Standard 4

Impact on Native Americans

• During and After the Civil War– The government encouraged westward settlement– Transcontinental RR brought more people– RR builders encouraged the killing of buffalo• Could ruin the tracks

– US government took land from tribes and forced NA onto reservations

– NA resisted (Wounded Knee) but lost their tribal lands and were forced to assimilate

Factors of Production

• Land– Resources

• Labor– People

• Capital– Money

• Technology– New Ideas

• Entrepreneurship– Risk to start a business

Natural Resources

1. Water2. Timber3. Coal4. Iron5. Copper

• Petroleum (Oil) Kerosene (stoves/lanterns)

Government Aid

• US gov’t wanted to promote businesses

• Dartmouth v. Woodward- 1819– Limited states’ power over

businesses

• Patent laws protected inventions• Gibbons v. Ogden- 1824

– US gov’t has the power to regulate interstate commerce (passes over state lines)

• Morrill Tariff- 1861– Higher tariffs placed on foreign

goods. – PROTECTION from foreign

markets.

Chinese Exclusion Act

• 1882• Prohibited most Chinese

from entering the United States

• Did not include:– Students– Teachers– Merchants– Tourists– Government Officials

• Take jobs from Americans

Capitalism

• Economic system• Private ownership of

property• Used the property to make

a profit for the individual or the corporation– Railroad– Steel– Lumber– Meat Packing– Coal

Railroads

• Transcontinental Railroad– Sea to sea

• 1890s– 200,000 miles

• Created new towns/markets

• Abuse– High prices

Steel

• Used coal to heat/melt iron Steel

• Bessemer Process– 1850– Injected air into molten iron– Removed carbon and

impurities– Made stronger steel

• Brooklyn Bridge (1883)• Skyscrapers• Railroads

Oil

1859• Edwin L. Drake• Used the steam engine

to drill for oil

Standard 4

Andrew Carnegie

• Carnegie Steel Company– By 1899, it produced

more steel than all of GB

• Vertical Integration – – Bought out suppliers– Controlled raw materials

& transport

John D. Rockefeller

• Standard Oil Company• Joined with competing

companies • Horizontal Integration – – Bought out or aligned

with competition– Control of oil market

Social Darwinism

• Evolution of human society

• Rich = God’s favor• Poor = lazy/inferior• Laissez Faire

Capitalism– “allow to do”– Economy controls itself– No government

regulation

Can’t beat ‘em, Join ‘em!

• Monopoly – complete control of industry– Production– Wages– Prices

• Trust Agreement- several similar businesses aligned together– Owners earn money off

each other's profit

Government Control

• Sherman Antitrust Act– 1890– Illegal to interfere with

free trade between states and countries

– Eventually failed

• Trusts/Monopolies were too powerful

• Government was too weak to enforce the law

Criticism of Capitalism

• “Robber Barons”- American capitalists of the late 19th c. who became wealthy through exploitation– Natural resources,

governmental influence, or low wages

• Corrupt business owners or Captains of Industry?

Captains of Industry

• Carnegie-– Gospel of Wealth- those

with vast wealth had the responsibility to use it for good• Libraries, university,

music, philanthropy

• Rockefeller-– Philanthropist- a person

who is concerned about human welfare

Changes for Women

• Invention of the typewriter and the telephone– New job opportunities– New conveniences in the

home

Standard 4

• Monday

Supply and Demand

• Supply- goods being sold– How much to sell?– What price?

• Demand- people buying goods– What to buy?– What price?

Supply and Demand

• Price Decreases Demand Increases Supply Decreases

• Price Increases Demand Decreases Supply Increases

Issues for Farmers

1800s• Steel plow/Mechanized

reaper– Improved production– Led to surplus of crops– Crop prices fell

• Farmers mortgaged land

• Railroads

Issues for Railroads

• Railroad Prices– High prices to transport

goods

• No competition to lower prices– Cost more $ to ship grain from the

Dakotas to Minneapolis by rail than from Chicago to England by boat

• Interstate Commerce Act– Attempted to regulate RR– Crossed over state lines – Federal issue

Farmers Reform

• Farmers started working together to improve their economic issues

1867• The Grange – provide a social

outlet and education for isolated farm families

1870s• Farmers’ Alliances – Fought

the railroad companies– 4 mil members organized

together

Populism

• “Movement of the People”

• Farmers• Laborers

Populist Party1892• Protect democracy from “Big

Business”– Popular election of senators

(highest % wins)– Secret ballots (prevent

intimidation)– Graduated income tax (more

money you make, the more you pay)

– 8 hr work day– Immigration restrictions

• Successful in the South and West

Election of 1896William Jennings Bryan William McKinley

Populist Party Republican

Farmers and Laborers Bankers and Businessmen

Bimetallism- paper money backed by gold and/or silver; increased the money supply available to the nation

Gold Standard- paper money backed by only gold; less money available; each dollar was worth more

Cross of Gold Speech- the gold standard was referred to as a “crown of thorns” and a “cross of gold” meant to hurt the common person

Front Porch Campaign- most of his campaign was spent near his home; gave speeches only to those who he knew would support him

• McKinley won the election• Most people did not like Bimetallism

• Tuesday

Working Conditions

• 6-7 days a week• 12 + hr days• No Vacation• No Sick Days• No Worker’s Comp. • Dirty• Poorly Ventilated (no air flow)• Low wages

Working Conditions

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory• NYC, March 25, 1911• Fire spread quickly through oil-soaked

machines• All but one door locked (prevent theft)• No sprinklers • 146 women died

Wages

1899• Children– $0.27 for 14 hr day

• Women– ~ $267 per year

• Men– $498

• Andrew Carnegie (Steel Mogul)– $23 million per year

Labor Unions

• Why?– Negotiate between workers and owners

• Issues:– Pay, Hours, Working Conditions

• Tactics:– Strikes, Boycotts, Marches

• Knights of Labor, Industrial Workers of the World, American Federation of Labor

Strikes and Outrage• Protest• Stop working until demands are met• Often replaced by “scabs”– Workers who crossed picket lines

Famous StrikesWhen Where Who Why

The Great Strike of 1877

July 1877 Baltimore and Ohio

Railroad Workers

2 Wage Cuts

The Haymarket Affair (Protest)

May 4, 1886 Chicago Chicago Citizens

Police Brutality

The Homestead Strike

June 29, 1892 Pennsylvania Steel Workers Wage Cuts

The Pullman Company Strike

Spring 1894 Indiana Railroad Workers

Wage Cuts

Mother Jones’ Child Labor March

1903 New York and Washington D.C.

Children and Workers

Child Labor

• Wednesday

Urbanization

• Growth of cities• Immigrants• Farm-hands– 1890-1910: 200,000

• Exciting• Vast cultural

experiences

Problems- Housing

• Live on outskirts of city • Rent cramped rooms• Tenements- multifamily

houses

Problems- Transportation• Mass Transit- Transport.

Systems– Move large #s of people– Fixed routes

• Street Cars (1873)• Subways (1897)

Problems- Water

• Public Waterworks– Supply water

• No indoor plumbing• Filtration (1870s)– Prevent cholera & typhoid

Problems- Sanitation• Horse manure• Sewage (human)• Air pollution• Garbage• Nasty living conditions

Problems- Crime

• Pickpockets• Thieves

Problems- Fire• Limited water supply• Wooden buildings• Candles & kerosene• Volunteer Firefighters• The Great Chicago Fire

v. The San Francisco Earthquake (pg. 471)

• Thursday

European Immigrants• 1870-1920• 20 million on East Coast• Western and Northern

Europe 1st

• Southern and Eastern Europe later

• Religious freedom (Jews)• Rising population• Lack of jobs/land

Chinese Immigrants

• 1851-1883• 300,000 on West Coast• Limited by Congress• Gold• Railroads• Farming• Mining

Japanese Immigrants

• 1898 – US annexed Hawaii• 1884-1920• 200,000 on West Coast• Wages

West Indies Immigrants

• 1880-1920• 260,000 in South East• Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico• Jobs

Mexican Immigrants

• Late 1800s-1930• 700,000 (7% of Mexican pop.)• Western states• Jobs• Political turmoil• Farming

• Friday

The Progressive Movement

• A movement of the middle class

• Objected to paying taxes to corrupt city governments

• Desired better city services

Muckrakers

• Journalists who wrote stories exposing abuse in government and big business

• Inexpensive newspapers and books

• Upton Sinclair– The Jungle– Exposed the meat

packing industry

The Women’s Suffrage Movement

• The right for women to vote• Elizabeth Cady Stanton• Susan B. Anthony• Carrie Chapman Catt

– National American Women’s Suffrage Association

• Alice Paul– National Women’s Party

• Led to the 19th Amendment– Women gained the right to

vote

Corruption

• Robber Barons– Wealthy entrepreneurs known

to be criminal – Forced employees to vote their

way

• Spoils System– Rewarded political supporters

with government positions– Pendleton Act and Civil Service

Commission• Required applicants to pass a

test when applying for an official position

• Promotions based on merit not connections or loyalty

Jane Addams

• “Mother of Social Work”• Hull House

– Chicago– Poor neighborhoods– Aided immigrants and

underprivileged citizens– Provided education, English

lessons, child care, etc.

• Wanted to stop child labor• Improve economic, social,

and living conditions in cities

Theodore Roosevelt• 1st president to give support to

the rights of workers• ‘Bully Pulpit’• Anthracite Coal Mine Strike of

1902– Forced owners to negotiate with

their workers in order to avoid a strike

• Interstate Commerce Act– Regulated Railroads

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act– “trust-buster”

• Pure Food and Drug Act• Meat Inspection Act• National Parkers

Woodrow Wilson

• Elected in 1912• Opposed big business and

government• Federal Reserve Act

– Oversee banking in the US– Control of money circulation

• Clayton Antitrust Act– Legalize strikes, peaceful

picketing, and boycotts

• 16th Amendment– Graduated income tax from

individuals and businesses

• 17th Amendment– Direct election of Senators

Bull Moose Party