stage 15 relative clauses more than you probably want to know about relatives! not these..... these...
TRANSCRIPT
Stage 15Relative Clauses
More than you probably want to know about
relatives!
Not these..... These are Augustus’s relatives!
What we’ll cover• What is a clause?• The English relative clause• The English relative pronoun• The Latin relative pronoun• Latin relative clauses
What is a clause?• Any thought, idea, or event which is expressed
in language
Clause 1: Rufilla is unhappy.Clause 2: Rufilla lives far fom London.
2 clauses: Rufilla is unhappy because she lives far fom London.2 clauses: Rufilla, who lives far fom London, is unhappy.
An English Relative Clause is...
... a giant adjective clause, giving us information about a noun in another clause.
Let’s look at an example showing how the relative clause evolves.....
Clause 1: The boys are not listening to the master.
Clause 2: The master is reading a very long story.
Here’s an example – we have two single clauses:
Relative Clause
Step 1:Clause 1: The boys are not listening to the master.
Clause 2: The master is reading a very long story.
Substitute a pronoun for “master” in Clause 2.
Clause 1: The boys are not listening to the master.
Clause 2: He is reading a very long story.
Now, we’ll weave the two clauses into one sentence – with a Main Clause and a relative clause describing a noun in the Main Clause.
Weave into one sentence
Weave them together into one sentence.....
MAIN CLAUSE: The boys are not listening to the master,
RELATIVE CLAUSE: ? is reading a very long story.who
Step 2:Clause 1: The boys are not listening to the master.
Clause 2: He is reading a very long story.
giant adjective describing the master
English Relative Pronoun• The English relative pronoun has cases – just like in
Latin!
PEOPLE/ANIMALS ANIMALS/THINGS
Nominative who which
Acusative whom which
Note: 1. In English, we often say “that” instead of “who,””whom,” or “which.”
The boy whom I like plays basketball becomes The boy that I like plays basketball
2. In English we also can omit the relative pronoun altogether.
The boy I Iike plays basketball.
THIS CANNOT HAPPEN IN LATIN – LATI N MUST ALWAYS USE A RELATIVE PRONOUN
Another Example• Clause 1: The slave is terrified.• Clause 2: The bull is chasing the slave.
• Clause 1: The slave is terrified.• Clause 2: The bull is chasing the slave.
Step 1: Replace “slave” in Clause 2 with a pronoun – what pronoun?
Clause 1: The slave is terrified.Clause 2: The bull is chasing __?__.
Now, we’ll weave the two clauses into one sentence – with a Main Clause and a relative clause describing a noun in the Main Clause.
him
Clause 1: The slave is terrified.Clause 2: The bull is chasing him.
Step 2A: Merge the two sentences....
The slave – the bull is chasing him – is terrified
Step 2B: A bit more work to make one MAIN CLAUSE and one RELATIVE CLAUSE
The slave – the bull is chasing him – is terrified
Now, replace the pronoun “him” with a relative pronoun – what relative pronoun?
whom
Final Adjustments
The slave – the bull is chasing whom - is terrified.
That’s not how we really would say it....So, move the relative pronoun – whom – to the
beginning of the relative clause....
And EUGE!
The slave, whom the bull is chasing, is terrified.
giant mutant adjective describing the slave