Stage 6 Notes

● puellae ambulant. servus laborat.● leo dormit. mercatores currunt.

● So far in all five stages we have only seen verbs in the present tense.

● In stage six we will see verbs in two different past tenses.

● These tenses are called the imperfect and perfect tenses.

● Imperfect tense

● puellae ambulabant. servus laborabat.● leo dormiebat. mercatores currebant.

● These verbs are part of the imperfect tense.

● The imperfect tense is recognized by the the infinitive stem + –ba ending plus a -t or -nt verb ending we have already learned about.

● This tense conveys an incomplete or uncompleted action that is going on for a length of time in the past.

● The imperfect tense is translated as-● was/were (blank) ing

● sedebat- he was sitting, kept sitting, used to sit● sedebant- they were sitting; kept sitting, used to sit

● To form the imperfect tense, take your stem from the infinitive by chopping off the -re and attach the letters -BA.

● Then stick the person indicators on the end!

Lets conjugate laboro, laborare into the imperfect tense.What stem will we attach to the imp endings?

labora-

● Form the imperfect tense of laboro, laborare, laboravi: to work.

●

● laboraBAM laboraBAMUS● laboraBAS laboraBATIS● laboraBAT laboraBANT

I was working, I used to work, I kept working

you were working, you used to work...etc.

● Form the imperfect tense of video, vidēre, vidi: to see.

● videBAM videBAMUS videBAS videBATIS

videBAT videBANT

Imperfect for the verb “TO BE” = “esse”era + person indicators

eraM eraMUSeraS eraTISeraT eraNT

I was we wereyou were you all werehe was they were

● the imperfect tense of ‘to be’ looks like this:

● Caecilius erat in foro.● Caecilius was in the forum.

● puellae erant in villa.● The girls were in the house.

Perfect tense

● puellae ambulaverunt. servus laboravit.

● leo dormivit. mercatores cucurrerunt.

● The verbs in the sentences above all belong to the perfect tense.

● The Perfect tense refers to something in the past tense that happened once and is finished.

● It is translated into English with the past tense ending -ed.

● The endings for the perfect tense are very different. A few still have the person indicators. Learn these!

-i -imus-isti -istis-it -erunt

● You can identify the perfect tense by the third principle part of the verb

● The perfect tense is translated as (blank) ed.

● To form the perfect tense, take the third principle part and cut off the letter - i .

● Then attach the perfect endings

● What is the perfect stem of laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratus? laborav-

● Form the perfect tense of voco, vocāre, vocavi: ● Drop the -i from the 3rd principal part and add the

perfect endings. They are in red below:●

vocavI vocavIMUS vocavISTI vocavISTIS vocavIT vocavERUNT

● Typically a verb listed in the dictionary will look like this: (pp = principal part)

● laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratus 1st pp 2nd pp 3rd pp4th pp

● 1st pres, infin, 1st perfect, participle

Cut off -re to get stem to attach to present

and imperfect endings

Cut off -i to get stem to attach

to perfect endings