DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCEHEADQUARTERS AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEERING SUPPORT AGENCY

‘5 APR 1991

MEMORANDUM FOR SEE DISTRIBUTION

FROM: HQ AFCESA/EN139 Barnes Drive, Suite 1Tyndall AFB FL 322403-5319

SUBJECT: Engineering Technical Letter (ETL) 94-01: StandardAirfield Pavement Marking Schemes- INFORMATION MEMORANDUM

1. PURPOSE. This ETL provides layout and dimensional criteriafor airfield pavement markings and expedient airfield markings.

2. APPLICATION. This ETL applies to all USAF activitiesexcept those operating at municipal airports or jointly usedairfields. In these cases, use Federal Aviation Administration(FAA) criteria described in FAA Advisory Circular 150/5340-l,Standards for Airport Markings.

2.1. Authority. AFPD 32-10, Air Force Installations andFacilities, and AFI 32-1042, Standards for Marking Airfields.

2.2. Effective Date. Immediately.

2.3. Ultimate Recipients. Airfield pavement marking designersfor the US Air Force and the US Army.

2.4. Coordination. The marking schemes reflected within thisETL have been coordinated with the civil engineer and flyingoperations functional staff within the USAF's Major Commands(MAJCOMs), and the Air Force Flight Standards Agency'sInstrument Flight Center and Air Traffic Services Center. Theywere also coordinated with the U.S. Coordinating Member forInternational Standardization.

3. REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS.

a . AFI 32-1042, Standards for Airfield Marking gives thespecific requirements for marking USAF runways and taxiways.

Approved for Public Release: Distribution Is Unlimited.

DISTRIBUTION LIST

AIR FORCE

H Q A F M C / C E C (3) HQ AIA/LEE4225 Logistics Ave 102 Hall Boulevard, Suite 241Wright -Pat terson AFB OH 45433-5739 S a n A n t o n i o T X 7 8 2 4 3 - 7 0 3 0

HQ AFRES/CEM155 2nd StreetR o b i n s A F B G A 3 1 0 9 8 - l 6 3 5

(2) HQ AFCC/CEM203 W Losey Street , Rm 1020Scot t AFB IL 62225-5219

HQ AETC/CEM (3)Bldg 661, 73 Main CircleRandolph AFB TX 78150-4549

HQ AU/DEE ( 1 )400 Cannot St reetM a x w e l l A F B A L : 3 6 1 1 2 - 6 5 2 3

HQ PACAF/CEM (3)25 E Street, Suite D-302Hickam AFB HI 96853-5412

1100 NCR SPT GP/DOL (1)1410 Air Force Pentagon (5E1078)W a s h i n g t o n D C 2 0 3 3 0 - l 4 3 0

HQ USAFE/RSIOUni t 3050, Box 10A P O A E 0 9 0 9 4 - 5 0 1 0

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C E T S O / E S O F (1)11817 Canon Boulevard, Suite 500Crestar Bank BuildingN e w p o r t N e w s V A 2 3 6 0 6 - 2 5 5 8

HQ USAFA/CEE (1)8120 Edgerton Dr, Suite 40U S A F A c a d e m y C O 8 0 8 4 0 - 2 4 0 0

11 SPT GP/CEM (1)1 McChord Street, Suite 208Bol l ing AFB DC 20332-5109

H Q A M C / C E S507 A StreetScot t AFB IL 62225-5001

(3) AFIT/DEE (1)2950 P StreetWright-Patterson AFB OH, 45433-7765

HQ AFSPC/CEO (3)150 Vandenberg Street, Suite 1105Peterson AFB CO 80914-4150

H Q A C C / C E M (3)129 Andrews Street, Suite 346Langley AFB VA 23665-2769

SSC/SBEE (1)201 East Moore Drive (Gunter Annex)M a x w e l l A F B F L 3 6 1 1 4 - 3 0 0 5

H Q A F S O C / D E301 Cody Avenue, B ldg T-206Hurlburt Field FL 32544-5273

NGB/CEP/CEO2500 Army Pentagon (20369)W a s h i n g t o n D C 2 0 3 3 1

(1) HQ USAF/CEC1260 Air Force PentagonW a s h i n g t o n D C 2 0 3 3 0 - l 2 6 0

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DISTRIBUTION LIST (Continued)

(1)3500 Setchet Avenue, Bldg 3500

A F B M D 2 0 3 3 1 - 5 1 5 7

HQ AFSVA/SVQFRandolph AFB TX 78150-6001

AFCEE/CM/DG8106 Chennault RoadBrooks AFB TX 78235-5318

7 CG/XPGF1600 Air Force PentagonW a s h i n g t o n D C 2 0 3 3 0 - l 6 0 0

HQ AFOTEC/DE8500 Gibson Boulevard SEKir t land AFB NM 87117-5558

A R M Y

Chief of EngineersDepartment of the ArmyA t t n : C E M P - E A20 Massachusetts AvenueW a s h i n g t o n D C 2 0 3 1 4 - l 0 0 0

N A V Y

L A N T N A V F A C E N G C O MCode 04C1510 Gilbert StN o r f o l k V A 2 3 5 1 l - 2 6 9 9

P A C N A V F A C E N G C O MC o d e 4 0 6Bldg 258 MakalapaPear l Harbor HI 9686O-7300

W E S T N A V F A C E N G C O MC o d e 4 0 6900 Commodore DrS a n B r u n o C A 9 4 0 6 6 - 2 4 0 2

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H Q A F S A / S E G SHQ AF Safety Agency/SEGS9700 G Avenue SE, Sui te 240K i r t l a n d A F B T X 8 7 1 1 7 - 5 6 6 4

HQ AFOMS/SGSBrooks AFB TX 78235-5000

HQ AF Inspection Agency/lGSENorton AFB CA 92409-7001

N O R T H N A V E N G C O MC o d e 4 0 610 Industrial HwyMail Stop 82L e s t e r P A 1 9 1 1 3 - 2 0 9 0

S O U T H N A V F A C E N G C O MCode 406 DPD1255 Eagle D rN o r t h C h a r l e s t o n S C 2 9 4 1 9 - 9 0 1 0

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1220 Pacific Hwy Bldg 130S a n D i e g o C A 9 2 1 3 2 - 5 1 8 8

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S O U T H W E S T N A V F A C E N G C O M (1)C o d e 4 0 6

DISTRIBUTION LIST (Continued)

ENGFLDACT ChesapeakeC o d e 4 0 6901 M St SE Bldg 212 W N YW a s h i n g t o n D C 2 0 3 7 4 - 5 0 1 8

ENGFLDACT NWCode 04B3505 NW Anderson Hi l l RdS i l v e r d a l e W A 9 8 3 8 3 - 2 3 6 6

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Defense Commissary ServiceDirector of FacilitiesBldg 8400Lackland AFB TX 78236-5000

A A F E S / A T T N : C F EP O B o x 6 6 0 3 2 0D a l l a s T X 7 5 2 6 6 - 0 3 2 0

(1) ENGFLDACT MEDCode N4PSC 810 Box 51F P O A E 0 9 6 1 9 - 9 9 5 1

(1)E N G F L D A C T M WC o d e 4 2 0Bldg 1AGreat Lakes IL 60088-5600

Defense Technical InformationCenter

A T T N : D T I C - F D AA l e x a n d r i a V A 2 2 0 3 4 - 6 1 4 5

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(1)

SPECIAL INTEREST ORGANIZATIONS

IHS (A.A. DeSimone)1990 M Street NW, Sui te 400Washington DC 20036

(1) Construction Criteria Database (1)National Institute of Bldg Sciences1201 L Street NW, Sui te 400Washington DC 20005

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It also names the material specifications that can be used toobtain environmentally acceptable products for marking airfieldpavements, and indicates who must accomplish the various tasksassociated with this responsibility.

b .AFI 32-1044, Visual Air Navigation Systems givesinformation on lighted signs required for runway, taxiway andinstrument hold positions, and aircraft arresting systemlocations. (Use AFR 88-14, Visual Air Navigation Facilities,as an interim source document.)

c. AFJMAN 32-1013, Airfield and Heliport Planning andDesign Criteria, describes an airfield's imaginary surfaces,defining the protected airspace surrounding the airfield. (UseAFR 86-14, Airfield and Heliport Planning Criteria, as aninterim source document.)

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circular(AC) 70/7460-1 , Obstruction Marking and Lighting.

e . FAA AC 150/5340-l, Standards for Airport Markings.

f. USAF Technical Order (TO) 36-l-3, Painting, Marking,and Lighting Requirements for USAF Vehicles.

4. DEFINITIONS. Not applicable.

5. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS. See Attachment 3.

6. POINT OF CONTACT. Mr Michael D. Ates, HQ AFCESA/DMPS, DSN523-6351.

Attachments:1. Distribution List2. ETL Index3. Technical Details

ETL Number Title Date Issued

8 2 - 28 3 - 1

8 3 - 38 3 - 4

8 3 - 78 3 - 88 3 - 98 4 - 2

8 4 - 7

8 4 - 1 0

8 6 - 28 6 - 48 6 - 58 6 - 8

8 6 - 98 6 - 1 08 6 - 1 486- l 6

8 7 - l8 7 - 28 7 - 4

8 7 - 58 7 - 98 8 - 28 8 - 38 8 - 48 8 - 68 8 - 9

ENGINEERING TECHNICAL LETTERS (ETL)

SECTION A - CURRENT ETLs

Energy Efficient EquipmentDesign of Control Systems for HVACChange No. 1 to ETL 83-1, U.S. Air ForceStandardized Heating, Ventilating & AirConditioning (HVAC) Control SystemsInterior Wiring Systems, AFM 88-l5, Para 7-3EMCS Data Transmission Media (DTM)ConsiderationsPlumbing, AFM 88-8, Chapter 4Use of Air-to-Air Unitary Heat PumpsInsulationComputer Energy AnalysisChange 1 Ref : HQ USAF/LEEEU Msg 0316002M A Y 8 4MCP Energy Conservation Investment Program(ECIP)Air Force Building Construction and the Use ofTermiticidesEnergy Management and Control Systems (EMCS)Paints and Protective CoatingsFuels Use Criteria for Air Force ConstructionAqueous Film Forming Foam Waste DischargeRetention and DisposalLodging Facility Design GuideAntiterrorism Planning and Design GuidanceSolar ApplicationsDirect Digital Control Heating, Ventilation,and Air Conditioning SystemsLead Ban Requirements of Drinking WaterVolatile Organic CompoundsEnergy Budget Figures (EBFs) for Facilities in theMilitary Construction ProgramUtility Meters in New and Renovated FacilitiesPrewiringP h o t o v o l t a i c A p p l i c a t i o n sDesign Standards for Critical FacilitiesReliability & Maintainability (R&M). Design ChecklistHeat Distribution Systems Outside of BuildingsRadon Reduction in New Facility Construction

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10 Nov 8216 Feb 83

22 Jul 872 Mar 83

3 Apr 833 0 A u g 8 31 5 Sep 831 4 N o v 8 32 7 M a r 8 4

1 Jun 84

13 Jun 84

1 A u g 8 45 Feb 86

1 2 M a y 8 62 2 M a y 8 6

4 Jun 864 Jun 8613 Jun 8615 Oct 86

9 Dec 8 61 5 Jan 8 74 M a r 8 7

13 Mar 8713 Jul 8721 Oct 8721 Jan 8815 Jun 8824 Jun 881 Aug 887 Oct 88

ENGINEERING TECHNICAL LETTERS (ETL)

SECTION A - CURRENT ETLs

ETL Number Title Date Issued

8 8 - l 08 9 - 2

Prewired Workstations Guide SpecificationStandard Guidelines for Submission of FacilityOperating and Maintenance ManualsFacility Fire Protection Criteria for ElectronicEquipment InstallationsSystems Furniture Guide SpecificationPower Conditioning and Continuation InterfacingEquipment (PCCIE) in the Military ConstructionProgram (MCP)Design of Air Force CourtroomsBuilt-Up Roof (BUR) Repair/ReplacementGuide SpecificationGeneral Policy for Prewired Workstationsand Systems FurnitureTEMPEST Protection for FacilitiesChange 1 Ref: HQ USAF/LEEDE Ltr dated 20 April 90,Same Subject1990 Energy Prices and Discount Factorsfor Life-Cycle Cost AnalysisFuel and Lube Oil Bulk Storage Capacityfor Emergency GeneratorsElectrical System Grounding, Static Groundingand Lightning ProtectionAir Force Interior Design PolicyGuide Specifications for Ethylene PropyleneDiene Monomer (EPDM) RoofingFire Protection Engineering Criteria for AircraftMaintenance, Servicing, and Storage FacilitiesCommissioning of Heating, Ventilating, andAir Conditioning (HVAC) Systems GuideS p e c i f i c a t i o nFire Protection Engineering CriteriaTesting Halon Fire Suppression SystemsHigh Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP)Hardening in FacilitiesSite Selection Criteria for Fire ProtectionTraining AreasFire Protection Engineering Criteria -Emergency Lighting and Marking of Exits

2 9 D e c 8 8

2 3 M a y 8 98 9 - 3

8 9 - 48 9 - 6

9 Jun 896 Jul 89

8 9 - 79 0 - l

9 0 - 2

9 0 - 3

9 0 - 4

9 0 - 5

9 0 - 6

9 0 - 79 0 - 8

9 0 - 9

9 0 - l 0

9 1 - l

9 1 - 2

9 1 - 4

9 1 - 5

7 Sep 8929 Sep 89

23 Jan 90

26 Jan 90

2 3 M a r 9 0

2 4 M a y 9 0

26 Jul 90

3 Oct 9012 Oct 90

17 Oct 90

2 Nov 90

17 Oct 90

2 Jan 91

4 Mar 91

14 Jun 91

18 Jun 91

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ENGINEERING TECHNICAL LETTERS (ETL)

ETL Number Title Date Issued

9 1 - 69 1 - 7

9 3 - l9 3 - 29 3 - 3

9 3 - 4

9 3 - 5

9 4 - l9 4 - 29 4 - 39 4 - 4

SECTION A - CURRENT ETLs

Cathodic Protection 3 Jul 91Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Limitation in \Heating,Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) SystemsConstruction SignsDormitory Criteria for Humid AreasInventory, Screening, Prioritization, and Evaluationof Existing Buildings for Seismic RiskFire Protection Engineering Criteria -Automatic Sprinkler Systems in MilitaryFamily Housing (MFH)Fire Protection Engineering Criteria -Electronic Equipment InstallationsStandard Airfield Pavement Marking SchemesUtility Meters in New and Renovated FacilitiesAir Force Carpet StandardEnergy Usage Criteria for Facilities in the MilitaryConstruction Program

21 Aug 911 1 M a r 9 313 Jul 93

18 Aug 93

11 Aug 93

22 Dec 935 Apr 94

10 Jun 9410 Jun 94

? Aug 94

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ETL Number D a t e Status

8 2 - l 10 Nov 828 2 - 3 10 Nov 828 2 - 4 10 Nov 828 2 - 5 10 Nov 828 2 - 6 3 0 D e c 8 28 2 - 7 3 0 N o v 8 28 3 - 2 16 Feb 838 3 - 5 5 M a y 8 38 3 - 6 2 4 M a y 8 3

8 3 - l 0 2 8 N o v 8 38 4 - l 18 Jan 848 4 - 3 2 1 M a r 8 48 4 - 4 lO Apr 848 4 - 5 7 M a y 8 4

8 4 - 68 4 - 88 4 - 98 8 - 58 6 - l8 6 - 38 6 - 68 6 - 7

8 6 - l 18 6 - l 28 6 - l 38 6 - l 58 6 - 1 78 6 - l 88 7 - 38 7 - 68 7 - 78 7 - 88 8 - l8 8 - 58 8 - 78 8 - 88 9 - l8 9 - 59 1 - 89 1 - 3

Not Issued19 Jun 845 Jul 84

2 Aug 883 Feb 86

21 Feb 863 Jun 863 Jun 863 Jul 863 Jul 86

18 Aug 8613 Nov 8617 Dec 8618 Dec 8612 Mar 872 1 A u g 8 714 Oct 8719 Oct 875 Jan 882 Aug 88

2 4 A u g 8 84 Oct 886 Feb 89

24 Sep 9114 Jun 91

Superseded b y E T L s 8 3 - l 0 , 8 6 - 1 , 8 7 - 4Superseded b y ETLs 83-5 , 84-2Superseded by ETL 84-7Superseded b y E T L s 8 4 - 1 , 8 6 - l 3 , 8 6 - 1 4CancelledCancelledSuperseded by ETL 84-3Superseded by ETL 84-2CancelledSuperseded by ETL 86-lSuperseded by ETL 86-14CancelledSuperseded by E T L s 8 6 - 7 , 8 6 - l 5 , 8 7 - 5Superseded b y E T L s 8 4 - 8 , 8 6 - l 1 , 8 6 - l 8 ,

8 8 - 6Cancelled/Not UsedSuperseded by ETL 86-l1Superseded by ETL 88-7Superseded by ETL 91-6Superseded by ETL 87-7Superseded by ETL 86-4Superseded by E T L s 8 6 - 1 1 , 8 6 - l 8 , 8 8 - 6Superseded by ETL 86-15Superseded by ETL 88-6Superseded by ETL 90-2Superseded by ETL 86-14Superseded by ETL 87-5Superseded by ETL 89-6Superseded by ETL 88-6Superseded b y ETLs 87-6, ETL 88-5Superseded by ETL-88-5Superseded by ETL 89-lSuperseded by ETL 90-lSuperseded by ETL 89-2Superseded by ETL 91-6Superseded b y ETLs 90-3, 91-2Superseded by ETL 91-7Superseded b y ETL 90-4 ‘Issued as ETL 90-7CancelledSuperseded by MiL HDBK 1008B, Jan 94

ENGINEERING TECHNICAL LETTERS (ETL)

SECTION B - OBSOLETE ETLs

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CONSTRUCTION TECHNICAL LETTERS (CTL)

SECTION C - CURRENT CTLs

CTL Number Title Date Issued

8 8 - 28 8 - 78 9 - l8 9 - 28 9 - 390 - 1

9 0 - 2

DD Form 1354 ChecklistConstructibility Review ChecklistThirty-Percent Design SubmittalMAJCOM Construct ion ManagementWarranty and Guarantee ProgramManagement of the MILCON Planningand Execution ProcessDefinitions for Design Milestones

6 Jan 881 Nov 88lO Apr 893 0 M a y 8 922 Sep 89

6 Mar 9013 Mar 90

SECTION D - OBSOLETE CTLs

CTL Number Status

8 7 - l Superseded by CTL 88-388-1 Superseded by CTL 90-l8 8 - 3 Superseded by ETL8 8 - 4 Replaced by Electronic Data File and Documentation in PDC/WIMS8 8 - 5 Superseded by CTL 90-28 8 - 6 Issuance Cancelled

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ETL 94-01, Technical Details for Standard Airfield MarkingSchemes

1. General Information.

1.1. Purpose. This Engineering Technical Letter (ETL) giveslayout and dimensional criteria needed to accomplish airfieldpavement markings. Suggestions for improving this ETL shouldbe sent directly to HQ AFCESA/DMPS with information copies toHQ AFCESA/EN, HQ AFSA/SEF, and AFFSA/XOI/XVR. MAJCOMsimplementing tonedown markings, as described within NATO STANAG3111 and ASCC Air Standard 65/31, should use the sourcedocuments for guidance.

1.2. Materials. The basic material applications are describedbelow.

1.2.1. Permanent Markings. Use paint and retroreflectiveglass beads to apply runway markings. Use paint or preformedmaterials such as retroreflective marking tape, orthermoplastic and retroreflective glass beads to apply taxiwayor helipad markings. Secondary taxiway and apron markings andoverrun chevrons need not be reflectorized.

1.2.2. Temporary Markings: Mark paved or unpaved surfaceswith lime and water solutions (whitewash) or preformed markingtape. Do not use preformed marking tape on runways.Exception: You may use tape to mark a temporarily displacedthreshold if the area marked with tape will not be traversed byaircraft.

1.2.2.1. Where white markings do not provide the requiredcontrast, such as for snow covered surfaces, a colored dye,such as sea-marker dye (yellow-green or yellow-orange), must beused.

1.2.2.2. Barricades or portable edge markers can be usedinstead of pavement markings during construction, or forexpedient airfield marking. Use frangible markers designed andconstructed of materials which will collapse if struck by anaircraft. They must be colored to present a sharp contrastwith the surrounding terrain.

1.3. Application Rates. The best application rate for paintsand preformed materials is variable depending on the intendedpurpose of the marking and the physical properties of thematerial. Some common applications are addressed below.

1.3.1. Paint. Apply paint at 0.305 to 0.356 mm (12 to 14mils) wet film thickness for a desired dry film thickness ofapproximately 0.203 mm (eight mils). This is the thicknessneeded to properly bind retroreflective beads in the paint. Atthis rate, coverage will be approximately 2.970 m2 per liter(121 square feet per gallon)..

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1.3.1.1. Provide temporary marking on new pavement at anapplication rate of 0.102 to 0.152 mm (4 to 6 mils). Thisapplication rate will produce a marking of sufficientprominence to allow operations. Touch up the marking in theevent of bleeding, and remark the pavement at the normalapplication rate after the pavement is 30 days old.

1.3.2. Thermoplastics and preformed reflective tape will beapplied in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

1.3.3. Retroreflective media (glass beads) will be applied atapproximately 3.6 to 3.9 kg per 11.24 m2 (eight to nine poundsper gallon of paint, or 121 square feet) of marked surface area.

1.3.4. Painted markings should not be allowed to build upbeyond approximately 1.02 mm (40 mils) total thickness. Thiswill occur after about five marking cycles unless surfaceabrasion (such as can be caused by snow removal equipment)reduces this build up. Over-painting will eventually cause themarking to crack and peel.

1.3.5. Ensure no excessive buildup of paint occurs within 61meters (200 feet) on either side of the aircraft arrestingsystem pendant. This is necessary to minimize hook-skippotential.

1.4. Metric Dimension Conversions. All dimensions in this ETLare based on standards developed using the inch-pound system ofmeasurement. Therefore, the dimensions provided in the layoutschemes were calculated using the "soft" conversion methoddefined by the Metric Guide for Federal Construction, FirstEdition, published by the National Institute of BuildingSciences, Washington DC. Since use of the "soft" metric unitsmay be awkward within a contract specification, you may roundall dimensions using the "hard" conversion method. To do this,round the metric dimension to the same number of digits asthere were in the inch-pound dimension. For example, 72 feet X0.3048 = 21.954 m, or 22 m.

2. Runway Markings.

2.1. There are three patterns for marking runways: basic,nonprecision instrument approach, and precision instrumentapproach. These are shown in figure 2.1.

2.2. Runway Centerline. Runway centerlines are marked with aseries of uniformly spaced longitudinal stripes. They are 914mm (3 feet) wide on non-precision instrument approach andprecision instrument approach runways and at least 457 mm (I.5feet) wide for basic runways. Begin layout of centerlinemarkings 12.192 m (40 feet) inward from the runway numerals,and continue to the midpoint of the runway. Figure 2.2 givesthe layout detail for centerline markings.

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2.2.1. The 9 Sep 77 edition of AFR 88-16 promulgated thresholdand designation markings which were longer than the currentstandard. Changing these markings to meet the new standarddimensions creates a gap 36.576 (120 feet) long between the newdesignation marking and the first existing centerline stripe.To fill this gap, you may mark an additional centerline stripe12.192 m (40 feet) long between the designation marking and thefirst centerline stripe. In cases of parallel runways where aletter is added to the designation marking, the additionalcenterline stripe must be 21.336 m (70 feet) long. In eithercase the additional stripe is placed equidistant between thedesignation marking and the first existing centerline stripe.In this way, changes to the centerline stripe layout scheme maybe deferred pending a new overlay or reconstruction project.

2.3. Threshold Marking. The threshold is the beginning of thefull strength pavement. Thresholds are marked with a group oflongitudinal stripes spaced symmetrically about the runwaycenterline. Figure 2.2 gives the layout detail for thresholds.

2.3.1. Displaced Thresholds. Mark displaced thresholds byrepositioning the standard threshold marking at the newthreshold. Place a transverse stripe on the pavement precedingthe threshold. Extend the transverse stripe from edge stripeto edge stripe. The dimensions and layout details are shown infigure 2.3.

2.3.2. There are four different schemes which may be used tomark the pavement in the displaced area. Select a scheme fromthose shown in figure 2.4 which will suit the intended use ofthe area.

2.4. Runway Designation. Designation markings indicate themagnetic azimuth of the runway centerline to the nearest 10degree increment. The designation consists of two numbers, orin the case of parallel runways, two numbers and a letter.

2.4.1. Numbers are formed with 762 mm (2.5,feet) wide verticalstripes and 1,524 mm (5 feet) wide horizontal stripes. Allsingle-digit numbers are preceded by a zero. Lateral spacingbetween the numbers is 3,480 mm (10 feet) except for thenumbers "10" and "ll." Spacing between numerals for theserunway designations are 2,286 mm (7.5 feet) and 3,810 mm (12.5feet), respectively. Typical layout is shown in figures 2.2and 2.5.

2.4.2. For parallel runways, mark "L," "R," or "C" torepresent left, right, or center runway (viewed from theapproach) between the threshold (or threshold marking) and thedesignation marking. The longitudinal spacing between thethreshold (or threshold marking) and the letter is 12.192 m (40feet). Letters are 9.144 m (30 feet) long. The longitudinalspacing between the letter and the number is 12.192 m (40feet). Letters are formed with 762 mm (2.5 feet)

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wide vertical stripes and 1,524 mm (5 feet) wide horizontalstripes. Dimensions are given in figure 2.5.

2.5. Edge Stripes. Edge stripes must be marked on precisionapproach runways. Also mark them on runways where there is alack of contrast between runway edges and shoulders orsurrounding terrain.

2.5.1. The markings will consist of two continuous stripesplaced symmetrically about the runway centerline. Thesestripes begin 12.192 m (40 feet) inward from the thresholdmarking and continue to within 12.192 m (40 feet) of thethreshold marking on the opposite end of the runway. Where adisplaced threshold exists, terminate the side stripe at thetransverse threshold mark (with exception to temporarydisplaced threshold markings) and resume 914 mm (3 feet) fromthe repositioned standard threshold markings. The outer edgeof the stripes may be positioned up to 914 mm (3 feet) inboardfrom the runway edge, but maintain a minimum separation of42.672 m (140 feet) between the inner edges of the stripes on45.720 m (150 feet) wide runways. The maximum separationbetween the inner edges of the stripes is 59.131 m (194 feet)on 60.960 m (200 feet) wide runways. Figure 2.2 shows thedetail for edge stripes.

2.6. Touchdown Zone. These markings consist of pairs oflongitudinal stripes placed symmetrically about centerline.Three stripes are provided in the first two pairs, two stripesin the next two pairs, and single stripes in the last twopairs. Lateral distance between each pair of longitudinalstripes measured at their inner edges is a constant 21.946 m(72 feet). Where any pair of markings fall within 304.800 m(1,000 feet) of the runway midpoint, omit them. Layout anddimensions are given in figure 2.6.

2.6.1. Fixed Distance Markings. Provide fixed distancemarkings on runways used by jet aircraft which are 45.720 m(150 feet) or wider and 1,219.200 m (4,000 feet) or longer.Substitute them in place of the second pair of touchdown zonemarkings. The layout plan and dimensions are given in figure2.6.

2.7. Aircraft Arresting System Warning Markings. Markaircraft arresting system locations on the runway with a seriesof discs located beneath the pendant. Where touchdown zone anddisc markings coincide, the touchdown zone marking isinterrupted at that location for a minimum distance of 305 mm(I foot) from the edge of the disc marking. If the designationand disc markings coincide, shift the designation markinglongitudinally to eliminate the conflict. The layout plan anddimensions for these markings are shown in figure 2.7.

2.8. Runway Overruns. Chevron markings are used on overrunsto indicate the area is not an operational surface. The apex

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of the initial chevron is located on the runway centerline atthe beginning of the full-strength pavement. The legs of thechevrons intersect the centerline at a 45-degree angle. Onrunways greater than 45.720 m (150 feet) wide, the overrunmarking may extend laterally beyond the runway threshold andedge stripe markings: however, do not extend them beyond therunway shoulder markings (deceptive surface markings). Atypical layout plan and the dimensions for these markings aregiven in figure 2.8.

..

.I - - I

‘ F- - I

. - - FI

I

Figure 2.2. Threshold, Designation Number, Edge Stripe, and Centerline Layout.

7

STANDARDTHRESHOLDMARKINGS

THRESHOLDDISPLACEMENT

MARKINGS

CENTERLINE MARKING

DIMENSION METERS I FEET I

A 42.672 140.0

B 1.830 6.0C 3.660 12.0D 1.220 4.0E 3.648 10.0F 6.100 20.0H 4.876 16.0J 30.500 100.0K 32.308 106.0L 18.288 60.01

I M ! 0.152 ! 0.5 IN 0.460 - 0.920 1.5 - 3.0P . 9.150 30.0R 0.914 3.0

Figure 2.3. Typical Displaced Threshold Layout on 150 feet wide Runway.

8

<-- DISPLACED THRESHOLD MARKINGS

STANDARD THRESHOLDMARKINGS

RUNWAY HOLDINGPOSITION

(a) DISPLACED THRESHOLD MARKINGS WHEREABANDONED RUNWAY SURFACE IS USEDFOR TAKE-OFF OF AIRCRAFT

(a) DISPLACED THRESHOLD MARKINGS

TAXIWAY CENTERLINE MARKING STANDARD THRESHOLDMARKINGS

RUNWAY HOLDINGPOSITION

(b) DISPLACED THRESHOLD MARKINGS WHEREABANDONED RUNWAY SURFACE IS USEDAS A TAXIWAY.

STANDARD THRESHOLDMARKINGS

STANDARD OVERRUN MARKINGS(c) DISPLACED THRESHOLD MARKINGS WHERE

ABANDONED RUNWAY SURFACE IS NOT USEDFOR AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT.

STANDARD THRESHOLD MARKINGS

(d) TEMPORARY DISPLACED THRESHOLDMARKINGS FOR CONSTRUCTIONPURPOSES, ETC.

Figure 2.4. Displaced Threshold Area Marking Schemes.9

914 400 m (3000’) FROF

.CC

STdRT OF THRESHOLD -

SIDE STRIPES42.672 m (140’)

AEl

609 600 m (2000’) FROM’FSTART 0~ THRESHO LD

457200 mS T A R T THRESHOLD

0 --ggM

304.800 m (1000’) FROM ,START OF THRESHOLD -

-

1

152 400 m (500’) FROMi’STAkT OF THRESHOLD

9.-m(301

I

Figure 2.6. Touchdown Zone and Fixed Distance Markings,11

AR

RE

STI

NG

SY

STE

M P

EN

DA

NT

LOC

ATI

ON

S W

HE

N S

AC

RIF

ICIA

LPO

LYET

HYL

ENE

PAD

S A

RE

USE

D.

1.52

4 m

5’ R

AD

IUS

SE

MI-C

IRC

LES

-I

3.04

8 m

(10)

VS

AC

RIF

ICA

L P

OLY

ETH

YLE

NE

PA

D

10’

DIA

ME

TER

DIS

CS

(A

LL)

3.04

8 m

(10'

)

2.28

6 m

-

(7.5

)

Figure 2.8, Runway Overrun Chevrons.

13

3. Taxiway and Apron Markings

3.1. Taxiway Centerline Stripe. Mark the centerline of alltaxiways, guidelines on runways, and taxilanes on aprons andpads with a single 152 mm (6 inch) wide continuous stripe. Alldirectional changes are accomplished with smooth curves. Theradius selected is at least one-half the width of taxiway fromedge of the full-strength pavement. On hammer-heads, aprons,and pads, the radius for the curve must be greater than theminimum turning radius for the assigned mission aircraft. Thecriteria needed to determine this radius can be found inEngineering Technical Letter (ETL) 1110-3-394, AircraftCharacteristics for Airfield-Heliport Design and Evaluation,27 Sep 91. On runways, the curve is tangent to a line parallelto and 914 mm (3 feet) from the near side of the runwaycenterline marking. Typical taxiway and other nose-wheelguidelines are shown in figure 3.1.

3.2. Holding Positions. Holding positions are necessary onall pavements that lead to an active runway. They designate aboundary intended to protect the runway environment fromincursions and prevent interference with signals transmitted byelectronic navigational aids. There are two basic patterns formarking hold positions. One is used to mark hold positionsused for visual flight rule (VFR) conditions, and the other isused to mark instrument (INST) hold positions. Figure 3.1shows two ways to mark a VFR hold line and the layout for aninstrument hold line. Both are marked from edge-to-edge of theoperational pavement surface.

3.2.1. VFR Runway Holding Position. This holding position islocated at least 30.480 m (100 feet) from the near edge ofrunway. This distance is measured perpendicular to the longaxis of the runway. The hold position may be placed parallelto the runway centerline on taxiways which enter at an angle tothe runway.

3.2.2. Instrument holding position. Runways served byprecision instrument navigation aids will require an instrumentholding position be marked in addition to the VFR holdingposition. It is located further from the active runway toprevent taxiing or holding aircraft from interfering withsignals transmitted to inbound aircraft during instrumentmeteorological conditions. This hold position is configureddifferently from a VFR hold position and is augmented with theletters "INST" on the runway side of the line. The letters areto be read when facing the runway. They are marked in 1,829 mm(6 feet) high by 610 mm (2 feet) wide block letters, spaced 305mm (1 foot) apart. The letters are formed with a 152 mm (6inch) stroke. The "INST" designator must be placedsymmetrically between the taxiway centerline and the taxiwayedge or edge marking on the left side of the centerline. Forhold lines over 60.960 m (200 feet) long, mark the "INST"designator at intervals not exceeding 45.720 m (150 feet). The

Page 14

location for the instrument hold line varies, depending on thetype and capability of the landing aid. Locate them inaccordance with the following paragraphs.

3.2.2.1. Instrument holding position for a runway served by anInstrument Landing System (ILS). Ask your airfield manager,and if the height above touchdown (HAT) is 60.960 m (200 feet)or greater, mark the instrument holding position at the edge ofthe glide slope critical area. If the HAT is less than 60.960m (200 feet), mark the holding position at the edge of thetouchdown area or the glide slope critical area, whichever isfarther from the edge of runway. The glide slope critical areaand touchdown area are shown in figure 3.2. The instrumenthold line must be at least 152.400 m (500 feet) from the runwaycenterline when the touchdown area criteria applies.

3.2.2.2. Instrument holding position for a runway served byPrecision Approach Radar (PAR). Establish the instrument holdline at the edge of the touchdown area if the PAR serving thatrunway has a height above touchdown (HAT) less than 60.960 m(200 feet). If the HAT is greater than 60.960 m (200 feet), noinstrument hold position is needed.

3.2.2.3. In all cases,' ensure a VFR hold position is markedbetween all instrument hold positions and the active runway.However, If either of the following examples apply, mark a VFRhold line only:

- If the runway hold line and the instrument hold linehappen to fall at the same location, or;

- If the additional taxi time required to move from theinstrument hold position to the runway is operationallyacceptable under visual flight rules.

3.3. Taxiway and Apron Edge Stripes. When there is littlecontrast between the taxiway and the surrounding area, mark theedge of the full-strength pavement with two continuous 152 mm(6 inch) wide stripes separated by a 152 mm (6 inch) wide gap.This marking is used to delineate the edge of the taxiway orapron from other pavements or surfaces which are not intendedfor use by aircraft. It should never be used in areas whereaircraft would be required to cross the designated boundary.Place this marking no more than 914 mm (3 feet) inward from theedge of the full-strength pavement. No portion of the markingshould be placed on nonload-bearing pavements. Use thetangents for the taxiway centerline stripe on curves. In areaswhere this is not practical, use the edge of the full-strengthpavement. Figure 3.1 shows a typical edge line layout, thewidth of the stripes, and the space between them.

3.3.1. Taxilane Edge Stripes. This marking is used to definethe limits of a designated taxi route where the surrounding pavement is intended for use by aircraft. Movement of aircraft

Page 15

across the designated boundary is permitted either by directionof Air Traffic Control, a marshaler, or at the pilot'sdiscretion. This marking consists of two 152 mm (6 inch) widebroken stripes separated by a 152 mm (six inch) wide gap. Thestripes are 4.572 m (15 feet) long with 7.620 m (25 feet)gaps. The detail and a typical layout are shown in figure 3.1.

3.4. Taxiway Identification. Taxiway identification signs aredescribed within AFI 32-1044, Visual Air Navigation Facilities(use AFR 88-14 until it is published). Where it is desirableto furnish additional guidance at intersections, theinformation may be provided on the taxiway before theintersection. Runway and taxiway identification numbers andletters are marked in 1.828 m (6 feet) by 610 mm (2 feet) blockletters formed with a 152 mm (6 inch) stroke. Provide an arrowabove the identifier to show direction. Figure 3.3 showstypical identification numbers and letters.

Page 16

INST HOLD LINE

396.240 m (1300') or to the endthe runway, whichever is greater.

I152.400 m

152.400 m(500'

GLIDE SLOPE CRITICAL AREA

lNST HOLD LINE

- - - _ I- - - - - _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _

RUNWAY-HOLDLINE

975.360 m I 60.960 m(3200') I (200')

Figure 3.2. Locating Instrument Hold Line Positions.18

RUNWAY CENTERLINE

1.829 m (6’) HIGH BLOCKLETTERS OR NUMBERS USINGA 152 mm (6”) STROKE.

SHOULDER

TAXI WAY‘D’

IDENTIFICATlON WILL BE

- - - -

TAXIWAY- C E N T E R L I N E

STRIPE

TAXIWAY ‘A

TO RUNWAY END25

Figure 3.3. Taxiway and Runway Identifcation.

19

4. Helipads

4.1. Helipad Perimeter and Identification Markings. Mark aperimeter boundary with a capital "H" in the center to identifya pad intended for helicopter operations. (If the landing areais a runway, mark a capital "H" at the midpoint of the runway,centered on the pavement.) The perimeter boundary markingconsists of a broken square marked at the corners and along theedges to delineate the limits of the safe touchdown area. Theboundary must be sized to accommodate the overall length oflargest helicopter using the facility. Figure 4.1 providesdimensions and layout details.

4.2. Hospital Helipad Markings. Medical facility helipads aremarked similarly to standard helipads with the followingexceptions. The perimeter border may be formed of a solid lineand bordered in red, and the letter "H" is marked in red and issuperimposed on a white cross. Figure 4.2 shows the dimensionsand colors for this marking scheme.

Page 20

TOUCHDOWN PAD BOUNDARY

3.048 m 3.048 m

(l0’) (l0’)

RED

RED

457 mm (18)

W H I T E

R E D - ’

I 152 mm (6”)-+

152 mm (6”)

457 mm (18’)

- R E D

-152 mm (St’)

457 mm (18)

CROSS AND PAD BOUNDARY MARKINGS ARE WHITE AND MAY BE OUTLINEDWITH A 152 mm (6”) WIDE RED BORDER TO IMPROVE CONTRAST.

PAD BOUNDARY MARKlNGS MAY BE EITHER A SOLID OR SEGMENTED LINE.

Figure 4.2. Hospital Helipad Markings.

22

5. Other Pavement Markings.

5.1. Closed Pavement Markings. Pavements that are hazardousto aircraft traffic are marked with capital "X"s. Refer tofigure 5.1 for the dimensions and layout details. Thefollowing paragraphs describe placement of these markings andalternatives for temporarily closed areas.

5.1.2. Permanently Closed Runways. Obliterate the designationnumbers on both ends of the runway and mark an "X" in place ofthe numbers. An "X" is also placed on the runway centerline atevenly spaced intervals not exceeding 304.800 m (1,000 feet).Where operational pavements cross a closed runway, place an "X"on the closed runway adjacent to both edges of the serviceablepavement and obliterate any runway markings which conflict withthe serviceable pavement. Figure 5.2 shows typical placementof these markings.

5.1.3. Permanently Closed Taxiways. Obliterate the centerlinestripe and mark the taxiway with a "X" at every junction with aserviceable pavement. Refer to figure 5.1 for the dimensionsand layout details and figure 5.2 for typical placement.Additionally, obliterate all extraneous taxiway markings fromthe adjacent serviceable pavements. For example, remove orhide any line delineating a route from an active runway to aclosed taxiway.

5.1.4. Temporarily Closed Runways. When temporarily closing arunway, the "X" may be fabricated of plywood, canvas, paintedpicket fence sections, preformed marking tape, or othermaterials. It can be anchored by any suitable means, such aswith nails or sandbags. Another alternative is use of lighted"X"s as described in Federal Aviation Administration AdvisoryCircular 150/5340-l. Place an "X" at both ends of the runwayon top of the runway designation number. For this purpose, thedimensions of the "X" shown in figure 5.1 may be reduced toallow use of standard 1,219 mm by 2,438 mm (4- by- 8 foot)sheets of plywood.

5.1.5. Temporarily Closed Taxiways. Use materials describedin paragraph 5.1.3 to construct and fasten markers to thepavement. Ensure an "X" is placed at all access points to theclosed pavement. In this case, it is not necessary toobliterate the existing taxiway markings, but it may bedesirable to use lighted barricades to ensure the area isadequately marked. See paragraph 5.2 and figure 5.3.

5.1.6. Closed Aprons. When an apron is closed on an activeairfield, taxilanes and taxiways leading to the closed area aremarked as closed taxiways. If the closed apron area adjoins anactive apron, supplemental markings are needed to indicatedivision between the two areas.- The separation is marked withtwo continuous taxiway edge stripes as described in paragraph3.3 and shown in figure 3.1. The letter "X" as describedabove is marked three feet (914 nun) inward toward the closedapron

Page 23

at intervals not exceeding 60.960 m (200 feet) on the closedapron sides. Figure 5.2 shows the dimensions and typicallayout for these markings.

5.2. Barricades. Where pavement markings do not provideadequate definition of closed or hazardous areas, usereflective orange and white colored barricades withamber-yellow lights. All barricades must be anchored or be ofsufficient mass to retain an established position where theyare placed. Flashing lights must be at least five candelaseffective intensity and flash at a rate of from 55 to 75flashes per minute. Continuous burning lights must have aneffective intensity of 10 candelas. Examples are shown infigure 5.3.

5.2.1. Place barricades at 15.240 m (50 feet) minimumintervals and use dual markers and lights on corners and ends.

5.3. Shoulder Markings (Deceptive Surfaces). Shoulders andother areas of airfield pavements that are not intended foraircraft traffic but have the appearance of operationalpavement may need to be marked as deceptive surfaces. Usedeceptive surface markings when the expanse of stabilized areais larger than the standard dimension or if experience showsthat edge stripes do not provide adequate definition of thefull-strength pavement.

5.3.1. Runway shoulders. Mark deceptive surfaces on the edgesof runways with diagonal stripes as shown in figure 5.4. Thestripes are laid out uniformly from each end of runway to themidpoint. Begin the measurement for spacing at the initialoverrun chevron apex. The ends of the stripes alignlongitudinally with the ends of the overrun chevrons.

5.3.2. Taxiway and Apron Shoulders. Mark deceptive surfaceson the edges of taxiways and aprons with perpendicular stripesas shown in figure 5.5. These markings consist of a series of914 mm (3 feet) wide stripes positioned perpendicular to theedge markings. On curves, a stripe is placed at each point oftangency and intermediate stripes are spaced uniformly up to15.240 m (30 feet) apart. Figure 5.5 shows the dimensions andspacing of the stripes. Stripes are located so that the inneredge of the marking is coincident with the edge of thefull-strength pavement.

5.4. Vehicular Access Marking. Mark vehicular access routesaccording to the US Department of Transportation's Manual onUniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. Thismanual, stock number 5001-0021, is available from theSuperintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office,Wash DC 20402. Additionally, all vehicular access roadsleading to runways must be marked with, a white "stop" bar atthe normal positions for VFR or instrument hold lines. Seeparagraph 3.2.

Page 24

5.5. Inertial Navigation System (INS) Checkpoint Markings.INS checkpoint markings are provided to allow data input orcalibration of the aircraft inertial navigation system. Whitecontrasting colors are used for the border, numerals, andletters on dark-colored pavements, and black contrasting colorsare used on light-colored pavements. A record of actualcoordinates should be maintained by base operations flightdata, transient alert, and maintenance control. Figure 5.6show6 a typical layout scheme. Suggested locations are:

Nose wheel parking spots on aprons and ramps.

Engine run up areas adjacent to runway ends.

Hammerheads.

Taxiway and apron holding position lines.

NOTE: Survey support for navigational aid6 (NAVAIDs) and INScheckpoints should be coordinated with base and MAJCOM Mapping,Charting, and Geodesy offices, according to AFI 14-205,Identifying Requirements for Obtaining and Using Cartographicand Geodetic Products and Services.

5.6. Ground Receiver Checkpoint Markings. Identify instrumentnavigation checkpoint markings such as VHF Omni Range (VOR) andTactical Air Navigation (TACAN) markings as are shown atfigure 5.7. Where directional alignment of the aircraft isrequired, paint a 152 mm (6-inch) wide line through the centerof the circle which extends outside the circle aligned towardthe transmitter. Terminate the line with an arrowhead. Blackor white paint may be used to contrast this marking asrequired. Also ensure that a sign is placed as close aspossible, and perpendicular to, an imaginary line formed as anextension of the arrow. The sign must not interfere withaircraft operations. The sign should be mounted 508 mm to 762mm (20 to 30 inches) above ground and lettered large enough tobe read easily from the checkpoint. It shall display thefacility identification, frequency, both course settings (i.e.,180/360), and distance measuring equipment (DME) distance, whenavailable.

NOTE: Survey support for navigational aids (NAVAIDs) and INSpoints should be coordinated with base and or MAJCOM Mapping,Charting, and Geodesy offices, according to AFI 14-205,Identifying Requirements for Obtaining and Using Cartographicand Geodetic Products and Services.

5.7. Compass Calibration Pads. Compass calibration padmarkings vary depending upon the type aircraft serviced.Aircraft Navigation System and Magnetic Compass CalibratorTechnical Orders provide specific detail6 for design, location,construction, and marking of these locations. If aircraft areserviced which do not require a specific marking, generalguidelines for Types I, II and III compass calibration pads are

Page 25

provided in Federal Aviation Administration (FM) AdvisoryCircular (AC) 150/5300-13. Bases can obtain a current copy ofthese instructions from HQ AFCESA/DMP, 139 Barnes Drive, Suite1, Tyndall AFB FL 32403-5319.

Page 26

TAX

IWA

YC

EN

TER

LIN

E

CE

NTE

RLI

NE

1.52

4 m

(5’

) w

ithin

edg

e of

pave

men

t or

7.6

20 m

(25

’)lo

ng w

hich

ever

is

less

.

Figure 5.5. Taxiway and Apron Shoulders Markings (Deceptive Surfaces).

31

Figure 5.6 Typical Inertial Navigation System Checkpoint Marking.32

Figure 5.7. Ground Receiver Checkpoint (Directional).

33

6. Expedient Airfield Markings.

6.1. There are two basic types of expedient airfields--theshortfield airstrip or assault zone landing area, and theminimum operating strip (MOS). They are rapidly developed tosupport operations due to an urgent need, but support differenttypes of operations. The shortfield (or assault zone) airstripis developed to support airlift operations for aircraft such asthe C-130 and the C-17, and the MOS is developed as a baserecovery after attack effort to allow launch and recovery offighter aircraft. The schemes for marking these type airfieldsare described below.

6.2. Shortfield or Assault Zone Markings. A shortfield orassault zone airfield is usually established in a forwardoperating location for airlift purposes. The runway or theentire operating surface may be constructed of dirt, sod,runway matting, or pavement. A combination of ground markings,portable lights, and edge markers may be used, but should beconfigured to define the runway, taxiways, and apron areas asshown in figure 6.1.

6.2.1. Runway Edge Markers. Obtain or construct fixed orportable edge markers which are unidirectional orbidirectional, as required. Each observed face must have asurface area of at least 372 mm2 (4 square feet). They must beconstructed in accordance with paragraph 1.2.2.2 and must notproject more than 450 mm (18 inches) above ground level.

6.2.2. For training purposes, mark simulated shortfield orassault zone landing areas by painting six transverse stripeson the pavement. They should be 914 mm (3 feet) wide andextend from edge to edge of the runway. Mark two stripes todelineate a landing area at least 1,066.800 m (3,500 feet)long. Place an additional stripe 30.480 m (100 feet), and152.400 m (500 feet) inboard from each end of the area.

6.2.3. Consult HQ AMC Regulation 55-60, Assault ZoneProcedures, for further information.

6.3. Minimum Operating Strip (MOS) Markings. MOS markingsconsist of threshold and centerline pavement markings, edgemarkers, and aircraft arresting system location andDistance-To-Go (DTG) markers. Pavement markings and markersmay be used together or independently. All components of theminimum operating strip marking system are shown in figure 6.2.

6.3.1. Pavement Markings. Where pavement markings are used,the threshold is marked with an inverted "T" formed with a15.240 m (50 feet) long transverse stripe centered between theedges of the MOS at the designated beginning of the threshold.The centerline joins the transverse stripe at its midpoint and

Page 34

extends 15.240 m (50 feet) toward the center of the MOS.Stripes may be solid or striated and form a marking which is atleast 762 mm (30 inches), but not more than 914 mm (36 inches)wide. Centerline stripes and spaces are 15.240 m (50 feet)long. Note that the last centerline stripe may be up to 30.480m (100 feet) long on strips which are laid out in evenincrements of 30.480 m (100 feet).

6.3.2. Edge and Threshold Markers. The MOS threshold isidentified by placing ten markers adjacent to each other andperpendicular to the MOS centerline on each side of and in linewith the threshold. Individual markers are placed 1.219 to3.048 m (4 to 10 feet) from the edge of the MOS, and oppositeeach other on both sides of the MOS, at intervals not exceeding60.960 m (200 sect). Each marker must have a viewed surfacearea of 372 mm (four square feet) minimum.

6.3.3. Distance To Go Markers. Where DTG markers are used forMOS applications, they are placed to be read on the right sideof the runway only. Markers are placed a minimum of 304.800 m(1,000 feet) apart to indicate the distance remaining for atakeoff or landing. If the MOS is of odd length (unevenmultiple of 304.800 m (1,000 feet), any distance remainingwhich is less than 304.800 m (1,000 feet) should be equallydivided and added to the distance between the threshold and thefirst DTG marker. This means the DTG markers will always becoincident across the runway even though they are only viewedon the right side. Lateral placement will be a minimum of7.620 m (25 feet) and a maximum of 15.240 m (50 feet) from theedge of the runway.

6.3.4. Aircraft Arresting System Markers. These warningmarkers are placed on both sides of the MOS in line with theDTG markers at each active aircraft arresting system cablecrossing. They are positioned to be read on the right side ofthe MOS. If coincident with a DTG marker, they are placed1.524 m (5 feet) outboard of the DTG marker.

6.4. Expedient Taxiway Markings. Where expedient taxiwaymarkings are required, taxi lines are marked with a single 152mm (6 inch) width continuous stripe. Unless there is a lack ofcontrast with the surrounding terrain, the stripe is onlyapplied in critical areas such as curves and intersections.Holding positions on taxiways are marked with a transversestripe a minimum of 762 mm (30 inches), but not more than 914mm (36 inches) wide.

6.4.1. Where markers are required along taxiways, place themas close to the edges of taxiways as practicable, andequidistant laterally from its centerline. Intervals betweensuch markers are not to exceed 67.056 m (220 feet) on straighttaxiway sections and 36.576. m (120 feet) on curves. Markersare placed opposite each other on both sides of taxiway,excluding insides of curves where every other marker may be

Page 35

omitted. At holding positions, double markers are provided onboth sides of the taxiway.. Do not locate the outer markersmore than 4.572 m (15 feet) laterally from the inner row ofmarkers. Figure 6.1 shows a typical layout scheme for thesemarkers.

Page-36