stanford archaeologist traces the origins of authority to the andes of peru _ stanford news

8/17/2019 Stanford Archaeologist Traces the Origins of Authority to the Andes of Peru _ Stanford News

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News (http://news.stanford.edu/)

APRIL 25, 2016

Stanford archaeologist traces the origins of authority to the Andes of PeruStanford archaeologist John Rick found that the ancient Peruvian site of Chavín de Huántar

offer s clues about how authoritarianism arose in human civilization. T he priesthood at this

South American site used elaborate manipulations to demonstrate its seemingly special

powers.

BY TANU WAKEFIELD

The umanities at Stanford (http://shc.stanford.edu/)

Why do we live in systems where a single person or a small group of people make decisions on behalf of

other people?

A 3,000-year-old archaeological site in the Andes of Peru may hold the answer to this question, said John

Rick (https://web.stanford.edu/dept/anthropology/cgi-bin/web/?q=node/157) , an associate professor of

anthropology at Stanford. Rick has studied Chavín de Huántar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Peru, for

the past 20 years.

Go to the web site to view the video.

Authoritarianism is an issue of special gravitas this year, as claims of heavy-handedness in U.S.

presidential politics and widening conflicts against dictatorships in Syria and elsewhere make clear.

As Rick observed, “More than 5,000 and certainly 10,000 years ago, nowhere in the world was anyone living

under a concerted authority. Today we expect that. It is the essence of our organization. ‘Take me to your

leader. Who’s in charge here?’ So where did that come from?”

A current fellow (http://shc.stanford.edu/people/fellows) at the Stanford Humanities Center

(http://shc.stanford.edu/), Rick is synthesizing the large amount of evidence from more than two decades

of fieldwork at Chavín, where that culture developed from roughly 900 BC to 200 BC.

He is collecting his research on Chavín and how authority-minded systems arose in human society for an

upcoming book, Innovation, Religion and the Development of the Andean Formative Period . The work will

explore the role of religion in the shaping hierarchical societies in the New World, especially the Andes.

http://shc.stanford.edu/https://web.stanford.edu/dept/anthropology/cgi-bin/web/?q=node/157https://web.stanford.edu/dept/anthropology/cgi-bin/web/?q=node/157https://web.stanford.edu/dept/anthropology/cgi-bin/web/?q=node/157http://news.stanford.edu/http://shc.stanford.edu/http://shc.stanford.edu/people/fellowshttps://web.stanford.edu/dept/anthropology/cgi-bin/web/?q=node/157http://shc.stanford.edu/http://news.stanford.edu/


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Tools of manipulation

Chavín was a religious center run by an elaborate priesthood, Rick explained. Located north of Lima, in the

Andes mountains, it sat at the mouth of two large rivers that once held religious significance for the region.

During its existence, the Chavín priesthood subjected visitors to an incredible range of routines, some of

which involved manipulating light, water and sound.

According to Rick, the priesthood deliberately worked with underground spaces, architectural stonework,

a system of water canals, psychoactive drugs and animal iconography to augment its demonstrations of

authority.

“I was fascinated with the evidence we have for this idea of manipulation of people who went through

ritual experiences in these structures,” he said.

The priesthood sought to increase its level of authority, Rick added. “They needed to create a new world,one in which the settings, objects, actions and senses all argue for the presence of intrinsic authority – both

from the religious leaders and from a realm of greater powers they portray themselves as related to.”

Prior archaeological research on Chavín has suggested that the site attracted people because it was a cult of

devotion. However, Rick and his team have drawn alternative conclusions.

They found very little evidence that common people were involved in worshipping at Chavín. Instead they

have surmised that visitors were elite pilgrims, local leaders from far-flung parts of the Central Andes.

These people were looking for justification to elevate their own status and their positions of control in

society.

After their experiences at Chavín, they would use the experiences to more adroitly disseminate messages

of authority to their own people, the researchers said.

“They’re basically in a process of developing a hierarchy, a real social structure that has strong political

power at the top,” Rick said.

A body of evidence

Architecture was critical to producing this effect, Rick and his colleagues found. They estimate that there

are 2 kilometers of underground labyrinthine, gallery-like spaces, which were clearly designed to confine

and manipulate those who entered them.

This was a removal from one world and the creation of another, he suggested. As a result, the rituals were

dramatic and effective in changing ideas about the nature of human authoritative relationships.


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Stone was another key element, Rick said. Leaders at Chavín often recorded their actions by engraving

their deeds in stone. While other ancient sites used wood, papier-mâché or textiles, those at Chavín

revealed their strategies in the ground and rock itself.

The priesthood also manipulated visitors with psychoactive drugs. According to Rick, the evidence is found

in the portrayal of psychoactive plants in stone engravings, with clear illustrations of paraphernalia and

the drugs’ effects on human beings.

Rick believes Chavín was a place where human psychology was explored and experiments were being

conducted to test how people would react to certain stimuli.

Power of water

Yet another tool of authoritarian manipulation was water, through a sophisticated hydraulic system and

underwater canals at the site, Rick said.

Despite water’s danger in flooding, the Chavín priesthood clearly attempted to control water visibly, Rick

and his colleagues found.

“They were playing with this stuff. They were using water pressure 3,000 years ago to elevate water, to

bring it up where it shouldn’t be. They’re using it as an agent to wash away offerings,” he said.

The water control, Rick said, is a powerful demonstration of human agency over nature.

These are only a few examples that Rick and his team have uncovered at the site, a place where excavation

continues.

He conjures up a picture of what it must have been like for pilgrims to visit Chavín and its dark,

underground spaces, undergo strange experiences and observe the seeming abilities of priests to wield

supernatural powers.

Ancient places like Chavín reflect a major change in the way human beings would treat each other, Rick

said. Such places gave rise to “complex, highly authoritarian, communications-driven, sometimes

charismatically led societies” in human civilization, he said.

Media Contacts

Veronica Marian, Stanford Humanities Center: (650) 724-8155, [email protected]

(mailto:[email protected])

Clifton B. Parker: Stanford News Service: (650) 725-0224, [email protected]

(mailto:[email protected])

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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stanford archaeologist traces the origins of authority to the andes of peru _ stanford news

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