standard h.b.6 the student will demonstrate an
TRANSCRIPT
Whatstandardarewefocusingontoday?StandardH.B.6Thestudentwilldemonstratean
understandingthatecosystemsarecomplex,interactivesystemsthatincludebothbiologicalcommunitiesand
physicalcomponentsoftheenvironment.
SPECIFICALLY,ABIOTICandBIOTICfactors.
PrinciplesofEcology
•Ecology – studyofrelationshipsbetweenlivingandnonliving partsoftheworld
•ErnstHaeckel(1866)– firsttousethewordtonamethestudyofhoworganismsfitintotheirenvironment
PartsoftheEnvironment
•Bioticfactors– allthelivingorganismsthatinhabittheenvironment
•Abioticfactors– non-living partsofanorganism’senvironment•Aircurrents,temperature,moisture,light,soil
EcosystemRequirements
•#1- ContinuoussupplyofEnergy•#2– Aflow ofenergyfromonepopulationtoanother
LevelsofOrganization
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Biome
Nichevs.Habitatvs.Ecosystem
Ecosystem – alltheorganisms inagivenareaandtheabiotic factorsthataffectthem(ecosystem=interactionoflivingandnonlivingthings).Habitat – place anorganismlivesoutitslifeNiche– role andposition aspecieshasinitsenvironment
• Includesallbiotic andabiotic interactionsasanorganismmeetsitsneedsforsurvival
• Iftwospeciesarecompetingforthesameniche,onewillmostlikelydrive theotheroutandtakecontrol oftheniche.
Whatisyourniche?
Niches Further ExplainedThe range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species what it needs to survive and reproduce.
Analogy 1:A habitat is like the species’ “address”and the niche is like the species’ecological “occupation”—where and how it “makes a living.”
Analogy 2:A sports team is the species “habitat.” The niche is like the position an athlete plays in a team sport. (i.e. the role a player in a given position fulfills for the team, the physical space the player occupies, and how the player interacts with teammates and competitors)
ToleranceTolerance: the range of external conditions within which a species can survive and reproduce
Nosurvival
Nosurvival
OrganismInteractions
1. Immigration/emigration2. Competition3. Mutualism– bothspeciesbenefit4. Commensalism– onebenefits,theotheris
notaffected5. Parasitism– onebenefits,oneisharmed6. Predator-preyrelationships7. Interdependence
Immigration/Emigration
Competition
When organisms attempt to use the same limited ecological resources in the same place at the same time.
Intraspecific: between members of the same species
Interspecific: between members of different species
Competitive Exclusion PrincipleNo two species can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time.
Dividing Resources
Sprucetree
Cape May Warbler
Bay-breasted Warbler
Yellow-rumped Warbler
Competition creates pressure for each species to specialize the way that it uses resources to survive and reproduce.
Keystone Species A keystone species is a single species that is vital to ecosystem stability.
In the kelp forests on the Pacific Coast, sea otters prey on sea urchins. Urchins eat the kelp.
A century ago, otters were nearly eliminated by hunting. Unexpectedly, the kelp forest nearly vanished.
WHY?: Without otters as predators, sea urchin populations skyrocketed. Armies of urchins devoured kelp down to bare rock. Without kelp to provide habitat, many other animals, including seabirds, disappeared.
WHAT HAPPENED? Otters became an endangered species & their population recovered. Kelp forests began to thrive again.
Symbiosis: MutualismA relationship between two species in which both species benefit
Clownfish and sea anemones help each other survive.
When a clownfish is threatened by a predator, it seeks shelter in the tentacles that would kill or paralyze most other fish.
If an anemone-eating species tries to attack their living home, the clownfish dart out and fiercely chase away fish many times their size.
Symbiosis: Commensalism
A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
Example: Barnacles often attach themselves to a whale’s skin. The barnacles benefit from the constant movement of water (food particles) along the whale. The barnacles do not harm or benefit the whale.
Symbiosis: ParasitismA relationship in which one organism lives inside or on another organism and harms it
Leech with human host
Predator-Prey Relationships
Onepredator-preycycle
Predators can affect the size of prey populations in a community i.e. birds of prey can play an important role in regulating the population sizes of mice, voles, and other small mammals.
Interdependence
Vocabulary Review
Keystone species
Parasitism
Competitive exclusion principle
Tolerance
Interspecific competition
Herbivory
No two species can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time
The ability to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental conditions
One species benefits while harming another
Between members of different species
A single species vital to ecosystem stability
An interaction in which one animal feeds on producers
Biomes• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIy0ZlyPPDg• TheDesertBiomes:TheyaretheHotandDryDeserts,SemiAridDeserts,CoastalDesertsandColdDeserts.
• TheAquaticBiomes:Aquaticbiomesaregroupedintotwo,FreshwaterBiomes(lakesandponds,riversandstreams,wetlands)andMarineBiomes(oceans,coralreefsandestuaries).
• TheForestBiomes:TherearethreemainbiomesthatmakeupForestBiomes.ThesearetheTropicalRainforest,TemperateandBorealForests(alsocalledtheTaiga)
• TheGrasslandBiomes:Therearetwomaintypesofgrasslandbiomes:theSavannaGrasslandsandtheTemperateGrasslands.
• TheTundraBiomes: Therearetwomajortundrabiomes—TheArticTundraandtheAlpineTundra.