stage 1 & 2 archaeological assessment - london, ontario · potential, a stage 1 property...

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment

Future Community Growth

55 and 60 Chalkstone Drive and

501 and 509 Exeter Road

Part of Lots 18 & 19, Concession 3

Geographic Township of Westminster

City of London

Middlesex County, Ontario

Submitted to

City of London

Planning Services

206 Dundas Street, London, ON

and

The Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport

Prepared by

@ the Museum of Ontario Archaeology 1600 Attawandaron Road, London, ON N6G 3M6

Phone: (519) 641-7222 Fax: (519) 641-7220

Archaeological License: Matthew Beaudoin, Ph.D. P324 Our File: 2018-092

PIF Number: P324-0332-2018

August 2018 Original Report submitted to the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport

20 August 2018

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Executive Summary

A Stage 1 archaeological assessment was conducted for three properties in the

City of London that are proposed to be designated as ‘Future Community Growth’ (FCG) properties in the London Plan. The three properties are located at 55 and 60 Chalkstone Drive and 501 and 509 Exeter Road. The subject properties are located within part of Lots 18 and 19, Concession 3, in the Geographic Township of Westminster, City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario. In 2018, Timmins Martelle Heritage Consultants Inc. (TMHC) was contracted by the City of London to carry out the assessment which was conducted in accordance with the provisions of the Planning Act and Provincial Policy Statement. The work was also in keeping with the City of London’s Archaeological Management Plan (ASI et al. 2017), a guide for assessing potential archaeological impacts in land use planning in the City of London. The purpose of the assessment was to determine whether there were archaeological resources present within the subject properties.

The Stage 1 background study included a review of current land use, historic and

modern maps, registered archaeological sites and previous archaeological studies, past settlement history for the area and a consideration of topographic and physiographic features, soils and drainage. According to the map-based review and background research, potential for the discovery of archaeological sites is indicated by the proximity (within 300 m) to: 1) a known water course (the Johnston and Attwood Drains); 2) a 19th

century travel route (Exeter Road); and 3) 19th century structures depicted on a map. The City of London’s Archaeological Management Plan also identifies the study area as having archaeological potential.

As the subject properties contained several features signalling archaeological

potential, a Stage 1 property inspection was conducted to evaluate the current conditions of the subject property and determine if any areas of archaeological potential remained intact within the subject property. The Stage 1 property inspection has visually confirmed that the entirety of 60 Chalkstone Drive consists of active agricultural fields. The archaeological potential of the agricultural field is retained. The Stage 1 property inspection has visually confirmed that 55 Chalkstone Drive consists of gravel parking lots, disturbed topsoil, a small pond and a small agricultural field. The archaeological potential of the agricultural field is retained; however, the gravel parking lot and topsoil stripped area are considered to be extensively disturbed and are of low archaeological potential.

Based on the information compiled in the background study, the following

recommendations are made:

1) 60 Chalkstone Drive consists of agricultural field. As such, the agricultural field retains archaeological potential and a Stage 2 archaeological assessment is

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recommended. In keeping with provincial standards, the agricultural field is recommended for pedestrian survey, using a 5 m transect interval.

2) 55 Chalkstone Drive consists of gravel parking lots, disturbed topsoil, a small pond, and a small agricultural field. The gravel parking lot, disturbed topsoil and small pond are considered to be of low archaeological potential. These areas have been photo-documented and no further work is recommended. The agricultural field retains archaeological potential and a Stage 2 archaeological assessment is recommended. In keeping with provincial standards, the agricultural field is recommended for pedestrian survey, using a 5 m transect interval.

3) 501 and 509 Exeter Road consist of gravel and paved parking lots, a small drainage catch basin, an overgrown gravel laneway, a small artificial soil pile, and grassed and treed field. The gravel parking lot, drainage catch basin, overgrown gravel laneway, and artificial soil pile are considered to be of low archaeological potential. These areas have been photo-documented and no further work is recommended. The treed and grassed field retains archaeological potential and a Stage 2 archaeological assessment is recommended. In keeping with provincial standards, the treed and grassed field is recommended for test pit survey, using a 5 m transect interval.

These recommendations are subject to the conditions laid out in Section 7.0 of this report and to the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s review and acceptance of this report into the provincial register.

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Table of Contents Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. iv List of Images .................................................................................................................... v List of Maps ....................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... v Project Personnel ............................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... vi

1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Development Context ........................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Purpose and Legislative Context .................................................................. 1

2.0 STAGE 1 BACKGROUND STUDY ..................................................................... 2 2.1 Research Methods and Sources ............................................................................ 2 2.2 Project Context: Archaeological Context ............................................................. 5

2.2.1 Subject Properties: Overview and Physical Setting ..................................... 5 2.2.2 Summary of Registered or Known Archaeological Sites .............................. 6 2.2.3 Summary of Past Archaeological Investigations Within 50 Metres ............. 6 2.2.4 Dates of Archaeological Fieldwork .............................................................. 7

2.3 Project Context: Historical Context ..................................................................... 7 2.3.1 First Peoples Settlement in the City of London ............................................ 7 2.3.2 19th Century and Municipal Settlement....................................................... 10

3.0 STAGE 1 PROPERTY INSPECTION ............................................................... 11 4.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................................... 12 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................... 13 6.0 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... 14 7.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION .................................... 14 8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 15 9.0 IMAGES ................................................................................................................ 17 10.0 MAPS ................................................................................................................. 26

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List of Images Image 1: 60 Chalkstone Drive, Overview of Agricultural Field (looking south) .......................................... 18 Image 2: 60 Chalkstone Drive, Overview of Agricultural Field (looking southwest) ................................... 18 Image 3: 60 Chalkstone Drive, Overview of Agricultural Field (looking south) .......................................... 19 Image 4: 55 Chalkstone Drive, Overview of Gravel Parking Area (looking south) ...................................... 19 Image 5: 55 Chalkstone Drive, Overview of Gravel Parking Area (looking south) ...................................... 20 Image 6: 55 Chalkstone, Drive Overview of Artificial Soil Piles (looking south) ........................................ 20 Image 7: 55 Chalkstone Drive, Overview Stripped Area (looking northwest) .............................................. 21 Image 8: 55 Chalkstone Drive, Artificial Pond (looking west) ..................................................................... 21 Image 9: 55 Chalkstone Drive, Overview of Agricultural Field (looking north) .......................................... 22 Image 10: 501 and 509 Exeter Road, Overview of Building (looking southeast) ......................................... 22 Image 11: 501 and 509 Exeter Road, Overview of Gravel Parking Area (looking northwest) ..................... 23 Image 12: 501 and 509 Exeter Road, Drainage Basin (looking west) ........................................................... 23 Image 13: 501 and 509 Exeter Road, Gravel Laneway (looking down) ........................................................ 24 Image 14: 501 and 509 Exeter Road, Artificial Soil Pile (looking south) ..................................................... 24 Image 15: 501 and 509 Exeter Road, Overview of Grassed and Treed Field (looking northwest) ............... 25 Image 16: 501 and 509 Exeter Road, Overview of Grassed and Treed Field (looking north) ....................... 25

List of Maps Map 1: Location of the Subject Properties in the City of London, ON ......................................................... 27 Map 2: Aerial Photograph Showing the Location of the Subject Properties ................................................. 28 Map 3: Physiography Within the Vicinity of the Subject Properties ............................................................. 29 Map 4: Soils Within the Vicinity of the Subject Properties ........................................................................... 30 Map 5: Drainage Within the Vicinity of the Subject Properties .................................................................... 31 Map 6: Subject Properties Shown on an 1862 Map of Middlesex County, ON ............................................ 32 Map 7: Subject Properties Shown on an 1878 Map of Middlesex County, ON ............................................ 33 Map 8: Subject Properties Shown on 1945 Aerial Photograph ..................................................................... 34 Map 9: Subject Properties Shown on 1950 Aerial Photograph ..................................................................... 35 Map 10: Subject Properties Shown on 1967 Aerial Photograph ................................................................... 36 Map 11: Areas of Archaeological Potential for 55 and 60 Chalkstone Drive................................................ 37 Map 12: Areas of Archaeological Potential for 501 and 509 Exeter Road .................................................... 38 Map 13: Areas of Archaeological Potential for 55 and 60 Chalkstone Drive on Proponent Mapping .......... 39 Map 14: Areas of Archaeological Potential for 501 and 509 Exeter Road on Proponent Mapping .............. 40 Map 15: Proponent Mapping ......................................................................................................................... 41

List of Tables Table 1: Chronology of First Peoples Settlement in the London Area ............................................................7 Table 2: Documentary Records ..................................................................................................................... 12

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Project Personnel

TMHC would like to thank the following staff members who contributed to this project:

Project Coordinators: Matthew Beaudoin, Ph.D. (P324)

Holly Martelle, Ph.D. (P064)

Report Production: Matthew Beaudoin, Ph.D. (P324) Kelly Gostick, M.A. (R1189)

GIS Technician: David Gostick, B.A.

Field Director: Matthew Beaudoin, Ph.D. (P324) Johnathan Freeman, B.A. (R274)

Acknowledgements

TMHC would like to acknowledge the assistance of the following individuals:

Travis Macbeth Planning Services City of London

Gregg Barrett Planning Services

City of London

Krista Gowan Planning Services City of London

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment

Future Community Growth

55 and 60 Chalkstone Drive and


Part of Lots 18 & 19, Concession 3

Geographic Township of Westminster

City of London

Middlesex County, Ontario

1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT

1.1 Development Context

1.1.1 Introduction

A Stage 1 archaeological assessment was conducted for three properties in the City of London that are proposed to be designated as ‘Future Community Growth’ (FCG) properties in the London Plan. The three properties are located at 55 and 60 Chalkstone Drive and 501 and 509 Exeter Road. The subject properties are located within part of Lots 18 and 19, Concession 3, in the Geographic Township of Westminster, City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario. In 2018, Timmins Martelle Heritage Consultants Inc. (TMHC) was contracted by the City of London to carry out the assessment which was conducted in accordance with the provisions of the Planning Act and Provincial Policy Statement. The work was also in keeping with the City of London’s Archaeological Management Plan (ASI et al. 2017), a guide for assessing potential archaeological impacts in land use planning in the City of London. The purpose of the assessment was to determine whether there were archaeological resources present within the subject properties.

All archaeological assessment activities were performed under the professional archaeological license of Matthew Beaudoin, Ph.D. (P324) and in accordance with the 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTC 2011). Permission to commence the study was given by Travis Macbeth of the City of London. 1.1.2 Purpose and Legislative Context

The Ontario Heritage Act (1990) makes provisions for the protection and

conservation of heritage resources in the province of Ontario. Our archaeological assessment work is part of an environmental review which is intended to identify areas of environmental interest as specified in the Provincial Policy Statement (2014). Heritage concerns are recognized as a matter of provincial interest in Section 2.6.2 of the Provincial Policy Statement (PPS) which states:

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development and site alteration shall not be permitted on lands containing archaeological resources or areas of archaeological potential unless significant archaeological resources have been conserved (OMMAH 2014:29).

In the PPS the term Conserved means:

the identification, protection, management and use of built heritage resources, cultural heritage landscapes and archaeological resources in a manner that ensures their cultural heritage value or interest is retained under the Ontario Heritage Act. This may be achieved by the implementation of recommendations set out in a conservation plan, archaeological assessment and/or heritage impact assessment. Mitigative measures and/or alternative development approaches can be included in these plans and assessments (OMMAH 2014:40).

Sections 2 (d) and 3.5 of the Planning Act stipulate that municipalities shall have

regard for their conservation of features of significant architectural, cultural, historical, archaeological or scientific interest. Therefore, the purpose of a Stage 1 background study is to determine if there is potential for cultural resources to be found on a property for which a change in land use is pending. If a property is found to have potential for cultural resources, a Stage 2 assessment is required, involving a search for archaeological resources. 2.0 STAGE 1 BACKGROUND STUDY

2.1 Research Methods and Sources

A Stage 1 background study was conducted to gather information about known

and potential archaeological resources within the subject property. According to the Province of Ontario’s 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists, a Stage 1 background study must include a review of:

an up-to-date listing of sites from the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database

(OASD) of archaeological sites with 1 km of the property; reports of previous archaeological fieldwork within a radius of 50 metres; topographic maps at 1:10,000 (recent and historical) or the most detailed scale

available; historic settlement maps (e.g., historical atlas, surveys) archaeological management plans or other archaeological potential mapping

(when available); and commemorative plaques or monuments on or near the subject property.


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For this project, the following activities were carried out to satisfy or exceed the above requirements:

a database search of registered archaeological sites within 1 km of the subject

property was carried out with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s Past Portal system (completed May 29, 2018);

a review of known prior archaeological reports for the subject property and adjacent lands (note the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport currently does not keep a publicly accessible record of archaeological assessments carried out in the Province of Ontario, so a complete inventory of prior assessment work nearby is not available);

Ontario Base Mapping (1:10,000) was reviewed through ArcGIS and mapping layers provided by geographynetwork.ca; detailed mapping provided by the client was also reviewed; and

historic maps and records related to post-1800 land settlement were studied. While there are no commemorative plaques or monuments within the immediate

vicinity of the subject properties, the subject properties falls within an area of archaeological potential as determined by the City of London’s Archaeological Management Plan (ASI et al. 2017).

Additional sources of information were also consulted, including modern aerial

photographs, local history accounts, soils and physiography data provided by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA), and both 1:50,000 (Natural Resources Canada) and finer scale topographic mapping. When compiled, background information was used to create a summary of the characteristics of the subject properties, in an effort to evaluate its archaeological potential. The Province of Ontario (MTC 2011 – Section 1.3.1) has defined the criteria that identify archaeological potential as:

previously identified archaeological sites; water sources;

o primary water sources (lakes, rivers, streams, creeks); o secondary water courses (intermittent streams and creeks, springs, marshes, swamps); o features indicating past water sources (e.g., glacial lake shorelines indicated by the presence of raised sand or gravel beach ridges, relic river or stream channels indicated by clear dip or swale in topography, shorelines of drained lakes or marshes, cobble beaches); o accessible or inaccessible shoreline (e.g., high bluffs, swamp or marsh

fields by the edge of a lake, sandbars stretching into marsh); elevated topography (e.g., eskers, drumlins, large knolls, plateaux);


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pockets of well-drained sandy soil, especially near areas of heavy soil or rocky ground;

distinctive land formations that might have been special or spiritual places, such as waterfalls, rock outcrops, caverns, mounds, and promontories and their bases; there may be physical indicators of their use, such as burials, structures, offerings, rock paintings or carvings;

resource areas, including: o food or medicinal plants (e.g., migratory routes, spawning areas, prairie); o scarce raw materials (e.g., quartz, copper, ochre or outcrops of chert); o early Euro-Canadian industry (e.g., fur trade, logging, prospecting,

mining); areas of 19th century settlement. These include places of early military or pioneer

settlement (e.g., pioneer homesteads, isolated cabins, farmstead complexes), early wharf or dock complexes, pioneer churches and early cemeteries. There may be commemorative markers of their history, such as local, provincial, or federal monuments or heritage parks.

early historical transportation routes (e.g., trails, passes, roads, railways, portage routes);

property listed on a municipal register or designated under the Ontario Heritage Act or that is a federal, provincial, or municipal historic landmark or site; and

property that local histories or informants have identified with possible archaeological sites, historical events, activities or occupations.

In Southern Ontario (south of the Canadian Shield), any lands within 300 metres

of any of the features listed above are considered to have potential for the discovery of archaeological resources.

Typically, a Stage 1 assessment will determine potential for precontact First Peoples’ and historic era sites independently. This is due to the fact that lifeways varied considerably during these eras so that criteria used to evaluate potential for each type of site also varies.

It should be noted that some factors can also negate the potential for discovery of

intact archaeological deposits. Subsection 1.3.2 of the 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists indicates that archaeological potential can be removed in instances where land has been subject to extensive and deep land alterations that have severely damaged the integrity of any archaeological resources. Major disturbances indicating removal of archaeological potential include, but are not limited to:

quarrying; major landscaping involving grading below topsoil; building footprints; and sewage and infrastructure development.


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Some activities (agricultural cultivation, surface landscaping, installation of gravel trails, etc.) may result in minor alterations to the surface topsoil but do not necessarily affect or remove archaeological potential. It is not uncommon for archaeological sites, including structural foundations, subsurface features and burials, to be found intact beneath major surface features like roadways and parking lots. Archaeological potential is, therefore, not removed in cases where there is a chance of deeply buried deposits, as in a developed or urban context or floodplain where modern features or alluvial soils can effectively cap and preserve archaeological resources. 2.2 Project Context: Archaeological Context

2.2.1 Subject Properties: Overview and Physical Setting

The subject properties are located at 55 and 60 Chalkstone Drive and 501 and 509 Exeter Road. The subject properties are located within part of Lots 18 and 19, Concession 3, in the Geographic Township of Westminster, City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario (Maps 1 and 2).

The subject properties fall within the Mouth Elgin Ridges physiographic region, which is comprised of a series of ridges, vales, and moraines (Chapman and Putnam 1984:144-145). The properties are located within a till plan south of the Ingersoll Moraine (Map 3) which borders the Caradoc Sand Plains (London Annex) to the north and is north of a spillway associated with Dingman Creek; alluvium of gravel, sand or silt are common in the area. Between the spillway and the Ekfrid Clay Plain to the southwest is a remnant shoreline of glacial Lake Maumee, some three kilometres away from the subject property. The mapped soil type within the subject properties consists of Tavistock loam and Beverly Silty Clay Loam (Map 4). Tavistock loam soil is an imperfectly drained soil made from clayey glaciolacustrine or glacial till (Hagerty and Kingston 1992:10) and Beverly silty clay loam is an imperfectly drained soil developed on clayey glaciolacustine deposits (Hagerty and Kingston 1992:24). The general area is drained by Dingman Creek (Map 5), and the Johnston Drain is located approximately 100 metres south of the subject properties. The Attwood Drain is located approximately 200 metres east of the 501 and 509 Exeter Road property. 60 Chalkstone Drive 60 Chalkstone Drive is approximately 6.6 ha in size, consists entirely of active agricultural fields and is located south of an existing commercial structure. 55 Chalkstone Drive

55 Chalkstone Drive is approximately 6.8 ha in size and is also located south of

an existing commercial structure. The property consists of a fenced gravel parking lot, heavy machinery training ground, agricultural field, and small artificial pond.


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501 and 509 Exeter Road is approximately 10.13 ha in size and consists of two existing structures and gravel parking lot in the northern portion of the subject property and a grassed and treed field in the southern portion.

2.2.2 Summary of Registered or Known Archaeological Sites

According to the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s provincial site database there are no registered archaeological sites within one kilometre of the subject properties. However, a Stage 1-2 archaeological assessment report was obtained that documented ten archaeological sites that do not currently show up in the MTCS database on the property immediately to the west of the current subject properties1. These sites are described in more detail in the following section.

2.2.3 Summary of Past Archaeological Investigations Within 50 Metres

During the course of this study it was determined that previous archaeological work was conducted on the property immediately to the west of the current subject properties. There were no other records was found of any archaeological investigations within 50 metres of the subject properties. However, it should be noted that the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport currently does not provide an inventory of archaeological assessments to assist in this determination.

In 2004 Archaeologix Inc. conducted a Stage 1-2 archaeological assessment for

an approximately 80 acre property on Lot 20, Concession 3 for a proposed development. This combined pedestrian and test pit survey identified ten archaeological sites on the property, four of which (Location 1 – AfHh-382, Location 5 – AfHh-383, Location 6 – AfHh-384, and Location 10 – AfHh-385) were recommended for Stage 3 assessment. Location 1 consisted of seven chert flakes, an Early Woodland period projectile point, and a hammerstone scattered over an 18 m by 36 m area. Location 5 consisted of eight chert flakes and two Early Archaic period projectile points over an 80 m by 40 m area. Location 6 consisted of 12 chert flakes and two projectile points, one of which dated to the Late Archaic period, scatted over a 120 m by 60 m area. Location 10 consisted of 160 artifacts that dated to between the 1840s and 1860s that were scatted over a 50 m by 50 m area. The closest identified site to the current project area is Location 2, which is roughly 250 m to the southwest of the current subject properties. The results of this assessment are presented in a report entitled Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), Old Oak Properties, Dingman Dr. & White Oas Side Rd., Lot 20, Concession 3, Westminster Township, City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario (Archaeological 2004; CIF P001-158).

1 This gap in the data has been brought to the attention of the MTCS


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In 2009 Golder Associates completed a Stage 3 archaeological assessment for Location 1 (AfHh-382), Location 5 (AfHh-383), Location 6 (AfHh-384), and Location 10 (AfHh-385). Based on these results, only Location 10 (AfHh-385) was recommended for Stage 4 mitigation. The Stage 4 excavation for Location 10 (AfHh-385) was completed later in 2009.

2.2.4 Dates of Archaeological Fieldwork

The Stage 1 site inspection was conducted on July 24, 2018 in overcast and hot weather conditions and on August 8, 2018 in overcast and warm.

2.3 Project Context: Historical Context

2.3.1 First Peoples Settlement in the City of London

This portion of the City of London attracted considerable First Peoples settlement in the past. The City of London is home to numerous archaeological sites, including several Iroquoian villages, hamlets and cabins. In recent years, our archaeological knowledge of the area has improved greatly, at the hands of various cultural resource management surveys and archaeological research projects that have accompanied the industrial and residential expansion of the city. Using existing data and regional syntheses, it is possible to propose a generalized model of First Peoples settlement in the London area. The general themes, time periods and cultural traditions of First Peoples settlement, based on archaeological evidence, are provided below and in Table 1.

Table 1: Chronology of First Peoples Settlement in the London Area

Time Range (circa) Diagnostic Features Complexes

Paleoindian Early 9000 - 8400 B.C. fluted projectile points Gainey, Barnes, Crowfield

Late 8400 - 8000 B.C. non-fluted and lanceolate points Holcombe, Hi-Lo, Lanceolate

Archaic Early 8000 - 6000 B.C. serrated, notched, bifurcate base points Nettling, Bifurcate Base Horizon

Middle 6000 - 2500 B.C. stemmed, side & corner notched points Brewerton, Otter Creek, Stanly/Neville

Late 2000 - 1800 B.C. narrow points Lamoka

1800 - 1500 B.C. broad points Genesee, Adder Orchard, Perkiomen

1500 - 1100 B.C. small points Crawford Knoll

Terminal 1100 - 950 B.C. first true cemeteries Hind

Woodland Early 950 - 400 B.C. expanding stemmed points, Vinette pottery Meadowood

Middle 400 B.C. - A.D. 500 dentate, pseudo-scallop pottery Saugeen/Couture

Transitional A.D. 500 - 900 first corn, cord-wrapped stick pottery Princess Point/Riviere au Vase

Late Early Iroquoian A.D. 900 - 1300 first villages, corn horticulture, longhouses Glen Meyer/Younge

Middle Iroquoian A.D. 1300 - 1400 large villages and houses Uren, Middleport/Springwells

Late Iroquoian A.D. 1400 - 1650 tribal emergence, territoriality Neutral Iroquois/Wolf

Contact Aboriginal A.D. 1700 - 1875 treaties, mixture of Native & European items Ojibwa, Oneida, Delaware

Euro-Canadian A.D. 1796 - present English goods, homesteads European settlement, pioneer life

Period

Paleoindian Period The first human populations to inhabit the London region arrived between 12,000 and 10,000 years ago, coincident with the end of the last period of glaciation. Climate and


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environmental conditions were significantly different then they are today; local environs would not have been welcoming to anything but short-term settlement. Termed Paleoindians by archaeologists, Ontario's first peoples would have crossed the landscape in small groups (i.e., bands or family units) searching for food, particularly migratory game species. In this area, caribou may have provided the staple of Paleoindian diet, supplemented by wild plants, small game, birds and fish.

Given the low density of populations on the landscape at this time and their mobile nature, Paleoindian sites are small and ephemeral. They are sometimes identified by the presence of fluted projectile points manufactured on a highly distinctive whitish-grey chert named "Fossil Hill" (after the formation) or "Collingwood." This material was acquired from sources near the edge of the escarpment on Blue Mountain. It was exploited by populations from as far south as the London area, who would have traveled to the source as part of their seasonal round. There are known Paleoindian sites in this portion of the City of London and these are often found in association with the kettle ponds that dot its rolling landscape and with glacial lake shorelines. Archaic Period Settlement and subsistence patterns changed significantly during the Archaic Period as both the landscape and ecosystem adjusted to the retreat of the glaciers. Building on earlier patterns, early Archaic populations continued the mobile lifestyle of their predecessors. Through time and with the development of more resource rich local environments, these groups gradually reduced the size of the territories they exploited on a regular basis. A seasonal pattern of warm season riverine or lakeshore settlements and interior cold weather occupations has been documented in the archaeological record.

Since the large cold weather mammal species that formed the basis of the Paleoindian subsistence pattern became extinct or moved northward with the onset of warmer climate conditions, Archaic populations had a more varied diet, exploiting a range of plant, bird, mammal and fish species. Reliance on specific food resources like fish, deer and nuts becomes more pronounced through time and the presence of more hospitable environments and resource abundance led to the expansion of band and family sizes. In the archaeological record, this is evident in the presence of larger sites and aggregation camps, where several families or bands would come together in times of plenty. The change to more preferable environmental circumstances led to a rise in population density. As a result, Archaic sites are more plentiful than those from the earlier period. Artifacts typical of these occupations include a variety of stemmed and notched projectile points, chipped stone scrapers, ground stone tools (e.g., celts, adzes) and ornaments (e.g., bannerstones, gorgets), bifaces or tool blanks, animal bone (where and when preserved) and waste flakes, a by-product of the tool making process.


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Early, Middle and Transitional Woodland Periods Significant changes in cultural and environmental patterns are witnessed in the Woodland Period (circa 3,000 to historic times). By this time, the coniferous forests of earlier times were replaced by stands of mixed and deciduous species. Occupations became increasingly more substantial in this period, culminating in major semi-permanent villages by 1,000 years ago. Archaeologically, the most significant changes by Woodland times are the appearance of artifacts manufactured from modeled clay and the construction of house structures. The Woodland Period is often defined by the occurrence of pottery, storage facilities and residential areas similar to those that define the incipient agricultural or Neolithic period in Europe. Early and Middle Woodland peoples are also known for a well-developed burial complex and ground stone tool industry. Unique Early Woodland ground stone items include pop-eyed birdstones and gorgets. In addition, there is evidence of the development of widespread trading with groups throughout the northeast. The recovery of marine shells from the Lake Superior area indicates that exchanges of exotic materials and finished items from distant places were common place. Late Woodland Period During the Late Woodland Period, much of Southwestern Ontario was occupied by two groups: Iroquoians and what are thought by archaeologists to be Algonquin speaking populations (the term “Western Basin Tradition” has been used to describe this cultural complex). In the east, the Iroquoian occupants were the Attawandaron or Neutral Nation, a tribal group described by European missionaries and whose historic homeland was significantly further east. Like other known Iroquoian groups including the Huron (Wendat) and Petun (Tionontati), the Attawandaron practiced a system of intensive horticulture based on three primary subsistence crops (corn, beans and squash). Their villages incorporated a number of longhouses, multi-family dwellings that contained several families related through the female line. The Jesuit Relations describe several Neutral centres in existence in the 17th century, including a number of sites where missions were later established. While precontact Neutral sites may be identified by a predominance of well-made pottery decorated with various simple and geometric motifs, triangular stone projectile points, clay pipes and ground stone implements, sites post-dating European contact are recognized through the appearance of various items of European manufacture. The latter include materials acquired by trade (e.g., glass beads, copper/brass kettles, iron axes, knives and other metal implements) in addition to the personal items of European visitors and Jesuit priests (e.g., finger rings, stoneware, rosaries, glassware). The Neutral were dispersed and their population decimated by the arrival of epidemic European diseases and inter-tribal warfare. Many were adopted into other Iroquoian communities.


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Archaeologists have also documented the in situ development of Late Woodland archaeological traditions from Middle Woodland precedents that are believed to have an Algonquin cultural origin, quite distinct from Iroquoian populations who lived to the east. The archaeological record of these groups has been labeled the “Western Basin Tradition.” During the Late Woodland period complex settlements are characteristic of these people and, at their peak, are characterized by fortified villages containing large, likely extended family, structures. Some of the villages are surrounded by earthworks. There is evidence for the cultivation of corn and beans by roughly A.D. 900. The pottery traditions of these people varied significantly from those of their Iroquoian neighbors. Early vessels, called Wayne ware, are small, thin walled pots covered with vertical cord marking and tool impressions. Vessels become more elaborate through time, incorporating multiple bands of tool impressions, castellated rims and incised decoration. Late pottery is characteristically bag-shaped and often incorporates dentate stamping as well as appliqué strips and strap handles, similar to some Mississippian tradition pottery. As was not the case with much Iroquoian pottery, clay fabrics were mixed with shell temper. 2.3.2 19

th Century and Municipal Settlement

It was Lieut.-Governor John Graves Simcoe who first drew attention to the

bounties of the wilderness that is now Middlesex County. On his journey to Detroit from Niagara, Simcoe came to admire the countryside, stopping at such places as Westminster Ponds and Munceytown. In fact, Simcoe was so taken by the Thames River and its environs that he aspired to establish the capital of Canada here. Although Simcoe’s vision was never realized, the forks of the Thames attracted settlement early in the 19th century. Westminster was one of the first townships to be settled in the county. As early as the late 18th century, European immigrants, entrepreneurs and ex-military men journeyed here, seeking out the best agricultural and industrial lands on which they would lay the foundations for the modern communities of Delaware, Kilworth, Komoka, Byron and London. Westminster Township was surveyed by Colonel Burwell and patents were issued for lands in Westminster Township as early as 1812 (H.R. Page and Co. 1878). At the time of its founding, however, the township had few passable roads, with most passage through the territory provided by simple trails through the area’s woods and swamps (H.R. Page & Co.1878:10). The earliest roads and only decent passage routes early on were Commissioners and Longwoods roads, both of which were established on old native trails but improved upon during the War of 1812 (H.R. Page & Co. 1878:6).

According to Crinklaw et al. (1988:609), the Crown Patent for the 200 acres of Lot 18, Concession 3 was issued to Richard Divy on June 17, 1850. The Crown Patent for the northern 100 acres of Lot 19, Concession 3 was issued to Janet Blakie on May 30, 1856 and the southern 100 acres to William Farr in January 26, 1846.


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The 1862 Tremaine’s map (Map 6) depicts the northern portion of Lot 18 as owned by H. Dicy. The property at 501 and 509 Exeter Road is located within Lot 18 and no structures are depicted within the subject property. In 1862 Lot 19 is depicted as divided into two portions, with the majority owned by Farr J. Blackie and the northwestern portion owned by J. Ireland. Both subject properties are located within the portion owned by J. Ireland, with no structures depicted within the lot. Exeter Road is depicted as open at the time.

The 1878 map of Middlesex County (Map 7) depicts James Blakie as the owner of the northern portion of Lot 19. A structure and two orchards are depicted on the northern portion of the lot, within 300 metres of 55 Chalkstone Drive. The northwestern portion of Lot 18 is owned by Hiram Dicy. The property at 501 and 509 Exeter Road is located within the northwestern portion of Lot 18. A structure and orchard are depicted approximately 100 metres east of the property at 501 and 509 Exeter Road.

A review of the available aerial photography for the City of London indicates that

until at least-1945 55 and 60 Chalkstone Drive consisted of open agricultural fields (Map 8). By 1967 55 and 60 Chalkstone Drive are still agricultural fields (Map 9 and 10). By 1967 the northern portion of 501 and 509 Exeter Road had been developed while the southern portion appears to be undisturbed.

3.0 STAGE 1 PROPERTY INSPECTION


potential, a Stage 1 property inspection was conducted to evaluate the current conditions of the subject properties and determine if any areas of archaeological potential remained intact within the subject properties.

The property inspection for 55 and 60 Chalkstone Drive was conducted on July 24, 2018 in overcast and hot weather conditions and for 501 and 509 Exeter Road on August 8, 2018 in overcast and warm weather conditions. The weather conditions allowed for good visibility for the inspection of the surface features. The property inspection involved the recording and photo-documentation of the field conditions. 60 Chalkstone Drive The property at 60 Chalkstone Drive lies within an industrial area. The property is relatively flat and consists of an agricultural field, currently planted in corn (Images 1 to 3). 55 Chalkstone Drive

The property at 55 Chalkstone Drive lies within an industrial area. The northern portion of the property consists of a gravel parking lot used for heavy vehicle storage and


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training (Images 4 and 5). The northern portion is surrounded by fences and has subsurface sewer and hydro lines. The southern portion of the property consists of a training area for heavy machinery. The topsoil has been stripped in this area and is piled in two large soil stockpiles (Images 6 and 7). A small artificial pond is located along the southern boundary of the property (Image 8). A small portion of the western subject property consists of an agricultural field that extends from the property to the west (Image 9). 501 and 509 Exeter Road

The property at 501 and 509 Exeter Road lies within an industrial area. The northern portion of the property consists of gravel and paved parking lot used for transport loading (Images 10 and 11). The northern portion is surrounded by fences. The southern portion of the property consists of a small drainage catch basin (Image 12), an overgrown gravel laneway (Image 13) a small artificial soil pile (Image 14), and grassed and treed field (Images 15 and 16).

The results of our Stage 1 archaeological assessment, as well as the location and orientation of report photographs, are presented in Map 11. Map 12 depicts these results on the proponent mapping, and Map 13 presents unaltered proponent mapping.

Table 2: Documentary Records Field Notes and Field Maps Dated July 23 and August 8, 2018

Photo Catalogue July 23 (14 digital photographs) and August 8 (24 digital photographs) Location of Records Timmins Martelle Heritage Consultants Inc., @ the Museum of Ontario

Archaeology, 1600 Attawandaron Road, London, Ontario N6G 3M6 4.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS

As noted in Section 2.1, the Province of Ontario has identified numerous factors that signal the potential of a property to contain archaeological resources. Based on the archaeological and historical context reviewed above, the subject properties are in proximity (i.e., within 300 metres) to several features that signal archaeological potential, namely: 1) a known water course (the Johnston and Attwood Drains); and 2) a 19th

century travel route (Exeter Road); and 3) a 19th century structure depicted on a map. The City of London’s Archaeological Management Plan also identifies the subject properties as having archaeological potential.


potential, a Stage 1 property inspection was conducted to evaluate the current conditions of the subject properties and determine if any areas of archaeological potential remained intact. The Stage 1 property inspection has visually confirmed that the entirety of 60 Chalkstone Drive consists of active agricultural fields and the archaeological potential of the agricultural field is retained. The Stage 1 property inspection has visually confirmed


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that 55 Chalkstone Drive consists of gravel parking lots, disturbed topsoil, a small pond, and a small agricultural field. The archaeological potential of the agricultural field is retained; however, the gravel parking lot and topsoil stripped area are considered to be extensively disturbed and are of low archaeological potential. The Stage 1 property inspection has visually confirmed that 501 and 509 Exeter Road consist of gravel and paved parking lots, a small drainage catch basin, an overgrown gravel laneway, a small artificial soil pile, and grassed and treed field. The archaeological potential of the grassed and treed field is retained; however, the gravel parking lot, drainage basin, gravel laneway and artificial soil pile are considered to be extensively disturbed and are of low archaeological potential.

5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the information compiled in the background study, the following

recommendations are made:

1) 60 Chalkstone Drive consists of agricultural field. As such, the agricultural field retains archaeological potential and a Stage 2 archaeological assessment is recommended. In keeping with provincial standards, the agricultural field is recommended for pedestrian survey, using a 5 m transect interval.

2) 55 Chalkstone Drive consists of gravel parking lots, disturbed topsoil, a small pond, and a small agricultural field. The gravel parking lot, disturbed topsoil and small pond are considered to be of low archaeological potential. These areas have been photo-documented and no further work is recommended. The agricultural field retains archaeological potential and a Stage 2 archaeological assessment is recommended. In keeping with provincial standards, the agricultural field is recommended for pedestrian survey, using a 5 m transect interval.

3) 501 and 509 Exeter Road consist of gravel and paved parking lots, a small drainage catch basin, an overgrown gravel laneway, a small artificial soil pile, and grassed and treed field. The gravel parking lot, drainage catch basin, overgrown gravel laneway, and artificial soil pile are considered to be of low archaeological potential. These areas have been photo-documented and no further work is recommended. The treed and grassed field retains archaeological potential and a Stage 2 archaeological assessment is recommended. In keeping with provincial standards, the treed and grassed field is recommended for test pit survey, using a 5 m transect interval.

These recommendations are subject to the conditions laid out in Section 7.0 of this report and to the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s review and acceptance of this report into the provincial register.


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6.0 SUMMARY

A Stage 1 archaeological assessment was conducted for three properties in the City of London that are proposed to be designated as ‘Future Community Growth’ (FCG) properties in the London Plan. The three properties are located at 55 and 60 Chalkstone Drive and 501 and 509 Exeter Road. The subject properties are located within part of Lots 18 and 19, Concession 3, in the Geographic Township of Westminster, City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario. The background research indicated that the subject properties are in proximity to features signalling archaeological potential; and a Stage 1 background study was undertaken. The Stage 1 property inspection visually confirmed that the entirety of 60 Chalkstone Drive retains archaeological potential and a Stage 2 archaeological assessment is recommended. In keeping with provincial standards, the agricultural field is recommended for pedestrian survey, using a 5 m transect interval. A small portion of 55 Chalkstone Drive retains archaeological potential and a Stage 2 archaeological assessment is recommended. In keeping with provincial standards, the agricultural field is recommended for pedestrian survey, using a 5 m transect interval. A large portion of 501 and 509 Exeter Road retains archaeological potential and a Stage 2 archaeological assessment is recommended. In keeping with provincial standards, the treed and grassed field is recommended for test pit survey, using a 5 m transect interval.

7.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION

This report is submitted to the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a

condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the subject property of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development.

It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any

party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeology Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act.

Should previously undocumented (i.e., unknown or deeply buried) archaeological resources be discovered, there may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to


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Section 48(1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48(1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. Further, archaeological sites recommended for further archaeological fieldwork or protection remain subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act and may not be altered, or have artifacts removed from them, except by a person holding an archaeological licence.

The Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 requires that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Burial Sites, War Graves, Abandoned Cemeteries and Cemetery Closures, Ontario Ministry of Government and Consumer Services. Effective as of January 16, 2016, Nancy Watkins, Senior Policy Analyst, is the new Registrar. Her telephone number is 416 212-7499 and her e-mail address is [email protected].

8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Archaeological Services Inc., Letourneau Heritage Consulting Inc. and D.R. Poulton & Associates 2017 Archaeological Management Plan. Department of Planning and Development,

City of London. Chapman L.J. and D.F. Putnam 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. Third Edition. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources: Ontario. Crinklaw, Raymond, Olga B. Bishop, and George P. Rickard 1986 The North Talbot Road, Westminster Township: One Hundred Years of

Yesterday’s News, Today’s History. Crinklaw Press, Lambeth. H. R. Page & Co. 1878 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Middlesex, Ont. Reprint Edition. J.D. Barnes and First Base Solutions (SWOOP) 2010 Southwestern Ontario Ortho Imagery Project – Imagery for Southwestern Ontario. Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) & J.D. Barnes First Base Solutions 2010 Southwestern Orthoimagery Project – Mr. Sid Tiles for Southwestern Ontario. Ministry of Northern Development and Mines (MNDM) 2007 Physiography of Southern Ontario. Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam, authors. GIS map data layer distributed by the Ontario Geological Survey as Miscellaneous Release – Data (MRD) 228. Queen’s Printer for Ontario.


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Ministry of Tourism and Culture (MTC; now Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and Sport) 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Toronto. Natural Resources Canada (NRC) 2012 St. Thomas, Ontario. 1:50,000 Scale Topographic Map. Section 40 I/14.

Electronic version. Ontario Department of Mines and Northern Affairs 1972 Physiography of the Southwest Portion of Southern Ontario. Map 2225. Ontario. Ontario Fundamental Dataset, Ministry of Natural Resources (2012) and CanVec Geospatial Database (2012) 2013 Base Mapping for the Province of Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) 2006 GIS Layers for Soils and Physiography in the Province of Ontario.

Tremaine, Geo R. & G.M. 1862 Tremaine’s Map of the County of Middlesex, Canada West. Ontario.


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9.0 IMAGES


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Image 1: 60 Chalkstone Drive, Overview of Agricultural Field (looking south)

Image 2: 60 Chalkstone Drive, Overview of Agricultural Field (looking southwest)


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Image 3: 60 Chalkstone Drive, Overview of Agricultural Field (looking south)

Image 4: 55 Chalkstone Drive, Overview of Gravel Parking Area (looking south)


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Image 5: 55 Chalkstone Drive, Overview of Gravel Parking Area (looking south)

Image 6: 55 Chalkstone, Drive Overview of Artificial Soil Piles (looking south)


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Image 7: 55 Chalkstone Drive, Overview Stripped Area (looking northwest)

Image 8: 55 Chalkstone Drive, Artificial Pond (looking west)


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Image 9: 55 Chalkstone Drive, Overview of Agricultural Field (looking north)

Image 10: 501 and 509 Exeter Road, Overview of Building (looking southeast)


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Image 11: 501 and 509 Exeter Road, Overview of Gravel Parking Area (looking

northwest)

Image 12: 501 and 509 Exeter Road, Drainage Basin (looking west)


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Image 13: 501 and 509 Exeter Road, Gravel Laneway (looking down)

Image 14: 501 and 509 Exeter Road, Artificial Soil Pile (looking south)


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Image 15: 501 and 509 Exeter Road, Overview of Grassed and Treed Field (looking

northwest)

Image 16: 501 and 509 Exeter Road, Overview of Grassed and Treed Field (looking

north)


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10.0 MAPS


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.2

Map 1: Location of the Subject Properties in the City of London, ON


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Map 2: Aerial Photograph Showing the Location of the Subject Properties

Timmins Martelle Heritage Consultants Inc., Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment, 55 and 60 Chalkstone Drive, City of London, ON 29 ______________________________________________________________________________________

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Map 3: Physiography Within the Vicinity of the Subject Properties


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Map 4: Soils Within the Vicinity of the Subject Properties


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Map 5: Drainage Within the Vicinity of the Subject Properties


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Map 6: Subject Properties Shown on an 1862 Map of Middlesex County, ON


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Map 7: Subject Properties Shown on an 1878 Map of Middlesex County, ON


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Map 8: Subject Properties Shown on 1945 Aerial Photograph


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Map 11: Areas of Archaeological Potential for 55 and 60 Chalkstone Drive


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Map 12: Areas of Archaeological Potential for 501 and 509 Exeter Road


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Map 13: Areas of Archaeological Potential for 55 and 60 Chalkstone Drive on

Proponent Mapping


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Map 14: Areas of Archaeological Potential for 501 and 509 Exeter Road on

Proponent Mapping


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*Note Only Properties 1, 2 and 5 are being assessed at this time Map 15: Proponent Mapping

stage 1 & 2 archaeological assessment - london, ontario · potential, a stage 1 property...

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