

TO

NS

PE

R Y

Mobile SourcesGreen < 1,900 lbs/year

Blue 1,900-6,100 lbs/year

Purple 6,100-19,400 lbs/year

Lt. Blue 19,400 - 48,200 lbs/yr

Violet 48,200 - 87,700 lbs/yr

Tan 87,700-245,000 lbs/yr

20 Highest Offroad Mobile Source Emissions in St. Louis City - 1996 NTI

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Toluen

eXyle

nes

Met

hyl te

rtiar

y-bu

tyl et

he

Formald

ehyd

eBen

zene

Hexan

e

Aceta

ldehy

deM

etha

nol

Ethyl

benz

ene

1,1,

1-Tr

ichlor

oeth

ane

Tetrac

hloro

ethy

lene

Met

hylen

e ch

loride

1,3-

Butad

iene

Met

hyl e

thyl

keton

e

Met

hyl b

romide

Styren

e

Trichlo

roet

hylen

e

1,3-

Dichlor

opro

pene

Propio

nald

EM

ISS

ION

S IN

TO

NS

PE

R Y

20 Highest Emissions in the City of St. Louis1996/1999 NTI/CAP EI

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Toluen

eXyle

nes

Methyl

tertia

ry-bu

tyl et

her

Formald

ehyd

eBen

zene

Hexan

eMeth

anol

Acetal

dehy

de

Tetrac

hloroe

thylen

e

Ethyl b

enze

ne

Methyl

ethyl

keton

e

Hydrog

en C

hlorid

e

Methyle

ne ch

loride

1,1,1-

Trichlo

roetha

ne

1,3-B

utadie

ne

Trichlo

roethy

lene

Methyl

bromide

Chlorof

ormStyr

ene

1,3-D

ichlor

oprop

ene

Propion

aldeh

yde

EMIS

SIO

NS

IN T

ON

S PE

R Y

EAR Offroad - 1996 NTI

Onroad - 1999 MOBILE6.2

Area - 1996 NTI

Point - 1999 EIQ Actual

20 Highest VOCs Monitored in the St. Louis CAP ProjectMay 2001 - September 2002 Every 6th Day Sampling

0.000

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

18.000

m,p - XYLE

NETOLU

ENEACETONITRILE

METHYLE

NE CHLO

RIDE

METHYL E

THYL KETONE

DICHLO

RODIFLUOROMETHANE

o - X

YLENE

METHYL t

ert-B

UTYL ETHER

ETHYLBENZENE

ACETYLENE

TRICHLO

ROFLUOROMETHANE

BENZENE

METHYL I

SOBUTYL KETONE

PROPYLENE

CHLOROMETHANE

1,2,4-

TRIMETHYLB

ENZENE

p - D

ICHLO

ROBENZENE

CHLOROBENZENE

TRICHLO

ROTRIFLUOROETHAN

TETRACHLOROEA

vera

ge A

mbi

ent C

once

ntra

tion

(ug/

m3)

Carbonyls Monitored in the St. Louis CAP ProjectMay 2001 - September 2002 Every 6th Day Sampling

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

Formald

ehyd

eAce

talde

hyde

Aceton

eProp

ionald

ehyd

eCrot

onald

ehyd

e

Butyr/Is

obuty

ralde

hyde

Benza

ldehy

deIso

valer

aldeh

yde

Valeral

dehy

deTolu

aldeh

ydes

Hexald

ehyd

e

2,5-D

imeth

ylben

zalde

hyde

Ave

rage

Am

bien

t Con

cent

ratio

n (u

g/m

3)

St. Louis CAP Speciated PM2.5 Averages

Ammonium12%

Nitrate15%

Potassium0%

Sodium2%

Sulfate25%

Carbonate carbon0%

Elemental carbon4%

Organic carbon30%

XRF - Aluminum0%

XRF - Antimony0%

XRF - Arsenic0%

XRF - Barium0%

XRF - Bromine0%

XRF - Cadmium0%

XRF - Calcium0%

XRF - Cerium0%

XRF - Cesium0%

XRF - Chlorine0%

XRF - Chromium0%

XRF - Cobalt0%

XRF - Copper0%

XRF - Europium0%

XRF - Gallium0%

XRF - Gold0%

XRF - Hafnium0%

XRF - Indium0%

XRF - Iridium0%

XRF - Iron0%

XRF - Lanthanum0%XRF - Lead

0%XRF - Magnesium

0%XRF - Manganese

0%XRF - Mercury

0%XRF - Molybdenum

0%XRF - Nickel

0%XRF - Niobium

0%XRF - Phosphorus

0%XRF - Potassium

0%XRF - Rubidium

0%XRF - Samarium

0%XRF - Scandium

0%XRF - Selenium

0%XRF - Silicon

1%XRF - Silver

0%XRF - Sodium

1%XRF - Strontium

0%

XRF - Sulfur8%

XRF - Tantalum0%

XRF - Terbium0%

XRF - Tin0%

XRF - Titanium0%

XRF - Vanadium0%

XRF - Wolfram0%

XRF - Yttrium0%

XRF - Zinc0%

XRF - Zirconium0%

Ammonium NitratePotassium SodiumSulfate Carbonate carbonElemental carbon Organic carbonXRF - Aluminum XRF - AntimonyXRF - Arsenic XRF - BariumXRF - Bromine XRF - CadmiumXRF - Calcium XRF - CeriumXRF - Cesium XRF - ChlorineXRF - Chromium XRF - CobaltXRF - Copper XRF - EuropiumXRF - Gallium XRF - GoldXRF - Hafnium XRF - IndiumXRF - Iridium XRF - IronXRF - Lanthanum XRF - LeadXRF - Magnesium XRF - ManganeseXRF - Mercury XRF - MolybdenumXRF - Nickel XRF - NiobiumXRF - Phosphorus XRF - PotassiumXRF - Rubidium XRF - SamariumXRF - Scandium XRF - SeleniumXRF - Silicon XRF - SilverXRF - Sodium XRF - StrontiumXRF - Sulfur XRF - TantalumXRF - Terbium XRF - TinXRF - Titanium XRF - VanadiumXRF - Wolfram XRF - YttriumXRF - Zinc XRF - Zirconium

St. Louis Community Air ProjectAverage Monitored Concentrations of

Pollutants in St. LouisRelative to their respective Health Benchmarks

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Formaldehyde Benzene 1,3-Butadiene Arsenic

Pollu

tant

Con

cent

ratio

n (u

g/m

3)H

ealth

Ben

chm

ark

(ug/

m3)

Current St Louis Area Emissions - Criteria Pollutants1999 NEI DRAFT V.3 - 2001 MoEIS - 2001 TRI

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

St. Lou

isJe

fferso

nSt. C

harle

sFran

klinSt. L

ouis

CitySte.

Gen

eviev

e

Pike L

incoln

St. F

ranco

isMon

tgomery

Warr

enWas

hingto

nCraw

ford

Gasco

nade

EMIS

SIO

NS

IN T

ON

S PE

R Y

EAR PM25-PRI

SO2

NOX

VOC

NH3

St. LouisCommunity Air Project (CAP) Emission InventoryFuture Directions:•Expanded formaldehyde emissions•Diesel emissions from EPA•Trends in mobile source emissions•Refinements to the Point Source Inventory •Local Area Source Data -Residential/Commercial Survey; Business Inventory Questionnaires