Standard 8

By: Andrew & LaBarron

Protein Basics

• Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

• These elements are joined into strands called Amino acids

• Proteins do many important jobs such as cellular repairs, growth, and helping the human body work

• It is the main structural molecule in the human body

The Building Blocks Of ProteinThe Building Blocks Of Protein

• Proteins are made up of Amino Acids which form long chains called polypeptides

• The arrangement of the Acids affects the chemical composition of the proteins

• There are 20 different amino acids found in nature

• All amino acids are exactly the same where they can be joined in Covalent bonds

• Because of this any amino acid can be joined to another amino acid

• Proteins are made up of Amino Acids which form long chains called polypeptides

• The arrangement of the Acids affects the chemical composition of the proteins

• There are 20 different amino acids found in nature

• All amino acids are exactly the same where they can be joined in Covalent bonds

• Because of this any amino acid can be joined to another amino acid

The Hungry Proteins

• Some proteins are enzymes

• Proteins all have a specific complex shape

• Because of that substrates (the reactants of an enzyme catalyzed reactions) bind into a active site on the enzyme perfectly

• This is referred to as a lock and key

• They remain bound together until the reaction is done

DNA & RNA Basics• DNA is made up of Nucleotides • Nucleotides are made up of three parts: a deoxyribose

molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.• There are 4 different bases in DNA: adenine, guanine,

cytosine, and thymine• RNA is also made up of Nucleotides but there are some

differences • RNA sort of like a disposable copy of DNA • RNA can be used for many different things but they are

mainly used for producing protien• Both carry genetic information, can carry proteins, and

can make copies of themselves

DNA vs RNA• RNA is like DNA except for three things

1.The sugar in RNA is a ribosome is a ribose instead of deoxyribose

2.RNA is generally single-stranded

3.RNA contains uracil in place of thymine

4.It also can transport Amino Acids

Pairing of DNA & RNA• DNA bases Adenine (A), Thymine

(T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) • In RNA though they have Uralic

(U) instead of Thymine• In the DNA Double Helix

T and A and G and C connect together and when RNA comes off DNA T gets replace with U

• When DNA replicates then the order of the bases is mirror image

• Instead of AGTC it would be TCAG

DNA and Your Genes and Chromosomes

• Chromosomes are made up of DNA

• The chromosomes are wrapped around proteins called histones that are bundled together

• Things inside chromosomes are called genes

Which Statement describes a function of proteins in living organisms?

A. They Serve as enzymeatic catalysts B. They transmit genetic informationC. They are an energy storage molecule D. They serve as building Blocks for DNA

A. They serve as enzymatic catalysts

Which function is characteristic of RNA, but NOT of DNA?

A. transports proteins B. replicates itselfC. transports amino acidsD. carries genetic information

C. Transports amino acids

A strand of DNA that contains the bases TACGAT replicates. Which base sequence is in the new strand produced during replication?

A.ATGCTAB. AUGCUAC. TACGATD. CGTGGC

A. TACGAT

As a result of base pairing in DNA, there is the same number of which two bases?

A. Guanine B. Adenine and CytosineC. Adenine and Guanine D. Guanine and Cytosine

D. Guanine and Cytosine

Study the nucleotide sequence below.A C G C A G TConsider the nucleotide sequence above. Which nucleotide sequence below represents the corresponding portion of an RNA strand?

A. CTGCGTAB. GACAGCUC. TGCGTCUD. UGCGUCA

D. UGCGUCA

Which sequence represents a DNA strand that would complement the following RNA strand ? CUA UGC AUG CCA

A. GAU ACG UAC GGUB. CUA UGC AUG CCAC. GAT ACG TAC GGTD. CTA TGC ATG CCA

C. GAT ACG TAC GGT

The next two questions will use a chart

Which student correctly identified possible percentages of nucleotide bases that could be present in a complete sample of DNA

A T G C

1 35% 15% 35% 15%

2 20% 30% 30% 20%

3 15% 15% 35% 35%

4 10% 40% 40% 10%

Student Amount of DNA Bases

Student 3: (A) 15%, (T) 15%, (G) 35%, (C) 35%

A T G C U

A 25% 15% 25% 25% 20%

B 30% 0% 25% 25% 30%

C 20% 20% 30% 30% 0%

D 10% 10% 35% 35% 10%

Which student correctly identified possible percentages

of nucleotide bases that could be present in a complete sample of DNA

Student C : A 20%, T 20%, C 30%, G 30%

THERE IS NO U IN DNA

What is the term that describes how substrates bind to an active site

A. Peanut Butter and JellyB. Lock and KeyC. Door and DoorwayD.Oil and Water

B. Lock and Key

Chromosomes are wrapped around proteins called…

A. MitochondriaB. ChromatinC. HistonesD.Mistones

C. Histones

DNA is made of what?

A. NucleotidesB. ChromatinC. HistonesD.Nucleolus

A. Nucleotides

RNA is mostly used for…

A. Producing DNAB. Cellular ReproductionC. Cellular RespirationD.Producing Protein

D. Producing Protein

Protein does all of these things except…

A. Cellular repairsB. Structuring the Human BodyC. Producing RNAD.Functioning as an enzyme

C. Producing RNA IT IS THE OTHER

WAY AROUND

There are how many Amino Acids in Nature?

A. 20B. 57C. 42D.11

A. 20 Amino Acids Occur in Nature

Amino Acids are all similar where…

A. They Connect to DNAB. They Connect to RNAC. They Connect to form Ionic

BondsD.They Connect to form

Covalent Bonds

D. Where They Connect to form Covalent Bonds

CONGRATS YOU ARE DONE