STAGE 4: TRAINING FUNDAMENTALS

GoalsList 8 types of dog training equipment you learned about in stage 4.

1. Learn About the History of Dog Training2. Learn the Difference Between Obedience Training, Activity Training, Behavior

Modification, and Problem Solving3. Understand What Owners Want From Their Dogs4. Learn About the Different Temperaments in Dogs5. Learn About the Different Training Drives in Dogs6. Receive an Introduction to Different Training Philosophies7. Understand the Different Forms of Punishment8. Learn Common Dog Training Terms

Name the 4 types of training programs: 1. Obedience Training2. Problem Solving3. Behavior Modification4. Activity Training

OBEDIENCE TRAINING● Obedience Training means teaching a dog to perform specific behaviors, such as

sit, down, and heel on cue.● Typically, just training a dog to respond to obedience cues is not enough to make

him a good companion.● The dog can still be ill-mannered (i.e., jumps on people, darts out of doors) even if

he has completed obedience training.

PROBLEM SOLVING ● Problem Solving is the elimination, curtailment or prevention of common

behaviors that are labeled undesirable by dog owners.● These undesirable behaviors are frequently called “problem behaviors.”● Dog owners have different ideas of what they consider to be “problem behaviors.”● As a dog trainer, it is your responsibility to educate dog owners when a behavior,

although not deemed as problematic by the owner (eight-week-old puppy jumping on guests), might lead to a problem behavior in the future (same puppy at two years old jumping on guest).

BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION

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● Behavior Modification is the elimination, curtailment or management of a complex and sometimes dangerous behavior.

● Some of these behaviors include dog-on-dog aggression, dog-on-people aggressive, separation anxiety, phobias, and compulsive disorders.

● The treatment plan for these types of challenges generally requires an advanced amount of knowledge and skill and often the input of a qualified veterinarian.

ACTIVITY TRAINING ● Activity Training means teaching a dog to do a specific activity.● This can include any number of activities designed to demonstrate the abilities of

the dog and handler, including: agility, herding, flyball, canine disc, cart pulling and sledding.

● Although activity training can be useful, like in the case of detection dogs or search and rescue, most people train simply for the enjoyment of the sport.

THE AMERICAN KENNEL CLUB’S CANINE GOOD CITIZEN PROGRAM● What does AKC CGC stand for?● The CGC program is comprised of 2 major components:

1. Teaching responsible dog ownership to owners.2. Certifying dogs that have the training and behaviors needed to be reliable, well-behaved members of their families and communities.

Components (CGC Test Items)● Designed to evaluate a dog’s behavior in everyday situations, such as greeting a

stranger and being out in public. ● Always held in a relaxed and non-competitive atmosphere; there is no winning or

losing against other candidates.

Name the 10 Tests performed for the CGC class:1. Test #1: Accepting a Friendly Stranger2. Test #2: Sitting Politely for Petting3. Test #3: Appearance and Grooming4. Test #4: Out for a Walk (Walking on a Loose-Lead)5. Test #5: Walking through a Crowd6. Test #6: Sit and Down on Command and Staying in Place7. Test #7: Coming when Called8. Test #8: Reaction to another Dog9. Test #9: Reaction to Distraction10. Test #10: Supervised Separation

Test #1: Accepting a Friendly Stranger● This test demonstrates that the dog will allow a friendly stranger to approach him

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and speak to the handler in a natural, everyday situation.● The Evaluator walks up to the dog and handler and greets the handler in a friendly

manner, ignoring the dog.● The Evaluator and handler shake hands and exchange pleasantries.● The dog must show no sign of resentment or shyness, and must not break

position or try to go to the Evaluator.

Test #2: Sitting Politely for Petting● This test demonstrates that the dog will allow a friendly stranger to touch him

while out with his handler. ● With the dog sitting at the handler’s side, to begin the exercise, the Evaluator pets

the dog on the head and body.● The handler may talk to her dog throughout the exercise.● The dog may stand in place as he or she is petted.● The dog must not show shyness or resentment.

Test #3: Appearance and Grooming● This practical test demonstrates that the dog will welcome being groomed and

examined and will permit someone, such as a veterinarian, groomer, or friend of the owner, to do so.

● It also demonstrates the owner’s care, concern and sense of responsibility.● The Evaluator inspects the dog to determine if he or she is clean and groomed.● It is not necessary for the dog to hold a specific position during the examination,

and the handler may talk to the dog, praise him and give encouragement throughout.

Test #4: Out for a walk (walking on a loose lead)● This test demonstrates that the handler is in control of the dog.● The dog may be on either side of the handler.● The dog’s position should leave no doubt that the dog is attentive to the handler

and is responding to the handler’s movements and changes of direction.● In either case, there should be a right turn, left turn, and an about turn with a least

one stop in between and another at the end.

Test #5: Walking through a crowd● This test demonstrates that the dog can move about politely in pedestrian traffic

and is under control in public places.

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● The dog and handler walk around and pass close to several people (at least three).● The dog may show some interest in the strangers but should continue to walk

with the handler, without evidence of over-exuberance, shyness or resentment.● The handler may talk to the dog and encourage or praise the dog throughout the

test.● The dog should not jump on people in the crowd or put strain on the leash.

Test #6: Sit and Down on Command and Staying in Place● This test demonstrates that the dog has training, will respond to the handler’s

commands to sit and down and will remain in the place commanded by the handler (sit or down position, whichever the handler prefers).

● The dog must do sit and down on command, then the owner chooses the position for leaving the in the stay.

● The dog must remain in the place in which he or she was left (he or she may change position) until the Evaluator instructs the handler to release the dog.

● The dog can be released from either the front or the side.

Test #7: Coming when called● This test demonstrates that the dog will come when called by the handler.● The handler will walk 10 feet from the dog, turn to face the dog, and call the dog.● The handler may use encouragement to get the dog to come.● Handlers may choose to tell dogs to “stay” or “wait” or they may simply walk

away, giving no instructions to the dog.

Test #8: Reaction to another dog● This test demonstrates that the dog can behave politely around other dogs.● Two handlers and their dogs approach each other from a distance of about 20

feet, stop, shake hands and exchange pleasantries, and continue on for about 10 feet.

● The dogs should show no more than casual interest in each other.● Neither dog should go to the other dog or his handler.

Test #9: Reaction to distraction● This test demonstrates that the dog is confident at all times when faced with

common distracting situations.● The Evaluator will select and present two distractions.● Examples of distractions include dropping a chair, rolling a crate dolly past the

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dog, having a jogger in front of the dog, or dropping a crutch or cane.● The dog may express natural interest and curiosity and/or may appear slightly

startled but should not panic, try to run away, show aggressiveness, or bark.● The handler may talk to the dog and encourage or praise him throughout the

exercise.

Test #10: Supervised Separation● This test demonstrates that a dog can be left with a trusted person, if necessary,

and will maintain training and good manners.● Evaluators are encouraged to say something like, “Would you like me to watch

your dog?” and then take hold of the dog’s leash.● The owner will go out of sight for three minutes.● The dog does not have to stay in position but should not continually bark, whine,

or pace unnecessarily, or show anything stronger than mild agitation or nervousness.

● Evaluators may talk to the dog but should not engage in excessive talking, petting, or management attempts (e.g., “there, there, it’s alright”).

EQUIPMENTName 3 tools that are not allowed to use during testing

1. Food treats and a treat pouch2. Specialty training collars, such as head collars3. A clicker, if you prefer to utilize clicker training methods

ENCOURAGEMENT● Verbal praise and encouragement are acceptable during the test.● The owner may also pet the dog between test items.● Food treats and toys are not allowed during testing, though they may be used

during the training process.● Harsh corrections are not permitted in the test and are grounds for dismissal.

PASSING THE TEST● Passing the test and obtaining certification involve completing all 10 items

successfully within the limits described.● Thus, no extra equipment or bribery may be used to coax the dog into

compliance.● Grading is done on a pass or fail basis.

FAILING THE TESTA dog fails the test if he or she:

● Eliminates during testing, except for during test item #10 if is held outdoors.● Growls, snaps, bites, attacks, or attempts to attack a person or another dog.

GETTING YOUR CERTIFICATE

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● As of April 2001, the AKC issues all CGC certificates.● Prior to April 2001, certificates were hand-written and issued by the CGC

Evaluator.● Dog owners are provided two parts of the three-part test from at the beginning of

the CGC testing process.● The form instructs dog owners to send one copy of the test form to the AKC with

a nominal fee of $5.● This fee covers the cost of the certificate.

AFTER CGC-WHAT’S NEXTName 5 suggestions for activities post-CGC.

1. Advanced obedience2. Agility3. Tracking4. Performance events5. Therapy - Therapy Dogs International (TDI)

WHAT DO OWNERS WANT FROM THEIR DOGS?● You must ask yourself and the owner this question every time you begin a training

program.● Some owners want obedience, some want to train their dogs to perform a specific

activity and some don’t care at all about obedience; they just want their dogs to stop peeing in the house, running out the front door and pulling them down the street while on walks.

● Most owners want a combination of obedience and problem solving.● Dog trainers should know the difference and should strive to educate the owner

that a combined obedience and problem solving program is what they desire and need.

TEMPERAMENT● Whether you’re a breeder, pet owner, trainer or any other animal professional, we

all want to have dogs with good temperaments.● Responsible breeders strive to produce puppies that are genetically sound in

body and mind.● Pet owners hope that they’ve adopted a puppy with a good temperament.● Competitors and trainers often evaluate and reject dogs who don’t display the

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correct temperament for the tasks they are required to perform.

PERSONALITY TRAITSName 7 personality traits

1. Timid, Shy, Fearful2. Stubborn, Dominant, Self-Willed3. Nervous, Anxious, Restless4. Hyper, Excitable, Squirmy, Fidgety5. Calm, Tranquil, Low-Energy6. Aggressive, Combative7. Responsive, Eager, Moldable

Drives Used During Training● Behavior drives are the instincts that make dogs act the way they do.● Almost everything a dog does can be attributed to a specific behavior drive.● Drives are usually genetic and are consistent within a breed or breed group.● Most purebred dogs are specifically bred to enhance certain drives which make

them easier to train and better at their intended jobs.● A dog’s drives should always be considered in every training program.● ABC has labeled the main drives used in training, such as the sociability drive, the

food drive and the prey drive.

SOCIABILITY DRIVE● Sociability drive refers to a dog’s innate friendliness and desire for

companionship in relation to humans and other dogs. Name 3 Drives used in training

1. Overly Social2. Neutral3. Unsociable

OVERLY SOCIAL● Overly-social dogs often display wild and over-exuberant greetings.● These dogs enjoy human contact and are usually very responsive to voices,

petting and human interaction in general.● Overly-social dogs typically have a strong desire to please you, commonly

rendering them easier to train.● However, some overly-social dogs can get quite slighted by punishment and shut

down (Golden Retrievers are a prime example).

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NEUTRAL● Neutral dogs are typically very affectionate with their owners, but may not

respond as well to strangers.● Some neutral dogs may actually have a lack of confidence that should be

addressed and dealt with positive reinforcement training methods.● Some dogs have learned to ignore people outside of their own territory as a

defense mechanism to a perceived threat.● These same dogs may be very territorial and defensive at home because they

perceive it to be their own territory.● These dogs may respond better and learn quicker when trained by their owners,

but should be encouraged to have positive interactions with others as well.

UNSOCIABLE● Unsociable dogs ordinarily will not approach strangers, nor will they allow

themselves to be approached.● These dogs may even behave aggressively if strangers enter their comfort zone.● This can be an inherited or learned behavior.● Some dogs may have learned that growling or barking is an effective way to

prevent strangers from approaching.● This type of dog will require counterconditioning and behavior modification as

part of his training program.

FOOD DRIVE● Food drive can be defined as a dog’s willingness to offer behavior in exchange for

food.● Many trainers consider food to be the simplest motivator to use for training, both

of the dog and the owner.● A dog with a high food drive will usually adapt to any new situation if it involves

the opportunity for food.● In addition, owners typically grasp the concept of withholding food as a correction

for noncompliance.● It is often more difficult for owners to understand the concept of depriving their

dogs of verbal or physical interaction as a correction for noncompliance.

PREY DRIVE● Prey drive can be defined as a dog’s eagerness to chase and catch an object or to

play tug-of-war.● A dog enjoys chasing a ball or toy may respond very well to a trainer offering a

toy as a reward.● Some dogs have a higher prey drive than others, such as some terriers who were

bred to hunt.● When attempting to build a dog’s prey drive, it may be necessary to limit exposure

to the dog’s favorite ball or toy to training sessions only.

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● If the dog you’re working with doesn’t have a high prey drive, using a toy as a reward may be an exercise in futility.

DRIVES THAT MAY IMPACT TRAININGAdditional drives that may impact a training program to a lesser degree include the play and defense drives.

Name 2 drives that may impact training1. Play Drive2. Defense Drive

PLAY DRIVE● Play drive can be described as a dog’s desire to play with other dogs and people.● While this drive can be included in training, it is usually too distracting or difficult

to bestow as a reward.● A dog who wants to play all the time can be especially difficult to work with.

DEFENSIVE DRIVE● Defensive drive can be described as a dog’s drive to protect himself, his territory

or his owner.● This drive often surfaces when harsh training methods are utilized.● It typically manifests itself as aggression when the drive is developed for bite

sports.

OTHER TRAITS THAT MAY IMPACT TRAINING● A dog’s independence and hardness should also be considered during training.

Independence● Independence can be defined as a dog’s need to govern himself.● Some dogs are born leaders and do not easily take direction from outside

sources.● These dogs may be pushy and/or unresponsive.● It is very important to develop a training drive, such as food or prey, to help these

dogs modify or learn new behaviors.

Hardness● Hardness can be described as a dog’s tolerance for pain and his ability to recover

from it.

Hard Dog● A hard dog can accept great amounts of pain without appearing to notice.● Some dogs, such as Labrador Retrievers, Hounds or Pit Bulls, are bred to have

“tough” hides.● While most people think this is a license to use harsh correction, the opposite is

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actually true.● A harsh correction on a hard dog is unlikely to have much effect on the dog’s

behavior; motivation will be much more effective.

Soft Dog● A soft dog who cannot tolerate pain in any fashion and will cower or cry at the

slightest provocation.● Most dogs fall somewhere in between hard and soft.

Name 3 main categories based on training philosophies and techniques1. Hard Dog2. Most Dog3. Soft Dog

POSITIVE-ONLY TRAINER● Positive-only trainers use positive methods (i.e., luring, capturing) only.● The use of food rewards is standard and they do not use any corrections in their

training program.● They believe the use of any punishment is unnecessary, and some even believe it

is abusive.

BALANCED TRAINER● Balanced trainers use positive methods (i.e., luring, capturing,) when they

introduce new behaviors.● Food and toy rewards are customary.● They use No Reward Markers (i.e., “Oops”, Eh-Eh”) and negative punishment

(removing the opportunity for reward) to shape and proof behaviors.● Mild judicial physical corrections, (i.e., leash and collar corrections) are only

considered after other methods have been exhausted and the effectiveness of the training program is in jeopardy.

COMPULSION TRAINER● Compulsion trainers typically have the “do it because I tell you to” attitude.● Compulsion trainers use leash corrections and other punishments to introduce,

train and maintain new behaviors.● The dog’s primary motivation for compliance is to avoid correction.

ABC CERTIFIED DOG TRAINER● ABC Certified Dog Trainers do not subscribe to nor condemn other training

professionals for their beliefs.● ABC Certified Dog Trainers have successfully completed a dog training program

that falls in the Balanced Trainer category.

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● While the ABC Dog Training Program is an overwhelmingly positive motivation-based program, it is ABC’s position that it is unlikely that you will be able to desensitize every dog to every possible distraction using positive reinforcement and negative punishment alone.

PUNISHMENT● Understanding punishment is extremely important, whether you decide to use it or

not.● In this section, we will supply you with the information, criteria and guidelines

regarding the use of punishment.

ABC has grouped punishment into several different categories:1. Negative Punishment2. Environmental Punishment3. Positive Punishment4. Negative Reinforcement

NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT ● Negative punishment is a form of correction.● It is the removal of something the dog values.● If you remove something he didn’t want in the first place, such as a tennis ball he

never plays with, you’re probably reinforcing his behavior.● When using negative punishment, it is important that the dog understand his

actions have just lost him the opportunity to earn the reward.● This is done by making sure the incorrect response is immediately followed by the

No Reward Marker and the punishment.

Name 3 examples of negative punishment1. Removing the opportunity for the dog to earn a food treat2. Removing the opportunity for the dog to play with his favorite toy3. Removing yourself from the training area, or removing your attention

ENVIRONMENTAL PUNISHMENT● Environmental punishment is a form of correction.● This type of punishment involves the modification of a dog’s environment, which

results in the dog learning not to present the unwanted behavior even when the actual punishment has been removed.

Name 4 examples of environmental punishment1. Burying feces in the dog’s favorite digging spot2. Placing a motion-sensor shriek alarm in the garbage can that will sound off the

instant dog touches the garbage can3. Installing an underground electric fence to keep the dog out of forbidden areas

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4. Spraying forbidden items with an anti-chewing deterrent

Name 4 examples of environmental management techniques1. Making the fence high enough so that the dog can’t jump over it2. Putting the dog’s favorite unacceptable objects where he can’t get to them3. Providing adequate physical stimulation (i.e., exercise, exercise, exercise)4. Providing adequate mental stimulation (i.e., interactive toys)

POSITIVE PUNISHMENT

PHYSICAL CORRECTION● Positive punishment, which involves physical correction, is probably the most

controversial subject among professional dog trainers today.● Physical correction techniques can range from mild in discomfort to moderate in

discomfort.● In addition, the same physical correction technique can vary in sensation from

dog to dog.● Remember that the dog ultimately determines what constitutes a mild or moderate

physical correction.

EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE PUNISHMENT

Name 5 examples of Mild Physical Correction1. One “pop” leash correction with a flat buckle collar2. One “pop” leash correction with a choke chain collar3. One leash correction with a pinch collar4. Stepping on the leash5. One squirt of water

Name 3 examples of Moderate Physical Correction1. Two consecutive “pop” leash corrections with a flat collar2. Two consecutive “pop” leash corrections with a choke chain collar3. Two consecutive leash corrections with a pinch collar

“POP” LEASH CORRECTION WITH A FLAT COLLAR OR CHOKE COLLAR● A “pop” leash correction is a quick motion where you abruptly tug the leash hard

enough to momentarily tighten the collar around the dog’s neck, then immediately release the pressure.

● This is sometimes called a “pop” or “leash pop.”● Before considering this correction, please review “Important Points to Remember

about Corrections” in the Learning Theory stage.

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STEPPING ON THE LEASH● Stepping on the leash is considered by some trainers to be very effective because

the dog doesn’t see the owner actually doing anything to correct him.● By stepping on the leash so the dog’s front feet can only come one to two inches

off the ground or so he can only move so far in any direction, the dog actually corrects himself.

● Since it is important that the dog does not associate the leash with correction, it will be necessary for the dog to drag the leash around for about 10 minutes per day without practicing any obedience.

● You do not want the dog to conclude that when you put the leash on him, the rules change.

● Make sure to instruct clients to never leave leashes on their dogs while unattended as this is a safety hazard.

SQUIRTING WATER IN THE DOG’S FACE● Squirting water in a dog’s face is only effective if the particular dog finds it

unpleasant.● It will be necessary to keep the squirt bottle hidden until you actually use it, since

the dog can learn to watch for the squirt bottle and only refrain from the undesired behavior when the squirt bottle is present.

● If the dog is frightened by this technique, stop using it immediately.● Never use this or any other “surprise” correction technique on a fearful dog or

any puppy under the age of 16 weeks.

PINCH OR PRONG COLLAR LEASH CORRECTION● The pinch or prong collar is considered by some to be a self-correcting collar,

thus making it a potential collar option for elderly dog owners with large-breed or excitable dogs.

● The drawback is that the dog typically knows when the collar is on and will adjust his behavior accordingly.

VERBAL OR AUDITORY CORRECTION● A verbal or auditory correction is the use of a word or phrase (i.e., “bad dog”) or

sound (i.e., horn) that the dog finds unpleasant.● Some sounds will naturally be displeasing to the dog does not already find

obnoxious, the sound or word will need to become a conditioned punisher to be effective.

● In order for this to happen, the conditioned punisher (i.e., “bad”) must be paired

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with an unconditioned punisher (i.e., something the dog finds unpleasant) until the dog equates them.

● Do not confuse this with a No Reward Marker.

Name 4 examples of positive punishment, verbal or auditory corrections1. “Bad Dog”2. Horn3. Whistle4. Shaker Can

VERBAL CORRECTION (bad dog)● Be selective when choosing this technique.● The word of phrase you select as a verbal correction should never be used at any

other time.

AUDITORY CORRECTION (shaker can)● Shaking an aluminum can with approximately 25 pennies in it (shaker can) is

another example of positive punishment.● The instant the dog jumps up, shake the can of pennies from behind your back.● This should cause the dog to stop jumping momentarily.● As soon as he has all four paws on the floor, say “Good” and praise him.● Never use this or any other “surprise” correction technique on a fearful dog or

any puppy under the age of 16 weeks.

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENTNegative reinforcement is the removal of something the dog considers unpleasant the instant he performs the desired behavior.

Name 3 examples of negative reinforcement1. Releasing the pressure on a flat buckle collar the moment the dog achieves the

sitting position2. Discontinuing the electronic stimulation on an electronic collar the instant the dog

stops jumping3. Releasing the downward pressure on the dog’s back once he assumes the down

position

WHY ARE PUNISHMENT TECHNIQUES STILL POPULAR TODAY?1. They work

○ Punishment techniques have been successful in the past because punishment suppresses all behavioral responses, including the undesirable ones.

○ Unfortunately, some dogs are more sensitive to punishments than other

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dogs.○ If all dogs “shut down” or stopped offering behaviors altogether after each

leash correction, punishment would not be used at all.○ The fact that only some dogs shut down or stop offering behavior is not

reason enough for all trainers to stop using these techniques.

2. These techniques were used on us○ Our society is widely based on punishment techniques such as tickets for

speeding, getting fired for poor job performance, getting yelled at or spanked for violating a rule, etc.

○ Our society does not reward people who obey the speed limit, do their jobs well or follow the rules.

○ These things are expected, not rewarded.○ It’s easiest to use the techniques with which we are familiar.

3. The act of punishment itself can be rewarding to the punisher○ Punishment can serve as revenge for whatever the punisher views as

deliberate acts of defiance against her.○ Punishment can also be viewed as an effective way to establish and

maintain dominance.

COMMON TRAINING TERMS

BRIBE● TRAINING DEFINITION: Showing the dog something he values, prior to

requesting a known behavior or cue, in an attempt to induce compliance.

● TRAINING EXAMPLE: You want the dog to come to you. The dog knows what you want, but will not come. You show the dog a biscuit because the dog won’t come to you without opportunity for reward.

CAPTURING● TRAINING DEFINITION: Waiting for the dog to do a particular movement, then

rewarding him the instant he does. The trainer does not cue or prompt the dog in any way. She just waits for the dog to offer the behavior on his own.

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● TRAINING EXAMPLE: You wait for the dog to lie down, then immediately reward him where he does.

LURE● TRAINING DEFINITION: Tempting the dog with something he values in an effort to

draw him into a new behavior or cue.● TRAINING EXAMPLE: You want the dog to come. The dog doesn’t know or is

unsure of what you want. With a biscuit concealed in your hand, you entice the dog to move toward you, and reward him when he does.

MOLDING● TRAINING DEFINITION: Physically placing the dog into a desired position.● TRAINING EXAMPLE: You physically guide the dog into the down position.

REWARD MARKER● TRAINING DEFINITION: A “No Reward Marker” is a training term; a cue that tells

your dog “that’s not what I’m looking for, please try something else.”● TRAINING EXAMPLE: You use an auditory signal, such as the words “Eh-Eh,” to

indicate a behavior that is not correct.

PROOFING● TRAINING DEFINITION: Testing the dog’s knowledge of a behavior.● TRAINING EXAMPLE: Proofing is a process. You practice the Sit cue in a

moderately distracting environment until the dog is compliant at least 90% of the time.

PUNISHMENT● TRAINING DEFINITION: Anything that decreases the probability that the dog will

repeat a behavior.● TRAINING EXAMPLE: You give a No Reward Marker, turning away from the dog

and removing eye contact, the instant he offers a less-than-acceptable response.

REINFORCEMENT● TRAINING DEFINITION: Anything that increases the probability the dog will repeat

a behavior.● TRAINING EXAMPLE: You reward the dog the instant he performs a desired

behavior properly.

REWARD● TRAINING DEFINITION: Giving the dog something he values, which is unseen until

after the requested cue or behavior is performed.● TRAINING EXAMPLE: You want the dog to come. You call the dog. You give the

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dog the hidden reward after he has come.

SHAPING● TRAINING DEFINITION: Modifying an existing behavior by rewarding any progress

the dog makes toward the desired goal.● TRAINING EXAMPLE: You reward the dog for any lowing of his body towards the

ground while teaching the Down cue.

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