Standard 9

Civil War

•Build a transcontinental Build a transcontinental connecting California to the connecting California to the East Coast either in the East Coast either in the South or NorthSouth or North•Stephen Douglas wanted Stephen Douglas wanted the railroad built in the North the railroad built in the North but had to convince the but had to convince the South otherwise.South otherwise.•Proposed a plan that Proposed a plan that Kansas and Nebraska Kansas and Nebraska territories be opened up to territories be opened up to slavery in return for building slavery in return for building the railroad in the North.the railroad in the North.•Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty

Kan. & Neb Act

Map Bleeding Kan

Attacks by free-statesAttacks by pro-slavery states

(Led by John Brown)

•Kansas/Nebraska Act Kansas/Nebraska Act led to several acts of led to several acts of

violence between pro-violence between pro-slavery settlers and slavery settlers and anti-slavery settlers.anti-slavery settlers.

•First violent outbreaks First violent outbreaks between north/south.between north/south.

•First battles of the Civil First battles of the Civil War begin in Kansas in War begin in Kansas in

1856.1856.

•Over 200 killedOver 200 killed

Bleeding Kan

After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, the Kansas territory became a battleground. Pro-slavery and antislavery supporters rushed to settle in Kansas. The

territory was torn by battles and massacres. The issue also bitterly divided the nation and led to the formation of the Republican Party. The first shots of the Civil War were in Bleeding

Kansas.

•Slave from Missouri traveled with his owner to Illinois & Minnesota both free states.•His master died and Scott wanted to move back to Missouri---Missouri still recognized him as a slave.•He sued his master’s widow for his freedom since he had lived in a free state for a period of time.•Court case went to the Supreme Court for a decision-----National issue

Chart/Effect of Scott

•Supreme Court hands down the Dred Scott decision

•North refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law

•Free states pass personal liberty laws.

•Republicans claim the decision is not binding

•Southerners call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in

the Union.

•Slaves cannot sue the U.S. for their freedom because they are property.

•They are not citizens and have no legal right under the

Constitution.•Supreme Court

legalized slavery by saying that

•Congress could not stop a slaveowner from moving his slaves to a new

territory•Missouri

Compromise and all other compromises

were unconstitutional

•Violent abolitionist•Involved in the Bleeding Kansas•Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas

•Wanted to lead a slave revolt throughout the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South.

Picture/J.Brown

•Attacked a U.S. Ammunition

depot in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in Oct.

of 1859 to capture

weapons and begin his slave

revolt.

Picture/J.Brown

•Unsuccessful and captured by USMC under the leadership of Robert E. Lee•Put on trial for treason. Picture/J.Brown

•He was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death.

•His last words were to this effect: “I “I believe that the issue of slavery will believe that the issue of slavery will never be solved unless through the never be solved unless through the

shedding of blood.”shedding of blood.”•Northerners thought of John Brown as a martyr to the abolitionist cause.

•Southerners were terrified that if John Brown almost got away with this,

there must be others like him in the North who are willing to die to end

slavery.•South’s outcome: To leave the U.S.

and start their own country.Picture/J.Brown Hanging

President Lincoln

•Elected President in 1860 without winning a single southern state.•Defeated John Bell, John Breckinridge, and Stephen Douglas.

Abraham Lincoln• After Lincoln’s election, South Carolina voted to secede

(separate from) the United States, followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and then Texas.

• They formed a new country called the Confederate States of America (the “Confederacy”).

• When they attacked the U.S. Army base at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, in April 1861, the long- feared Civil War had begun.

• President Lincoln believed preservation of the United States (the “Union”) was the most important task for any U.S. president.

Habeus Corpus• It is the legal rule that anyone imprisoned must be taken

before a judge to determine if the prisoner is being legally held in custody.

• The Constitution allows a president to suspend habeas corpus during a national emergency.

• Lincoln used his emergency powers to legalize the holding of Confederate sympathizers without trial and without a judge agreeing they were legally imprisoned.

• Over 13,000 Confederate sympathizers were arrested in the North.

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address

• He stated that he did not believe the southern states had the right to secede from the Union and thought they were merely rebelling against the government.

• He never considered the Confederacy a separate country.

• Although Lincoln had often stated he in only wished to restrict the spread of slavery instead of abolish it, over time he did embrace the idea of ending the practice in the United States.

Confederate LeadersRobert E. Lee

General Lee declined President Lincoln’s offer because he said he was

from Virginia and would remain loyal to the South.

Perhaps the most brilliant military tactician in the war and his leadership of the Confederate Army.

Stonewall JacksonThomas

“Stonewall” Jackson was a

brilliant field commander under

Robert E. Lee for the Confederacy

He had taught military strategy at

the Virginia Military Institute prior to the

Civil War.

Union Leaders (SSUSH9c)Ulysses S. Grant

•Graduated from West Point•Very successful in the western campaigns, Shiloh and Vicksburg•Because of his victories, it led to his promotion to commander of all Union armies by Lincoln in March of 1864. •Forced RE Lee to sign the surrender at Appomattox Courthouse

William Tecumseh Sherman•Union General famous for his March to the Sea•He went on to capture Atlanta. Atlanta was critical to the railroad transportation network for the Southern Army.•Moved from Atlanta to Savannah destroying everything in their path

Jefferson Davis• West Point Grad-

Senator from Mississippi• He was elected President

of the Confederacy. • Although he was initially

successful in mobilizing the Confederacy for war—he was unable to maintain the balance of military necessity and political will to keep the Confederacy from collapsing

WAR!WAR!•April 12, 1861 Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, SC• April 13, 1861 Major Anderson surrendered the Fort to the confederate army• President Lincoln called for troops in order to engage the Confederate Army• The two armies met on July 21, 1861 at Manassas Junction, VA

• Unexpected bloody battle ensued• Northern army ran back to Washington, D.C.• nearly 5,000 casualties in one day

New Strategy• During the first two years of the war, north was unsuccessful

on the battlefield– Yorktown– Fredericksburg– Chancellorsville

• Anaconda Strategy: proposed to Lincoln by General Winfield Scott, squeeze the south and cut it off militarily– Blockade

• North went through a number of generals that could not defeat Robert E. Lee’s southern army until General Grant was chosen for the job

Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” “Bloodiest Single Day of the War”

23,000 23,000 casualtiescasualties

September 17, September 17, 18621862

•Freed all slaves in states in rebellion

against the US

•Did not apply to slaves in

border states fighting for US

•No affect on southern areas already under US control.

•War was NOW fought to end slavery. •US soldiers were “Freedom Fighters”

Vicksburg• May-July 1863––Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant laid siege

to Vicksburg, Mississippi, because the army that controlled its high ground over a bend in the Mississippi River would control traffic on the whole river.

• After a seven-week siege, Grant achieved one of the Union’s major strategic goals: he gained control of the Mississippi River.

• Confederate troops and supplies in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were cut off from the Confederacy.

• This Union victory, coupled with the Union victory at Gettysburg, was the turning point of the war.

Gettysburg• April 1863 - At the same time as the

siege of Vicksburg was coming to a close, the 3 day battle of Gettysburg was fought in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

• This proved to be the most decisive battle of the Civil War and also the costliest.

• Casualties totaled 23,000 for the Union and 28,000 for the Confederacy.

• The most famous maneuver of the battle was a suicide charge ordered by Lee and under the command of General Pickett. “Pickett’s Charge” resulted in Confederate soldiers being slaughtered in an open field charge into heavy gun and artillery fire.

Battle of Atlanta• The Battle of Atlanta was a long campaign for the control of

Georgia by Union General William Sherman. • It began with a surging victory out of Tennessee at Lookout

Mountain in November of 1863.

Battle of Atlanta

• Union forces pushed the Confederate Army back to Atlanta in September of 1864. They burned the majority of Atlanta to the ground and then General Sherman began a “March to the Sea” to Savannah.

Sherman’s March

Horror of War

• Huge causalities– Over 620,000 by end

of war– New weapons were

more deadly than ever before

• Gangrene• Prison Camps

Women in the Civil War

• Served as nurses– Clara Barton

• Sewed uniforms and flags• Took care of farms and businesses

while men away• Spies

– Rose O’Neal Greenhow

• Posed as men to fight in the war

Surrender

• Lee abandoned Richmond– Last battle fought at Appomattox Court House– Surrender April 9, 1865 in the home of Wilmer

McLean• Terms of surrender:• Confederates could go home with fire arms and

horses• Lee would go free

Aftermath• Northerners wanted the south to pay for the war

– Hang Jefferson Davis

• Lincoln wanted leniency for the south• 13th amendment: end of slavery (1865)• 14th amendment: extended federal legal protections equally

to citizens regardless of race• 15th amendment: abolished racial restrictions on voting• Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth April 14, 1865