STANDARD 5THE STUDENT WILL EXPLAIN SPECIFIC EVENTS AND KEY

IDEAS THAT BROUGHT ABOUT THE ADOPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED STATES

CONSTITUTION.

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONAMERICAS FIRST FORM OF GOVERNMENT

HELD COUNTRY TOGETHER BUT WAS WEAK

• WRITTEN DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

• REFLECTED AMERICANS’ FEAR OF A POWERFUL NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

• STATES WERE GIVEN TOO MUCH POWER

• AS A RESULT, IT CREATED A GOVERNMENT THAT:

• HAD NO EXECUTIVE BRANCH

• LACKED THE POWER TO:

• TAX, REGULATE COMMERCE, OR ESTABLISH ONE NATIONAL CURRENCY

• NO NATIONAL COURT SYSTEM

• 9 OF 13 STATES NEEDED TO AGREE TO PASS A LAW

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

• GAVE INDIVIDUAL STATES MORE POWER THAN THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

• AS A RESULT, CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE STATES THREATENED THE EXISTENCE OF THE NATION

SHAY’S REBELLION

• MANY REBELLIONS BROKE OUT OVER A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME

• ONE OF THE MAJOR ONES WAS SHAYS’S REBELLION

• LEADERS FELT IT SET A PRECEDENT FOR MOB RULE

• DANIEL SHAYS LED MORE THAN A THOUSAND FARMERS WHO WERE BURDENED WITH PERSONAL DEBTS

• THESE DEBTS WERE CAUSED BY THE STATES’ REVOLUTIONARY WAR DEBTS

• SHAYS AND HIS MEN TRIED TO SEIZE A FEDERAL ARSENAL

SHAY’S REBELLION (CONT.)

• SINCE THE GOVERNMENT COULDN’T TAX, THEY COULD NOT FIX THE ECONOMY

• IN RESPONSE TO SHAY’S REBELLION

• GEORGE WASHINGTON SUPPORTED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A STRONGER CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

• HE WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION IN PHILADELPHIA

• HE AND THE FOUNDING FATHERS CREATED A FEDERALIST FORM OF GOVERNMENT FOR THE UNITED STATES

CONSTITUTIONREPLACES ARTICLES OF CONF.

• CONGRESS CALLED FOR A CONVENTION IN PHILADELPHIA AFTER SHAYS REBELLION TO REVISE THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

• US CONSTITUTION IS THE HIGHEST LEGAL AUTHORITY IN US GOVERNMENT

• FEDERAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT- POWER IS DIVIDED BETWEEN THE NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENT (

• POWER IS DIVIDED BETWEEN THE 3 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

FEDERALISTS VS. ANTI-FEDERALISTS

• THE CONSTITUTION HAD BEEN WRITTEN, BUT IT NEEDED TO BE RATIFIED (ACCEPTED)

• FEDERALISTS- SUPPORTED RATIFICATION

• SOME OPPOSED THE CONTENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION

• THEY WERE KNOWN AS THE ANTI-FEDERALISTS

• THEY BELIEVED THE GOVERNMENT WOULD BE TOO POWERFUL AND WOULD ELIMINATE THE POWER OF THE STATES

• THEY ALSO ARGUED THAT THE CONSTITUTION DID NOT DESCRIBE THE RIGHTS GUARANTEED TO THE STATES AND TO EACH CITIZEN

FEDERALIST PAPERS

• THE FEDERALISTS COUNTERED THEIR CLAIMS WITH THE FEDERALIST PAPERS

• THESE PAPERS SUPPORTED THE RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION

• THEY ALSO EXPLAINED THE INTENT BEHIND ITS MAJOR PROVISIONS

• THREE MAJOR MEMBERS WERE JAMES MADISON AND ALEXANDER HAMILTON AND JOHN JAY

BILL OF RIGHTS

• ANTI-FEDERALISTS WANTED THE BILL OF RIGHTS ADDED TO THE CONSTITUTION BECAUSE THEY BELIEVED CITIZENS NATURAL RIGHTS NEEDED PROTECTION

• AMENDMENTS 1-10 = BILL OF RIGHTS

• WAS ADDED AFTER THE RATIFICATION OF

CONSTITUTION RATIFIED DECEMBER 15, 1791

BILL OF RIGHTSProtects States’ and individuals’ Rights

1st Guarantees freedom of religion, of speech, and of the press, and the right to petition the government

2nd Guarantees the right to possess firearms

3rd Declares that the government may not require people to house soldiers during peacetime In response to the Quartering Act

4th Protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures

5th Guarantees that no one may be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law

6th Guarantees the right to a trial by jury in criminal cases

7th Guarantees the right to trial by jury in most civil cases

8th Prohibits excessive bails, fines, and punishments

9th Declares that rights not mentioned in the Constitution belong to the people

10th Declares that powers not given to the national government belong to the states or to the people

1ST AMENDMENT

• GIVES CITIZENS 5 BASIC FREEDOMS

• RELIGION, SPEECH, RIGHT OF PRESS, ASSEMBLE AND PETITION GOVERNMENT

• IT CAN BE LIMITED IF THE SAFETY OF PUBLIC IS IN DANGER

EX. YELLING FIRE IN A PACKED MOVIE THEATER!

THE GREAT COMPROMISE• ONE OF THE GREATEST ISSUES FACING THE DELEGATES

TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION:

• HOW DIFFERENT-SIZED STATES COULD HAVE EQUAL REPRESENTATION IN THE NEW GOVERNMENT

• STATES WITH LARGE POPULATIONS SUPPORTED A PLAN TO CREATE A LEGISLATIVE BRANCH IN WHICH REPRESENTATIVES WERE ASSIGNED BASED ON EACH STATE’S POPULATION

• STATES WITH SMALLER POPULATIONS SUPPORTED A PLAN TO CREATE A LEGISLATIVE BRANCH IN WHICH ALL STATES WERE EQUALLY REPRESENTED

• DELEGATES APPROVED THE GREAT COMPROMISE

• GREAT COMPROMISE AND 3/5 COMPROMISE EACH SETTLED THE ISSUE OF HOW STATES WOULD BE REPRESENTED IN CONGRESS

SLAVERY

• STATES WITH LARGER POPULATIONS WOULD HAVE MORE REPRESENTATIVES IN THE HOUSE

• SOUTHERN STATES WANTED TO COUNT THEIR SLAVE POPULATION ALONG WITH AS THEIR TOTAL

• NORTHERN STATES RESISTED

• 3/5THS COMPROMISE

• ALLOW THE STATES TO COUNT THREE- FIFTHS OF THEIR SLAVES WHEN CALCULATING THEIR ENTIRE POPULATION

SLAVE TRADE COMPROMISE

STATES WITH LARGE NUMBERS OF SLAVES DEMANDED THAT THE NEW GOVERNMENT ALLOW FOR THE CONTINUATION OF THE SLAVE TRADE FOR 20 YEARS

SEPARATION OF POWERS

• TO REASSURE PEOPLE THAT THE NEW GOVERNMENT WOULD NOT BE TOO POWERFUL, THE FRAMERS OF THE CONSTITUTION CREATED A LIMITED GOVERNMENT WITH DIVIDED POWERS

• THE RIGHTS GUARANTEED TO U.S. CITIZENS BY THE CONSTITUTION LIMITED THE POWER OF THE GOVERNMENT

SEPARATION OF POWERS (CONT.)

• POWERS WERE DIVIDED IN TWO WAYS:

1. POWER WAS DIVIDED BETWEEN NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS

2. THE POWER OF THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH WAS WEAKENED BECAUSE IT WAS SHARED WITH THE LEGISLATIVE AND JUDICIAL BRANCHES

GEORGE WASHINGTON

• ELECTED THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

• HE ESTABLISHED IMPORTANT PATTERNS FOR FUTURE PRESIDENTS TO FOLLOW

• DEVELOPMENTS THAT ALTERED THE COURSE OF THE HISTORY OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT TOOK PLACE DURING HIS ADMINISTRATION

• FAVORED NON- INTERVENTION IN EUROPE (ISOLATIONISM)

• HAMILTON AND JEFFERSON BOTH ON CABINET

• HAMILTON OPPOSED JEFFERSON’S STRICT INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION

WHISKEY REBELLIONFIRST CRISIS TESTED UNDER CONSTITUTION

• ARMED VIOLENCE WENT UP AND DOWN AREAS WEST OF THE APPALACHIANS

• FARMERS FRIGHTENED AND ATTACKED FEDERAL TAX COLLECTORS

• GEORGE WASHINGTON LED A LARGE MILITIA FORCE INTO THE WESTERN COUNTIES AND PUT DOWN THE REBELLION

• THIS RESPONSE SHOWED WASHINGTON’S CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY TO ENFORCE THE LAW

• IF AMERICANS DID NOT LIKE A LAW, THE WAY TO CHANGE IT WAS TO PETITION CONGRESS PEACEFULLY

POLITICAL PARTIES EMERGEECONOMY AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• WASHINGTON MADE THOMAS JEFFERSON HIS SECRETARY OF STATE AND ALEXANDER HAMILTON HIS SECRETARY OF TREASURY

• JEFFERSON AND HAMILTON HAD SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES OF OPINION ABOUT THE LEGITIMATE POWER OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

• JEFFERSON BELIEVED THAT THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT MUST LIMIT ITS POWER TO THOSE AREAS DESCRIBED BY THE CONSTITUTION

• HAMILTON WANTED TO EXPAND THE POWER OF THE GOVERNMENT TO STABILIZE THE NATION AND ITS ECONOMY

POLITICAL PARTIES

• WASHINGTON ANNOUNCED HE WOULD NOT SEEK A THIRD TERM

• THE TWO MEN AND THEIR SUPPORTERS ATTACKED ONE ANOTHER AND COMPETED TO REPLACE HIM

• THINGS GOT SO BAD THAT WASHINGTON WARNED ABOUT THE DANGERS OF POLITICAL PARTIES (FACTIONS)

ISSUESAlexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

Loose interpretation of Constitution

Strict interpretation of Constitution

Strong power held by national Limited power shared by states & government localities

Government led by elite with good educations

Government led by farmers and trades people with good virtues

Fear of mob rule Fear of over-powerful government

Industrial economy Agricultural economy

Paying off national & state debts Paying off national debt only

National bank constitutional National bank unconstitutional

Trade with Great Britain Trade with France

Supported tariffs and plans that supported manufacturers

Supported issues important to farmers

SUPPORTERSAlexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

John Adams James Madison

New England and Middle States Southern states and Rural areas

Bankers, Clergy, Landowners, Lawyers, Manufacturers, Merchants

Farmers, Trades people, Urban immigrants

JOHN ADAMSELECTION OF 1796

• FIRST PRESIDENT TO COME IN WITH A POLITICAL PARTY FEDERALIST

• THE ELECTION OF 1796 SAW ADAMS BEATING JEFFERSON IN A CLOSE ELECTION

• HIS ADMINISTRATION WAS PLAGUED BY CONFLICTS WITH FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN THAT CRIPPLED THE NATION’S ECONOMY

• HE RECEIVED HARSH POLITICAL CRITICISM FROM SUPPORTERS OF VICE PRESIDENT JEFFERSON

• ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS- PASSED DURING HIS TERM THIS CAUSED THE FEDERALISTS AND REPUBLICANS TO FIGHT

ELECTION OF 1800

• JOHN ADAMS THE INCUMBENT (SITTING) PRESIDENT VS. JEFFERSON

• JEFFERSON WINS AFTER HE BEATS OUT HIS RUNNING MATE AARON BURR

• HAMILTON HELPS JEFFERSON GET ELECTED

• BURR VS. HAMILTON DUEL

JEFFERSON

• 1800 AND 1804 ELECTIONS HE WON

• STRICT INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION

• FARMERS SUPPORTED HIM

• DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN

JAMES MADISON

• FATHER OF THE CONSTITUTION

• FEDERALIST PAPERS AUTHOR

• VIRGINIA PLAN

• PRESIDENT DURING THE WAR OF 1812 4TH PRESIDENT

LIMITED GOVERNMENT

• FORM OF GOVERNMENT THAT LIMITS THE POWER OF THE GOVERNMENT BY A STRONG CONSTITUTION

• GIVES CITIZENS MORE RIGHTS

FEDERALISM

• FEDERAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT- POWER IS DIVIDED BETWEEN THE NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENT (FEDERALISM)