standard, monitoring, modelling, eco-auditing and

8/3/2019 Standard, Monitoring, Modelling, Eco-Auditing And

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STANDARD, MONITORING,

MODELLING, ECO-AUDITING AND

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMS

Dr. Ir. NASTITI SISWI INDRASTI


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STANDARD

A standard may be defined as widely accepted orapproved example of something against which others

may be measured


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Standard play a crucial part in:

Monitoring

Modeling to understand the environment and establishtrends

Negotiation

Enforcement of rules

Environmental auditing

Maintaining environmental quality


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The fields of activity which make use ofstandards include:

Pollution control

Health and safety

Public hygiene and health (especially domestic watersupplies, sewage and waste disposal)

Consumer goods (food standards, electrical safety,electromagnetic radiation safety)

Pharmaceutical products

Transport safety and quality

Disclosure of information to the public


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MONITORING

Monitoring aims to establish a system of continuedobservation, measurement and evaluation or definedpurposes.


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Monitoring is therefore often undertaken for a

specific reason, for the systematic measurement of

selected variables (Mitchell, 1997:261):

Improve understanding of environmental, social or economicprocesses

Provide early warning Help optimize use of the environment and resources

Assist in regulating environmental and resources usage (e.g. it may

provide information for law courts) Assess conditions

Establish baseline data, trends, cumulative effects, etc. Check that required standards are being met, or see whether

something of interest has changed

Document sinks, sources, etc Test models, verify hypotheses or research Determine the effectiveness of measures or regulation

Provide information for decision-making Advise the public


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SURVEILLANCE

Is repetitive measurement of selected variables over aperiod of time, but with a less clearly defined purposethan monitoring.


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Surveillance, like monitoring, can focus on the

environment, people or an economy, and may:

Check whether statutory regulations are compliedwith (without monitoring and surveillance the settingof standards and rules is of little value)

Provide information for systems control ormanagement

Assess environmental quality to see whether itremains satisfactory

Detect unexpected changes


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MODELLING

A model is caricature or simplification of reality: oftena set of equations, used to predict the behavior ofvariables.


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ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING

Environmental auditing has been applied to stock-taking,eco-review, eco-survey, eco-audit, eco-evaluation,environmental assessment, the production of green

charters and the checking of impact assessment todetermine their effectiveness


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State of the environment accounts and environmentalquality evaluation use knowledge of how the ecosystemis structured and functions to collect data showing the

state of an area

ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING


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Environmental audit can be conducted at :

Company

Institution

State

National or global levels

ECO-AUDITING


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Environmental audit may mean:

Review conditions and evaluate impacts of development

Avoiding or reducing environmental damage

Monitoring the quality of the environment


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Environmental assessment

Means a concise public document which should provideenough evidence for decision to be made on whether ornot to proceed to full EIA


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Environmental appraisal

Environmental appraisal is a generic term used in the UKfor the evaluation of the environmental implications of

proposals

an equivalent of environmental evaluation


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ECO-AUDITING

a systematic multidisciplinary methodology usedperiodically and objectively to assess the environmentalperformance of a company, public authority or in someinstances.

Eco-audits can be done in house, by a government teamor by an independent, accredited specialist or team


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Eco-audits offer some or all of the

following benefits:

The generate valuable data for regional or national stateof the environments reports

Ensuring the continual improvement of environmentalmanagement

Valuable way of monitoring Establishing an effective environmental protection

scheme, which may reduce insurance premiums Assisting effort for sustainable development Involving the public in environmental management Identifying cost recovery through recycling, opportunities

or sale of by-product, etc. Reducing risks of being accused of negligence and

losing court cases

Reducing the need for government inspections


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There may also be risks associated

with eco-audits:

They may spot a problem that is costly to cure, whichmight otherwise have been overlooked without too muchharm

They can be expensive A body may fear trade secret will be exposed to

competitors

Smaller companies cannot do eco-auditing in-house and

must use specialist from outside (costly, with a risk ofloss of trade secrets)


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Types Of Eco-audit

Site or facility audit, a company or body audits to seehow it conforms to safety and other regulations and carefor the environment

Compliance auditto assess whether regulations arebeing heeded and/or policy is being followed

Issues auditassessment of the impact of a company another bodys activities on a specific environmental or

social issue, e.g. rain forest loss Minimization auditto see if it is possible to reduce:

waste; inputs, emission of pollutants (including noise),energy consumption, etc


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Types Of Eco-audit

Property transfers audits(pre-acquisition audit, merger audit,disvestiture audit, transactional audit, liability audit-a company orbody audits prior to disvestiture, takeover, joint venture, alliance,altering a lease, sale of assets. etc., to show if there are any

problems such as contaminated land Waste auditsto see if regulations are met, whether cost can be

reduced by sale of by product, etc. the motivation to audit may be tocomply with legislation or come from a desire to prevent problems

Life cycle assessment/analysis evaluationthat can extend beyond

the time horizon of single owner, company or government (it iscradle-to-grave), e.g impacts of something from manufacture,through use to disposal.


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ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Hunt and Johnson (1995:89) argued thatEnvironmental Management System (EMS):

Help to develop a proactive environmental approach

Ensure a balanced view across all functions

Enable effective, directed environmental goal-setting

Make the environmental auditing process effective


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ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

PLANNING

MANAGEMENT REVIEW

IMPLEMENTATIONS AND OPERATIONS

MONITORING AND CORRECTION

Figure 1. Basic environmental management system approach


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RECOMMENDED READING

Eco-management And Auditing

Environmental Accounting And Auditing Reporter

Environmental Assessment

Environmental Auditing

Environmental Management

Environmental Monitoring And Assessment

Impact Assessment And Project Appraisal

Journal Of Environmental Planning And Management


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