stages of human growth (pre-natal development - senescence)
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Stages Stages of of
Human Human GrowthGrowth
Stages of
Human Growth
GROWTHGROWTH
- increase in quantity
- multiplication of cells
- anatomical & physiological changes
generallygenerally refers to refers to
changes in changes in sizesize
DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT - increase in quality
- expansion of cells
- emergence of psychological attributes, ideas, & acquisition of motor and sensory skills
Occurs Occurs through through
maturationmaturation of physical of physical and mental and mental capacities, capacities,
and learningand learning
As individuals pass through the various stages of life, FOUR MAIN TYPES FOUR MAIN TYPES of growth and development occur :
PHYSICALPHYSICAL
Refers to body growth; includes height and weight changes, muscle and nerve development, and changes in body organs.
MENTALMENTAL
Refers to development of the mind; includes learning how to solve problems, make judgements and deal with situations.
EMOTIONALEMOTIONAL
Refers to feelings; includes dealing with love, hate, joy, fear, excitement, and other similar feelings.
SOCIALSOCIAL
Refers to interactions and relationship with others.
STAGES OF GROWTHSTAGES OF GROWTH
I) PRENATAL STAGEI) PRENATAL STAGE
- Embryonic stage / 1st Trimester (conception - 8th week)- Early Foetal stage / 2nd Trimester (9th - 24th week)- Late Foetal stage / 3rd Trimester (25th week - birth)
~ TRANSITION PERIOD ~~ TRANSITION PERIOD ~
II) POST-NATAL STAGEPOST-NATAL STAGE
- INFANCY- Neo-natal stage (birth - 1st month)- Infancy Proper (1st month – 1 year)- Late Infancy (entire 2nd year)
- CHILDHOOD- Early Childhood (2 – 6 years)- Middle Childhood (7 – 10 years)- Late Childhood (10th year - puberty)
- ADOLESCENCE (varies with gender)
- ADULTHOOD (F: 20 – 50 years; M: 22 – 60 years)
- SENESCENCE
PRENATALPRENATAL DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
CHANGES DURING GESTATION PERIOD
Cleavage – after fertilization, it is the first cell division
Implantation of ovum – growing zygote attaches to the mother's uterine; mother starts giving nutrition to zygote; many fold of growth occur and growth of cells is very fast
Formation of germ layers
Formation of embryonic organs – limbs, heart
Foetal organ formation – development from one chamber heart to 4 chamber heart
Foetal development – every main part or organ
EARLY FOETAL STAGE
- organs are distinguished
- increase in length of foetus (by the end of 6th month, foetus attains 70% of its birth length & 20% of its birth weight
- the most stable period
LATE FOETAL STAGE
- increase in mass / weight
- very less increase in linear dimension (since 70% already attained)
- the weight-gaining period, hence diet of mother should be proper
Prenatal BRAIN DEVELOPMENTPrenatal BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
INFANCYINFANCY
- very fast changing phase
- rate of growth is very fast, but not as much as in Prenatal stage
- a nutrition-dependent phase
- high velocity of growth declines after year 1
- nervous system develops faster
- birth weight and length increases (usually doubles weight by 9 months)
- uncoordinated movements
- responds to human touch & voice
- poor vision (focusing range = 8 to 12 inches)
- Reflexes: sucking, grasping, stepping, rooting, startle
3 months3 months Infants can sit with their head held steady for a few seconds, if supportedInfants can sit with their head held steady for a few seconds, if supported
6 months 6 months Infants have more strength and muscle control. They can lift their heads , sit without support, and turn their head Infants have more strength and muscle control. They can lift their heads , sit without support, and turn their head to look around. to look around.
They can pull themselves up when their hands are graspedThey can pull themselves up when their hands are grasped
9 months9 months Infants can sit unsupported for ten minutes.Infants can sit unsupported for ten minutes.
They are starting to move independently by rolling or squirming.They are starting to move independently by rolling or squirming.
They can pull themselves to stand, and can stand holding onto soemthing for a few moments They can pull themselves to stand, and can stand holding onto soemthing for a few moments
12 months 12 months Infants can get from a lying to a sitting position without help.Infants can get from a lying to a sitting position without help.
They crawl rapidly.They crawl rapidly.
They can walk by holding onto furniture and stand alone for a few monments.They can walk by holding onto furniture and stand alone for a few monments.
15 months15 months Infants can get on their feet alone.Infants can get on their feet alone.
They can walk and crawl upstairs. They can walk and crawl upstairs.
18 months18 months Infants can run, walk upstairs and crawl downstairs .Infants can run, walk upstairs and crawl downstairs .
2 years 2 years Infants can walk downstairs.Infants can walk downstairs.
3 years 3 years Infants can climb on play equipment, ride a tricycle and throw and catch a ball. Infants can climb on play equipment, ride a tricycle and throw and catch a ball.
INFANCY – PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENTINFANCY – PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Infancy – Brain Development
CHILDHOODCHILDHOODEARLY CHILDHOOD (2 – 6 YEARS)
- rate of growth decreases or slows down; growth is slowest by the 3rd year, but stable and consistently increasing
- learning ability which was launched in the 1st year becomes faster as the child is exposed to new environment
- all the psychomotor skills are enhancing; muscle coordination allows the child to run, climb, move freely
- speech is learned; child recognizes letters and some words
- teeth erupt
- short attention span
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (7-10 YEARS)
- most stable period of childhood
- all changes are consolidated because of differential rate of growth
- by the 9th year, body proportion of the growing child changes
- growth of brain is almost 95%
- replacement of milk teeth by permanent teeth is almost complete, with the exception of the 2nd molars.
LATE CHILDHOOD (10TH YEAR - PUBERTY)
- phase influenced by growth of sex hormones
- development of reproductive system and secondary sexual dimensions occur
- linear growth under the influence of these hormones / systems is fast
- there is a sudden increase in the linear dimension, which is known as ADOLESCENCE SPURT
- complex motor-sensory coordination
- understanding of abstract concepts, enhanced reading, writing and speech skills
- visual acuity is at its best
Stages of ChildhoodStages of ChildhoodPiaget's Stages of Piaget's Stages of
Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
ADOLESCENCEADOLESCENCE
- In this pubertal phase there is separation of body size, shape and form between males and females
- Males have broader shoulders, more muscles, while females have narrow shoulders, broad hips and more fat
- complete separation of physique; body is filled with subcutaneous fat
- onset of oogenesis and spermatogenesis
- change of voice is noticeable in males
- in females, MENARCHE follows within 6 weeks of spurt
Adolescence – Physical Development at Puberty
ADULTHOODADULTHOOD- stage reached in 18 years in females, and 20 years in males
- period of child-bearing age
- long bones stop growing; linear growth stops; terminal stage for linear dimension
- bones and muscular development completed in this stage
MIDDLE ADULTHOOD / MIDDLE-AGEMIDDLE ADULTHOOD / MIDDLE-AGE(40-65 years)
- muscle tone decreases
- hair greys, skin wrinkles
- hearing loss, visual acuity loss
- weight gain
SENESCENCESENESCENCEOr Late Adulthood (65 years and above)
- also known as declining stage (negative growth)
- at the age of 60+ there is a decrease in stature because of compression of vertebral disc
- memory loss can occur and reasoning ability can diminish
- mineralization increases; bones become brittle and more susceptible to fracture
- decrease in functional ability
- teeth loosen
- decrease in water content
- immune system becomes weaker
- muscles deteriorate
SUMMARYSUMMARY
Individual Differences to take into ConsiderationIndividual Differences to take into Consideration
Cultural & Subcultural
Rites of passageValue system
Rituals
Ethnic Features
Facial featuresSkin tones
Physical differences
AnomaliesDisabilities
Religiousdifferences Predisposition to
Personalities
Thank
you
~ ~ Bedashree ChoudhuryBedashree Choudhury
B.Sc(H) B.Sc(H) AnthropologyAnthropology
Part – III, Sem. - VPart – III, Sem. - V