New Delhi Mumbai Chennai Kolkata Bengaluru Hyderabad Kochi Guwahati

Start Up

Learn ¥ Explore ¥ Apply

4Science

Neha Sharma Anjali Sharma

Series Editor

Ajoy GhatakCopyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

Information contained in this book has been obtained by its authors from sources believed to be reliable and is correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the publisher and its authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or

damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use.

Every attempt has been made to trace holders of copyright. Where the publishers have not heard from them at the time of going to press or where, in the absence of complete information, it has not been possible to identify the sources

of materials used, the publishers would be grateful for any information that would enable them to make appropriate acknowledgements in future reprints/editions of this book.

The reproduction of registered trademarks and logos and references to proprietary software or any other commercial product in this publication are for educational purposes only. We gratefully acknowledge each individual intellectual

property owner.

Copyright © Viva Education

First published 2011; Reprinted 2011; Reprinted 2012 (twice); Reprinted 2013 (twice); Reprinted 2014Second edition 2013; Reprinted 2013; Reprinted 2014

Third edition 2014; Reprinted 2014; Reprinted 2015; Fourth Edition 2016; Reprinted 2017 Fifth Edition 2018; Sixth Edition 2019; Reprinted 2020

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recorded or otherwise, without the written permission of the publishers.

4737/23, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002 Tel. 011-42242200, Email: vivaeducation@vivagroupindia.net

New Delhi • Mumbai • Chennai • Kolkata • Bengaluru • Hyderabad • Kochi • GuwahatiAhmedabad • Indore • Jaipur • Jalandhar • Lucknow • Nagpur • Nashik • Patna • Pune • Ranchi

www.vivadigital.inwww.vivagroupindia.com

ISBN: 978-93-88386-03-6

Published by Viva Education, a unit of Viva Books Private Limited

` 340.00

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

PrefaceChildren are born curious. This curiosity is the key to learn anything, including science. They want to know how, why, where and when things happen – and lots more. Start Up Science focuses on ac va ng their curiosity and providing the opportuni es and informa on necessary to fi nd out the answers to their ques ons in the world of science.Start Up Science is a series of eight books specially designed for the schools following the CBSE curriculum that conforms to the vision of the Na onal Curriculum Framework.In addi on to curiosity, these books aim to develop scien fi c skills like communica on, observa on, es ma on, cause and eff ect, inves ga on, cri cal analysis and evalua on.The salient features of Start Up Science 3 to 5 are as follows. • The books are wri en in a simple, easy to understand language and are appropriately graded. • Text is supported by visually a rac ve and self-explanatory illustra ons. • A number of ac vi es are included under the heading Bingo’s Ac vity Time to nurture and

develop the skills of inves ga on and experimenta on in children. • Factoids in Bingo’s Knowledge Bank s mulate thirst for knowledge. • Bingo’s Challenge includes thinking skill ques ons to promote cri cal and analy cal thinking. • Ques ons given in Bingo’s Teaser help the children to review the concepts learnt previously. • Quick Recall includes oral ques ons to reinforce the concepts learnt. • Recall with Bingo at the end of each lesson consolidates key concepts for easy recall. • A wide variety of exercises including mul ple choice ques ons, fi ll in the blanks, true or false,

match the columns, and answer the ques ons are given in the books.

Addi onal Features • Leisure Time includes a variety of enjoyable exercises like unscramble the words, crossword

puzzles, web charts and grids to make learning fun for children. • Project and Ac vi es are given at the end of each chapter to promote pair and group work. • Assessment sheets in the form of prac ce papers and test yourself are also included in each

book. • Insert sheets and in-text boxes are given with addi onal informa on to increase the awareness

of children. • Support and prac ce material including interac ve learning app and online worksheets are

also available.We are confi dent that the series will expose children to the world of science in a child-friendly manner and be helpful in naturally developing a scien fi c a tude among them.

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

Detailed Contents

Chapter Contents Do and Learn

1. Green Plants – Th e Food Producers

Structure and function of a leafTh e process of making food - photosynthesisSome amazingly diff erent plantsTh e fl ow of energyDependency of plants, animals and human beings on each other

• Web chart • Unscramble the words • Group activity

2. Adaptations forSurvival in Plants

Habitat of plantsAdaptations in plantsSome non-green plantsUnusual but amazingly interesting plants

• Web chart • Word search • Gather information

and make a chart

3. Reproduction in Animals

Animals that give birth to off springAnimals that lay eggs

• Web chart • Word search • Make a chart and

class presentation

4. Adaptations for Survival in Animals

Adaptations to habitatAdaptations for foodAdaptations for protection

• Web chart • Crossword puzzle • Role play in the class • Gather information and

make a report

5. More about Insects Th e body of an insectSocial insectsLife cycle of a butterfl yUseful insectsHarmful insects

• Word search • Web chart • Group discussion • List out the

information • Gather information and

pictures

6. Food and Nutrition Food and nutrients • Web chart • Word search • Activity and analysis

7. Th e Digestive System and Teeth

Th e digestive systemTeeth

• Web chart • Word search • Make a model • Gather information and

make a report

8. Keeping Safe Safety at homeSafety outside homeFirst aid

• Unscramble the words • Make fi rst aid reference

folder

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

Chapter Contents Do and Learn

9. More about Clothes Clothes – our needFibre and their typesClothes and cultureClothes and professionTaking care of clothes

• Unscramble the words • Web chart • Gather information and

make a report • Gather information,

pictures and samples

10. Rocks and Soil RocksSoil

• Web chart • Word search • Correct the sequence • Experiment

11. Matter and Water MatterWater

• Web chart • Naming • Activities

12. Force, Work and Energy

ForceWorkMachinesEnergy

• Web chart • Crossword puzzle • Group activity

13. Weather and Air WeatherAir

• Word search • Activity

14. Our Neighbours in Space

Th e solar systemEarth and its moonRotation and revolution of earthStars

• Complete the given series

• Word search • Make a project report • Make a report

15. Measuring Th ings LengthCapacityMassTemperature

• Unscramble the words • Activity

Th e variety of exercises in the book:

• Short answer questions • Very short answer questions

(true or false, multiple choice questions, fi ll in the blanks, matching the columns, one word answer)

Some interesting tasks given under the heading ‘Do and Learn’ in the book include the following. • Projects and activities • Crosswords • Web charts • Arranging sentences in order • Unscrambling the words • Identifying things with respect to given clues • Word making • Completing the given series

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

1. Green Plants – The Food Producers 3 2. Adapta ons for Survival in Plants 13 3. Reproduc on in Animals 20

Practice Paper 1 27 4. Adapta ons for Survival in Animals 28 5. More about Insects 38 6. Food and Nutri on 45 7. The Diges ve System and Teeth 54

Practice Paper 2 63Test Yourself 1 64

8. Keeping Safe 66 9. More about Clothes 73 10. Rocks and Soil 79 11. Ma er and Water 89

Practice Paper 3 99 12. Force, Work and Energy 100 13. Weather and Air 110 14. Our Neighbours in Space 116 15. Measuring Things 125

Practice Paper 4 130Test Yourself 2 131

Contents

15. MPT

A variety of objec ve exercises like MCQs, true or false, fi ll ups,

matching, etc.Assessment sheets given as Prac ce Paper and Test

Yourself

Projects and Ac vi es consis ng of experiments, data collec on and handling, surveys,

presenta ons, projects, organizing campaigns, etc.

Interac ve Learning App

Key Features

Leisure Time ac vi es including unscramble, odd one out, crossword puzzle,

web charts and gridsCopyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

1

Be a ScientistIn the previous class, we have met our scien st Dr Bingo. Let’s recall the things he and other scien sts do when they want to inves gate about something.

• Collect data from various sources. • Classify and arrange data in order. • Record, compare and analyze data. • Draw conclusions and share with others.

Now you are going to be a scien st again. You are going to inves gate withDr Bingo how the rates of gold have been changing since the year 1970.

1. Collect information from various sources about the rates of gold and fi ll thegiven table.

Year Rate of gold in rupees

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

You can go to your parents, grandparents, a jeweller, or surf the internet to fi nd information about gold.

You can use this website to gather information:www.goldinfo.net/yearly.html

Bingo’s Knowledge BankIf you fi nd information from the internet, you might get the data in

dollars. To convert it into Indian rupees, multiply it with 50 to get an approximate value in rupees. For example, the rate of gold in the

year 1970 was $38.90. So in Indian rupees it will be ` 1945.

1

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

2

2. Record this data in the given grid by marking a tick in the appropriate box .

3. Compare the rates of gold in different years and answer the following questions. Refer the table and the graph.

(a) In which year was the rate of gold highest? ____________ (b) In which year was it the lowest? ____________ (c) What is the difference between the highest and

the lowest rate of gold? ____________

Discuss in class why the rate of gold keeps changing. Also discuss what is the standard quan ty of gold for which these rates are decided and who decides these rates.

As a follow-up, inves gate in the same manner the changes in the rate of silver since the year 1970 and record.

1,000–4,000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

4,001–8,000

8,001–12,000

12,001–16,000

16,001–20,000

20,001–24,000

2

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

3

Green Plants – The Food Producers

We know that all living things need food for growth and repair of their body parts. But not all of them can produce food. Animals and human beings lack this ability. Green plants are the only living things that can produce food. They are able to do so because of the presence of a substance called chlorophyll in their leaves. Chlorophyll is green in colour and is also responsible for impar ng green colour to the leaves.

In this chapter, we will discuss how a leaf prepares food in the presence of chlorophyll.

Quick Recall

Iden fy the parts of the plant and discuss their main func ons.

1

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

4

Structure and Function of a LeafWe have already studied about the structure of a leaf. Let’s review it quickly.

Bingo’s Activity Time

Take any green leaf. Observe it carefully and answer the followingques ons.

(a) Does it have a fl at part called the leaf blade? (b) Does it have a main vein and several side veins? (c) Is the whole leaf green in colour?Now observe a few diff erent leaves and again answer these ques ons. Did you fi nd any similarity between the leaves you observed?

Request your teacher to show you the underside of a leaf under a microscope. You will see that there are many ny openings called stomata (singular stoma) on it. Plants breathe through these stomata.

A green leaf performs the following tasks for the plant.

1. It prepares food for the plant in the presence of chlorophyll using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide. That’s why it is called the food factory of a plant.

2. It helps the plant to breathe through stomata. 3. Some leaves also store food prepared by the plant.

Bingo’s Knowledge BankThe main vein called the midrib, and the side veins

transport water from the stem to all parts of the leaf.

Bingo’s TeaserName four leaves

that contain stored food which you eat.

BBBB

cabbage spinach fenugreek

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

5

The Process of Making Food – PhotosynthesisWe generally call a leaf the food factory of a plant. Let’s understand the working of this factory.

Plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through stomata. Water is absorbed from the soil through roots. Chlorophyll traps the sunlight. All these are used by the leaf to prepare food. This process of making food by plants using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide in the presence of chlorophyll is known as photosynthesis. This term comes from two words—‘photo’ meaning light and ‘synthesis’ meaning pu ng together.

The food prepared by a leaf is called sugar. This food is transported throughout the plant by the stem and branches. A plant uses some amount of the prepared food to carry out its life processes while the rest of the food is stored in fruit, leaves, stem or roots. We consume such parts of a plant.

StarchStarch is the stored

form of sugar.

carbon dioxide (from air)

sunlight(from the sun)

chlorophyll(in the leaf )

water(from soil)

spinachmango

sugarcane

carrot

Bingo’s Challenge!If chlorophyll is the machine of a leaf and carbon dioxide and water are

the raw materials that go into it, what would sunlight and food be?(a) Fuel and product (b) Force and product

Bingo’s Challenge!Name the grain which we boil in excess water and use its strained

water to starch our clothes.

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

6

Apart from food, oxygen is also given out by plants during photosynthesis through stomata. This gas is then used by animals and human beings for breathing. They, in turn, give out carbon dioxide in the air.

Quick Recall

Fill in the blanks.

1. The process of making food by the plants using ____________, ____________and carbon dioxide in the presence of ____________________ is known as____________________.

2. A plant uses some amount of the prepared food to carry out its ____________ processes while the rest of the food is stored in the form of ____________ in fruit, leaves, stem or roots.

Bingo’s Activity Time

1. Take a well-watered po ed plant (plant A) and keep it in a dark room for 2 days. Water the plant regularly. Keep another plant (plant B) in the sunlight.

2. Now pluck a leaf each from both the plants. Go to the laboratory with your teacher and carefully see her performing the following experiment.

3. Boil each leaf separately fi rst in water and then in alcohol.

Bingo’s Knowledge BankWe can come to know whether a leaf has carried out photosynthesis or not. Test the leaf with iodine solution. If it turns blue-black, then starch

is present in it. This confi rms that it has carried out photosynthesis.

plant A plant B

BBBB

A B

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

7

4. Wash both of them separately with cold water. You will fi nd that the leaves get bleached (lose colour). This is done so that you can see the results clearly.

5. Put a few drops of iodine solu on on each leaf.What do you observe?You will observe that the leaf of plant A does not turn blue-black. This indicates that starch was not formed in that leaf or in other words, photosynthesis was not carried out. While the leaf of plant B turns blue-black showing the presence of starch. This means that plant B carried out photosynthesis properly.What do you think is the reason for the absence of starch in the leaf of plant A? Discuss with your teacher.

Bingo’s Activity Time

1. Take a fresh green leaf and a fallen leaf which has turned completely yellow. Go to the laboratory and see your teacher performing the following experiment.

2. Boil both the leaves separately fi rst in water and then in alcohol. Then wash them separately with cold water.

3. Pour a few drops of iodine solu on on each leaf.

What do you observe?You will no ce that the green leaf turns blue-black showing the presence of starch. The yellow leaf does not turn blue-black proving that there was no starch in it.Now discuss with your teacher the reason for this.

BBBB

A B

A BCopyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

8

Bingo’s Activity Time

1. Take a potato and cut it into two parts. 2. Put a few drops of iodine on the cut side

of the potato.What do you observe?You will observe blue-black colour on the por on where you have put iodine drops. This proves that potato has starch.

Some Amazingly Different PlantsThere are some plants that are diff erent from the usual green plants. Let’s fi nd out more about them.

• The leaves of cactus plant are reduced to spines and cannot perform photosynthesis. The food is prepared by the green stem.

• Mushrooms and moulds do not contain chlorophyll and are non-green. These plants lack the ability to make their food and therefore, obtain it from dead and decaying plants and animals.

• Money plant and croton plant have variegated leaves, i.e., having patches of diff erent colours. Only the green part of such leaves performs photosynthesis.

Bingo’s Knowledge BankMushrooms and moulds are known as ‘saprophytic

plants’ because they obtain nutrition from dead and decaying plants and animals.

BBBB

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

9

The Flow of EnergyPlants help to transfer energy from the sun to animals and human beings.

Dependency of Plants, Animals and Human Beings on Each OtherPlants, animals and human beings show dependency on each other. Plants give food, shelter and oxygen to us and animals. In turn, we give out carbon dioxide which is used by plants to carry out photosynthesis. This way plants help to purify air. Impure air that carries excess of carbon dioxide is not good for us and animals. We also help in spreading seeds of plants and therefore help in increasing their number.

Recall with BingoRecall with Bingo

1. All living things need food for growth and repair of their body parts. 2. Animals and human beings lack the ability to prepare food. They depend on

plants for food.

We need each other.

Plants trap energy from the sun. Herbivores

eat plants.

Carnivores eat animals.

Omnivores eat plants and animals.

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

10

3. Green plants are the only living things that can make food. They are able to do so because of the presence of a substance called ‘chlorophyll’ in their leaves.

4. Many ny openings called stomata (singular stoma) present mostly on the underside of a leaf help plants to breathe.

5. A green leaf prepares food for the plant and is known as its food factory. 6. The process of making food by the plants using sunlight, water and carbon

dioxide in the presence of chlorophyll is known as photosynthesis. 7. The food prepared by a plant is called sugar and is transported throughout the

plant by the stem and branches. 8. Apart from food, oxygen is also given out by plants during photosynthesis

through stomata. 9. Plants give food, oxygen, and shelter to us and animals, while we give carbon

dioxide and help in spreading the seeds of plants. Therefore, plants, animals and human beings are interdependent.

Exercise Time

A. Answer the following ques ons. 1. What is chlorophyll? 2. What are the func ons performed by a leaf? 3. Explain the process of photosynthesis with the help of a diagram. 4. What happens to the food prepared by a leaf? 5. Write what happens in the following cases: (a) If you put a few drops of iodine solu on on a potato slice (b) If you put a few drops of iodine solu on on a fresh green leaf which has

been bleached 6. Give examples of plants: (a) having variegated leaves     (b) lacking chlorophyll 7. Write a short note on how plants and animals depend on each other.

B. State whether the following statements are true or false. 1. The green colour of leaves is due to the presence of stomata. __________ 2. The food prepared by the plants is called starch. __________ 3. Stomata help plants in breathing. __________

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

11

4. A yellow leaf turns blue-black when a few drops of iodinesolu on are put on it. __________

5. Oxygen is also given out by plants during photosynthesis. __________

C. Tick the correct answer. 1. Which of these trap(s) the sunlight? (a) Stomata (b) Chlorophyll (c) Both of these 2. Which of these cannot prepare food and obtain it from dead and decaying plants

and animals? (a) Mould (b) Cactus (c) Croton 3. A green leaf turns blue-black when a few drops of iodine solu on are put on it

showing the presence of (a) sugar. (b) chlorophyll. (c) starch. 4. Which of these is known as the food factory of a plant? (a) Root (b) Stem (c) Leaf 5. Which of these plants has variegated leaves? (a) Croton (b) Mushroom (c) Cactus

D. Discuss in class. 1. Growing your own plants and an interest to know about them in depth, puts you

in touch with nature. Discuss. 2. The survival of plants is important for us to survive. Comment. 3. There are certain values which we can inculcate in our lives from plants. Enlist a

few.

Do and Learn

Leisure TimeLeisure Time

A. Complete the following web chart.

Photosynthesis

green leaf having chlorophyll

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

12

B. Unscramble the given words. 1. AMTOSTA _______________ 2. LROPHYLCOHL _______________ 3. STHESISTOPHOYN _______________ 4. CHARTS _______________ 5. LUDMOS _______________ 6. RHPYSAPICTO _______________

Project and ActivitiesProject and Activities

Perform the given ac vity in pairs. 1. Take the given fruits and vegetables.

potato banana sweet potato melon

grapes colocasia cucumber orange

2. Cut each and feel it with your fi ngers. You will fi nd that some of them have a s cky feel, while others have a watery feel.

3. Name the ones that have a s cky feel. ________________________________________________________________ 4. Now test them with iodine solu on. 5. What do you observe?

They turn blue-black. Their colour does not change.

6. What does it prove?

They contain proteins. They contain starch.

Now discuss in class and make a list of at least ten more food items that contain a lot of starch. Include grains in your list.

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

13

Adaptations for Survival in Plants

Have you ever wondered why leaves in a cactus plant are reduced to spines? Why plants growing in hilly areas are tall and most of them have needle-shaped leaves? Why do some plants fl oat on water while others are submerged in it?

Plants have developed diff erent features in order to survive in diff erent places. The special features that allow an organism to live in a par cular area are known as adapta ons. For example, cactus plant is adapted to live in deserts. That is why its leaves are reduced to spines. In this chapter, we will discuss about diff erent adapta ons in plants.

Habitats of PlantsThe region where a living thing lives or grows naturally is called its habitat. Plants diff er greatly in their habitats and can be divided into two types on this basis—terrestrial plants and aqua c plants.

Plants that grow on land are known as terrestrial plants. For example, mango tree and peepal tree are terrestrial plants.

Plants that grow in water are called aqua c plants. For example, water hyacinth, lotus, hydrilla are aqua c plants.

Adaptations in PlantsA plant adapts itself according to the clima c condi ons of its habitat. The temperature of the place, amount of rainfall and sunshine received, and water availability are some of the factors which infl uence the adapta ons developed by plants.

Terrestrial plants

Terrestrial plants can be further divided into diff erent types based on their adapta ons to suit the par cular area in which they grow. For example,

2

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

14

diff erent types of plants grow in plains, deserts, hills, marshy places and coastal areas.

Plants adapted to grow in plains

In plains, the climate is warm to hot in summer and cold in winter. The trees growing here have many branches. These trees shed their leaves in autumn and bear new leaves in spring. Mango, neem, peepal, sheesham, etc. grow in plains.

Plants adapted to grow in deserts

Plants like cactus, date palm and prickly pears grow in deserts. As we know that water is scarce in deserts, these plants are adapted to survive with least amount of water. In such plants, the leaves are either reduced to spines or are absent. The stem is green and performs photosynthesis and also stores food and water for the plant. Such plants have long root system that go deep into the ground to absorb water.

Plants adapted to grow on hills

Trees like fi r, pine and cedar grow in hilly areas and on mountains. The climate in such places is cold and snowfall is frequent. Therefore, the trees are tall, straight and conical to allow snow to slide down easily. Their leaves are waxy and needle-like, so that they lose minimum amount of water and shed snow without diffi culty.

Bingo’s Knowledge BankSome trees like spruce, fi r, pine, etc. do not shed their leaves at all during the year. Such trees are

therefore called evergreen trees.

Bingo’s Knowledge BankTrees which shed their leaves in autumn

are known as deciduous trees. neem tree

cactus

fi r tree

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

15

Plants adapted to grow in marshy places

Mangrove tree is the most common example of a plant growing in marshy areas. These are the areas where soil is clayey and very s cky due to high water content. The roots of plants growing in such areas do not get suffi cient air. Thus, these plants develop and give out breathing roots that help them to breathe.

Plants adapted to grow in coastal areas

Coastal areas have hot and wet climate. Trees growing in these areas are adapted to grow in the presence of salty water. They have plenty of leaves and do not shed their leaves throughout the year. Plants like coconut, teak and rubber grow well here.

Quick Recall

Answer the following ques ons orally.

1. What is habitat? 2. Name the factors which infl uence the adapta ons developed by plants. 3. What are the adapta ons of plants that grow in plains? 4. How is a coconut tree adapted to grow in coastal areas?

Aquatic plants

Aqua c plants have adapted themselves amazingly to survive in water. These plants can be further dis nguished into three types—fl oa ng, fi xed and underwater plants.

Floa ng plants

Duckweed, water le uce and water hyacinth are some fl oa ng plants. Most of these plants have a fi brous root system but they are not fi xed at the bo om

mangrove tree

coconut tree

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

16

of the water body. Their roots just fl oat below the surface. These plants have fl oa ng leaves which perform photosynthesis by trapping sunlight and carbon dioxide. Chlorophyll is present in the upper surface of the leaves as this is the only por on which is exposed to sunlight. Floa ng plants are light and spongy to facilitate fl oa ng.

Fixed plants

Lotus and water lily are two examples of fi xed plants. They are called so because their roots are fi xed to the bo om of the pond. Their stems are long, hollow, light and fl exible so that they can bend easily with the waves of water and do not get uprooted. Their leaves fl oat on the water surface.

Underwater plants

Plants like hydrilla, pondweed and tape grass are some underwater plants. Such plants are completely submerged in water and have thin, ribbon-like narrow leaves. There is no stomata in their leaves. They absorb carbon dioxide given out by the aqua c animals through their body surface to prepare food.

Some Non-Green PlantsHave you seen a mushroom plant? If no, then ask your mother to show it to you. Mushrooms, moulds and beech-drops are non-green plants that lack chlorophyll. Since these plants cannot make their own food through photosynthesis, they absorb food from other sources.

Bingo’s Knowledge BankThe root system only helps to hold

the fl oating plants in their place.

water lettuce

water lily

hydrilla

mould on a slice of breadBingo’s Challenge!Why can’t fi xed plant

grow under water?

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

17

Unusual but Amazingly Interesting PlantsThere are some unusual plants like Venus fl ytrap, sundew and pitcher plant which eat insects. Their leaves are modifi ed to capture insects. Such plants are called insec vorous plants.

In a pitcher plant, the leaf is modifi ed into a pitcher-like structure. The leaf p is modifi ed to form a lid which can open and close the mouth of the pitcher. Once an insect enters the pitcher, the lid closes and the insect gets trapped inside.

Recall with BingoRecall with Bingo

1. Plants have developed diff erent features in order to survive in diff erent places. 2. The special features that allow an organism to live in a par cular area are known

as adapta ons. 3. The region where a living thing lives or grows naturally is called its habitat. 4. Plants can be divided into two types on the basis of their habitats—terrestrial

and aqua c plants. 5. A plant adapts itself according to the clima c condi ons of its habitat. 6. Plants that grow on land are called terrestrial plants. They are adapted to live in

a variety of places like the plains, deserts, hills, marshy places and coastal areas. 7. Plants that grow in water are called aqua c plants. These are further dis nguished

into three types—fl oa ng, fi xed and underwater plants. 8. Some plants like mushrooms, moulds and beech-drops are non-green plants as

they do not have chlorophyll. They cannot make their own food and absorb it from other sources.

9. Some plants like Venus fl ytrap, sundew and pitcher plant eat insects and are called insec vorous plants.

Bingo’s Knowledge BankInsectivorous plants are green and can carry out

photosynthesis.

Venus fl ytrap pitcher plant

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

18

Exercise Time

A. Answer the following ques ons. 1. What are adapta ons? 2. Name the two categories into which plants have been divided on the basis of

their habitat. Defi ne each. 3. Give adapta ons and examples of plants growing in: (a) Hills (b) Deserts (c) Marshy places 4. How is water le uce adapted to grow in water? 5. What are underwater plants? How are they adapted to grow under water? 6. Name some plants that do not contain chlorophyll. 7. How is the leaf of a pitcher plant modifi ed to capture insects?

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Plants that grow on land are known as __________________ plants. 2. A plant adapts itself according to the clima c condi ons of its ____________. 3. The trees growing in ____________ have many branches. 4. Floa ng plants are ____________ and ____________ to facilitate fl oa ng. 5. In a ____________ plant, the leaf is modifi ed into a pitcher-like structure.

C. Tick the correct answer. 1. Which of these is an example of underwater plants? (a) Lotus (b) Water hyacinth (c) Hydrilla 2. Which of these plants absorbs food from other sources? (a) Mould (b) Water le uce (c) Cactus 3. Which of these trees has leaves that are waxy and needle-like? (a) Coconut (b) Neem (c) Cedar 4. Which of these plants have long, hollow, light and fl exible stem? (a) Underwater plants (b) Fixed plants (c) Floa ng plants

D. Discuss in class.Plants of diff erent kinds live together in harmony sharing all the resources together. What can we learn from this quality of theirs?

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

19

Do and Learn

Leisure TimeLeisure Time

A. Complete the following web charts.

1. Terrestrial plants

deserts

  

2. Aqua c plants

B. Find out the names of ten plants in the given grid. The names may read forward, backward and across.

Y T U N O C O CZ B M O U L D EA V S I M W M DL F U L S F P AL R T E H I A RI S C F N R U IR C A E T Y K ZD U C K W E E DY Q J O G N A MH K E S A Q U K

Project and ActivitiesProject and Activities

Make groups of fi ve students each and choose plants belonging to a par cular habitat. Collect informa on beyond the text of this chapter about these plants from various sources like the internet, library, television, etc. Make a chart displaying the informa on and pictures relevant to it. Give a class presenta on of your chart.

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

20

Reproduction in Animals

Animals can live happily all their lives growing, ea ng and moving around. But if they don’t produce more of their own kind, they will have nobody to represent them in the future. Therefore, in order to con nue their race, animals produce young ones. The process by which living things produce their off spring is known as reproduc on. Life would not have existed on the earth if living beings did not reproduce.

Animals can be grouped into those that give birth to their off spring and those that lay eggs that eventually hatch into off spring. For example, human beings, cows, buff aloes, cats, etc. give birth to their young ones. Birds, fi sh, frogs, hens, etc. lay eggs out of which the young ones hatch.

Animals That Give Birth to OffspringAnimals that give birth to their young ones are called mammals. Human beings, cows and sheep are some of the mammals. Examples of mammals also include bat and aqua c animals like whales, dolphins and seals. Some excep ons in mammals are duck-billed platypus and spiny anteater which do not give birth to their young ones. Instead, they lay eggs from which their young ones come out. a cow and its calf

a lioness and its cub a sheep and its lamba horse and its foal

Some Mammals with Their Young Ones

3

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

21

Mammals have the following features:

• They have a highly developed brain. • Their bodies are covered with hair or fur to keep them warm. • They maintain constant body temperature despite changing clima c

condi ons. That’s why they are called warm-blooded animals. • Mammals have four limbs. They may have two legs and two arms or four legs

or a pair of fl ippers and fi ns. • Mammals look a er their young ones

properly. They feed them with their milk. They clean them, keep them warm and protect them from enemies and clima c changes.

Animals That Lay EggsThe egg-laying animals include birds, amphibians, aqua c animals, insects and rep les. These animals lay eggs and keep them in a warm place or sit on them to keep them warm. The eggs hatch a er maturing and the babies come out of them.

Structure of an egg • The outermost part of an egg is the egg shell. It

protects the young one developing inside. • The middle part consists of the yolk. It is yellow

in colour and rich in fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. The yolk provides nutri on to the developing embryo.

EmbryoEmbryo is an organism at any time before hatching or birth. Structure of an Egg

egg shell

albumen

yolk

FlipperIt is a wide fl at limb

which is adapted for swimming in whale, seal and other aquatic

mammals.

bbbb fl ippers

bird

fi sh

turtle

bee

frog

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

22

• Inside the yolk lies an embryo which later develops into a chick. • A white jelly-like substance called the albumen is present outside the yolk. It

is rich in protein and protects the yolk and the embryo.

Birds

We already know that a bird lays eggs in a nest and sits on them to keep them warm. A er some me the eggs hatch and the baby bird comes out. But within the egg, the embryo goes through diff erent stages of development before it is ready to hatch out.

Amphibians

Amphibians like frogs lay their eggs in large clusters called spawns in water. An egg develops into a fi sh-like tadpole or larva. A tadpole has a tail like a fi sh and it breathes through gills. It keeps growing and changing into a mature frog. In the process, it develops legs and small teeth, loses its gills and develops lungs

ch out.

Life Cycle of a Bird

The embryo develops fully.

The egg starts developing.

adult bird

The chick hatches out of the egg.

egg

spawn

late tadpole

adult frog

early tadpole

Life Cycle of a Frog

Bingo’s Challenge!Find out about a bird

which doesn’t lay eggs.

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

23

for breathing. Finally, it becomes an adult frog. The process of change of a tadpole into an adult is called metamorphosis.

Aquatic animals

Aqua c animals like fi sh lay about thousands of eggs at a me. But only a few hundred survive while most of them are eaten up by other big fi sh. The eggs grow into baby fi sh. A baby fi sh is called fry.

Insects

Insects like housefl y and bu erfl y also lay eggs. They have four stages of development, while insects like cockroach have only three stages of development. The larva of a cockroach is known as nymph.

An egg of a bu erfl y or housefl y develops into a worm-like larva. A larva is called a caterpillar in case of a bu erfl y and a maggot in case of a housefl y. The caterpillar feeds on leaves and grows. A er some me, it spins a cocoon around itself. In this stage, it is called pupa. Later when the pupa opens, an adult bu erfl y comes out of it. The maggot feeds on garbage and then crawls to a cool place. There, it transforms into a pupa. The adult housefl y comes out of the pupa.

Quick Recall

Fill in the blanks. 1. Animals that give birth to their young ones are called ____________. 2. ____________ look a er their young ones properly.

AmphibianIt is an animal which is capable of living both

on land and in water.

egg nymph

adultcockroach

Life Cycle of a Cockroach

adult housefl y

maggot

pupa eggs

Life Cycle of a Housefl y

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

24

3. The egg-laying animals include ____________, ____________, aqua c animals, ____________ and insects.

4. Amphibians like ___________ lay their eggs in large clusters called ___________ in water.

5. A larva is called a ____________ in case of a bu erfl y and a maggot in case of a ____________.

6. The process of change of a ____________ into an ____________ is called metamorphosis.

Reptiles

Rep les like lizards, snakes, turtles and crocodiles lay their eggs in holes in the ground. These eggs have a hard shell and do not break easily. Some mothers go away a er laying their eggs and never come back to take care of their young ones. Therefore, many of these eggs are eaten up by other animals. The remaining eggs may get some warmth from the sun’s heat and hatch.

Recall with BingoRecall with Bingo

1. Animals produce their young ones in order to con nue their race. The process by which living things produce their off spring is called reproduc on.

2. There are two types of animals—one that give birth to their young ones and the other that lay eggs from which off spring hatch out.

3. The animals that give birth to their young ones are called mammals. 4. An egg is made of the egg shell, yolk and albumen. Inside the yolk lies the

embryo. 5. The process of change of a tadpole or larva into an adult is called metamorphosis.

ReptilesReptiles are egg-laying animals having lungs and an outer covering of horny scales

or plates. Tortoise, turtle, snake, lizard and crocodile are examples of reptiles.

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

25

Exercise Time

A. Answer the following ques ons. 1. What is the need for reproduc on? 2. Defi ne mammals. 3. What are warm-blooded animals? 4. Explain the structure of an egg with the help of a diagram. 5. What are the diff erent stages of development in birds? 6. What are the various changes which the egg of a frog undergo before becoming

an adult frog? 7. How many stages of development do insects have?

B. State whether the following statements are true or false. 1. The albumen is rich in fat and protects the yolk and the embryo. __________ 2. Cockroaches have three stages of development. __________ 3. Egg-laying animals have a highly developed brain. __________ 4. All rep les take proper care of their young ones. __________ 5. An embryo lies inside the yolk. __________ 6. Tortoise is a rep le. __________

C. Tick the correct answer. 1. Which of these lay their eggs in large clusters called spawns in water? (a) Rep les (b) Amphibians (c) Birds 2. Which of these is a mammal? (a) Eagle (b) Penguin (c) Bat 3. Which of these can maintain constant body temperature despite changing

clima c condi ons? (a) Mammals (b) Rep les (c) Amphibians 4. What is the other name for the larva of a housefl y? (a) Caterpillar (b) Pupa (c) Maggot 5. What is a baby fi sh called? (a) Chick (b) Fry (c) Nymph 6. Which of these are not present in yolk? (a) Fats (b) Vitamins (c) Minerals

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

26

D. Discuss in class. 1. The young ones of birds and animals are not able to express their gra tude to

their parents for all their love and aff ec on. Human beings can do so. Discuss some ways in which you can show your gra tude to your parents.

2. It is stated that without reproduc on, life would come to an end. Discuss.

Do and Learn

Leisure TimeLeisure Time

A. Complete the following web chart.

Egg-laying animals

rep les

B. Find the names of seven egg-laying animals in the given grid.

Project and ActivitiesProject and Activities

Divide your class into fi ve groups. Each group should select one category of animals from the following - mammals, birds, amphibians, aqua c animals, insects and rep les.Choose an animal from the selected category and collect informa on and pictures on reproduc on in that animal. Make a chart on it and present the informa on orally in the class.

P O H S I F G

A S A W I T O

R E N K Q O R

R J F A B C F

O S E P K H I

T U R T L E W

L C G I J N Z

Y D R A Z I LCopyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

27

A. Tick the correct answers. (MCQs)

1. Stored form of sugar is called (a) stomata. (b) chlorophyll. (c) starch. (d) photosynthesis.

2. Which of these grows in marshy areas? (a) Teak (b) Cedar tree (c) Rubber (d) Mangrove tree

3. Hydrilla is an/a (a) underwater plant. (b) fl oa ng plant. (c) fi xed plant. (d) insec vorous plant.

4. An egg of a bu erfl y or housefl y develops into a (a) nymph. (b) larva. (c) pupa. (d) spawn.

5. Which of these is known as the food factory of a plant? (a) Root (b) Stem (c) Leaf (d) Flower

B. Answer in one word or a few words.

1. The process by which plants make their own food 2. Trees which shed their leaves in autumn 3. Plants that grow on land 4. Flat limb which is used for swimming by aqua c animals 5. Frogs lay their eggs in large clusters

C. Answer the following ques ons orally:

1. What is reproduc on? 2. What are rep les? 3. What are adapta ons? 4. What are saprophy c plants? 5. What is chlorophyll?

D. Project ac vi es

Teachers should assess students on the basis of projects and ac vi es given in the chapters. 27

Practice Paper 1

Based on chapters 1 to 3

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

28

Adaptations for Survival in Animals

Just like plants, animals also live in a variety of habitats. In fact, animals also live everywhere on the earth. All places on the earth do not have the same kind of condi ons and all condi ons do not favour the survival of animals. Animals have thus developed diff erent features which enable them to cope with diffi cult situa ons of living. This process is called adapta on. We can say that an adapta on is a change in structure, func on or behaviour by which an individual improves its chances of survival in a specifi c environment.

The animals that adapt to their habitat or environment survive. The ones that are not able to adapt die and slowly become ex nct.

Adap ng to a par cular environment is not a one or two day process. It takes over hundreds and thousands of years to happen. Let’s learn how animals adapt themselves in diff erent ways to survive.

Adaptations to HabitatHabitat is the natural home of an animal. It provides food, water and shelter which an animal needs to survive. There is a variety of habitats on the earth. Animals can, therefore, be grouped as terrestrial, aqua c, amphibians, aerial and arboreal on the basis of the habitats they live in.

Terrestrial animals

Terrestrial animals are the animals that live on land. Dogs, cats, horses and lions are some terrestrial animals. They have the following adapta ons:

• Terrestrial animals have well-developed nervous system and sense organs which enable them to sense changes in their surroundings.

HabitatHabitat is the area or

environment where an organism normally lives

or occurs.

Extinct AnimalsAnimals that are no

longer existing or living are called extinct animals.

4

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

29

• Most of them have four legs which help them to walk, jump and move on land or to hunt and defend themselves. Excep ons like snakes do not have legs. They possess scales or plates which enable them to crawl.

• They have lungs to breathe. • Animals living in deserts have a thick skin with very li le hair on it. Their skin

protects them from the burning heat of the sun. Some of these animals like camels have special organs to store water because water is not easily available in deserts.

• Animals living in cold regions like yak and polar bears have a thick skin with fur on it to keep them warm. Some of them like penguins and seals have a thick layer of fat under their skin called blubber. This helps to keep their body warm and is used as food in winter.

• Animals like bears and frogs become inac ve and sleep for several months in cold condi ons to protect themselves from cold. This is called hiberna on or winter sleep.

Aquatic animals

Aqua c animals are the animals that live in water. Fish, sea horse and octopus are some aqua c animals. They have the following adapta ons:

• Most of the aqua c animals have fi ns or limbs to help them to swim. Aqua c birds like ducks and geese have webbed feet which help them to push water back while swimming.

A snake has scales which help it to crawl.

A camel stores fat in its hump to survive scarcity

of food and water.

A polar bear has a thick skin with fur on it to

keep it warm.

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

30

• Most of them breathe through gills. Excep ons like whales breathe through lungs.

• Some of them have a thick layer of fat called blubberunder the skin to keep them warm and help them to fl oat.

Amphibians

Amphibians are the animals that can live both on land and in water. Frogs, toads and newts are some amphibians. They have the following adapta ons: • They have limbs to facilitate swimming. Some of them

have webbed feet and tails to help in swimming. • They breathe through their moist skin when they are

in water. On land, they breathe through lungs.

Aerial animals

Aerial animals are the animals that can fl y. Birds and insects are aerial animals. They have adapted to their environment in the following ways:

• Their forelimbs are modifi ed as wings to help them to fl y. They also have feathers that keep them warm and help during fl ight.

• Their body is very light as it consists of hollow bones. • Their body is narrow in the front and at the back and

broad in the middle. This shape helps them to cut through the air and fl y easily.

Arboreal animals

Arboreal animals are the animals that live mostly on trees. Monkeys, fl ying squirrels and chimpanzees are some arboreal animals. They have the following adapta ons:

• They have strong and stout chest, hip girdles, ribs and limbs to provide the necessary support while climbing.

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

31

• Their feet and hands become adapted for seizing, grasping or holding objects by wrapping around them. Their fi ngers and thumb are shaped in such a way that they can hold the branches fi rmly.

• Very o en their tails also become adapted for grasping or holding the branches of trees while climbing.

Quick Recall

Name the category to which these animals belong.

1. frogs, toads, salamanders, newts 2. mosquitoes, fl eas, lice, leeches 3. monkeys, chimpanzees, fl ying squirrels, lemurs

Adaptations for FoodWe already know that there is a variety in feeding habits of animals. They have adapted themselves according to the food they eat. They can be divided into four major types on the basis of their feeding habits and food—herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and parasites.

Herbivores

Herbivores are plant-ea ng animals. Cow, buff alo, goat and sheep are some herbivores. They have the following adapta ons to help them to eat plants. These adapta ons also help to protect them from being caught and eaten by other animals.

Bingo’s Knowledge BankDuring winter, birds migrate from cold countries to warmer

countries in search of food and to protect themselves from cold. This is called migration and these birds are called migratory birds.

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

32

• They have sharp cu ng teeth called incisors to bite leaves and grass. They need to chew a lot in order to break down the plant materials into very small pieces. For this reason, they have strong fl at grinding teeth called premolars and molars.

• They have long and strong legs to travel long distances in search of food. Their legs also help them to run away from predators.

Carnivores

Carnivores are fl esh-ea ng animals. Lion, ger and wolf are some carnivores. Their adapta ons are as follows:

• They have very sharp, pointed and curved front teeth called canines for tearing the fl esh. Their premolars and molars are adapted for chewing it.

• Flesh-ea ng birds have sharp and pointed beaks and claws to catch their prey and tear its fl esh.

Omnivores

Omnivores eat both plants and animals. Crows, bears and squirrels are some examples of omnivores. They have the following feature which enables them to eat their food. • They have sharp teeth like carnivores to tear fl esh

and fl at teeth like herbivores to grind food.

Parasites

Parasites are the animals that live either on or inside the bodies of other animals to obtain food. Fleas, lice and mosquitoes are some parasites. Their adapta on is as follows:

Bingo’s TeaserWhat do we call the carnivores which eat

the fl esh of dead animals only?

Bingo’s Challenge!Name a disease

caused by parasites.

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

33

• They have sucking tubes to suck blood from their host (the organism they are living on or in). They survive on this blood only.

Adaptations for ProtectionAnimals develop various features that help them to obtain food, live in their habitats and protect themselves from predators. All these things (food, habitat and protec on from enemy) increase the chances of their survival. We have already discussed about the adapta ons to habitat and food. Let’s discuss how animals adapt to protect themselves from their enemy.

• The body colour of animals like zebra, parakeet, chameleon and polar bear can easily blend with their surroundings. They, thus, confuse their enemies and escape from them. This is known as camoufl aging. For example, a polar bear has white fur which enables it to blend with its background, that is the snow. Similarly, a chameleon can change its body colour quickly according to its surroundings.

These animals adapt ways to merge with objects like rocks, twigs, grass, etc. by changing their body colour and even shape. The predator o en gets confused and is unable to iden fy the hiding prey.

• Animals like whale and elephant have huge bodies which protect them from predators.

• Animals like deer and fi sh move very fast to escape from their predators.

• Some animals imitate or mimic other animals for protec on. For example, certain harmless fl ies with a pair of wings may mimic four winged bees or wasps that are well-known dangerous insects, thus deriving protec on. Similarly, a moth caterpillar defends itself by mimicking a snake.

a chameleon camoufl aged between leaves

a moth caterpillar mimicking a snake

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

34

Quick Recall

Fill in the blanks. 1. Terrestrial animals have well-developed ____________ system and sense organs

which enable them to sense the changes in their surroundings. 2. ____________ have sharp cu ng teeth called incisors. 3. Some animals imitate or mimic other animals for ____________. 4. ____________ is a process by which animals confuse their predators.

Be Sensitive!

Animals become extinct because of the changes in the climate and other natural factors. They also become endangered (at risk of extinction) because of several human activities like hunting, cutting of forests, etc. We should take a pledge to save animals.

Recall with BingoRecall with Bingo

1. Animals have developed features which enable them to cope with the changes in the environment.

2. An adapta on is a change in structure, func on or behaviour by which an individual improves its chances of survival in a specifi c environment.

3. The animals that adapt themselves to their environment survive. The ones that are not able to adapt die and slowly become ex nct.

4. Animals are adapted to the habitat they live in, for the food they eat and for protec on from their enemies.

5. Animals are grouped as terrestrial, aqua c, amphibians, aerial and arboreal on the basis of their habitats.

6. Animals can be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores or parasites depending upon their food.

7. Animals escape from their enemies using diff erent techniques like camoufl aging and mimicry.

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

35

Exercise Time

A. Answer the following ques ons. 1. What is an adapta on? 2. How is a camel adapted to live in hot deserts? 3. Give three adapta ons of aqua c animals. 4. How are arboreal animals adapted to their habitat? 5. Men on the characteris c features of: (a) Parasites (b) Carnivores (c) Herbivores 6. What is camoufl aging? Give examples of some animals that camoufl age. 7. Why do some animals mimic other animals?

B. Match the following. Column A Column B 1. Birds (a) Sucking tubes 2. Habitat (b) Zebra 3. Blubber (c) Moth caterpillar 4. Camoufl aging animal (d) Hollow bones 5. Parasites (e) A thick layer of fat under the skin 6. Mimicry (f) The natural home of an animal

C. Tick the correct answer. 1. Which of these is an arboreal animal? (a) Peacock (b) Monkey (c) Bear 2. Which of these animals can blend with its surroundings and confuse its enemies? (a) Polar bear (b) Giraff e (c) Duck 3. Carnivores have sharp, pointed and curved front teeth called (a) molars. (b) incisors. (c) canines. 4. The long sleep of animals during the cold season is called (a) adapta on. (b) hiberna on. (c) migra on. 5. Aqua c animals breathe through their (a) lungs. (b) moist skin. (c) gills.

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

36

6. Which of these have long and strong legs to travel long distances in search of food? (a) Deer (b) Lion (c) Bear 7. Which of these is not an amphibian? (a) Lemur (b) Frog (c) Toad

D. Discuss in class. 1. Do you think taming animals is fair or should we let them live in their natural

habitat? Give reasons. 2. If your food sources are unavailable, how well do you think, you can adapt to

the change? Keeping yourself in the place of animals, state how important is the phenomenon of adapta on.

Do and Learn

Leisure TimeLeisure Time

A. Complete the following web charts.

  1. Classifi ca on of animals on the basis of habitats

  amphibian  

lion     parrot

  2. Adapta ons for protec on

huge body

deer

B. Complete the given crossword puzzle with the help of the clues.

Across

2. The natural home of an animal (7) 3. Changing body colour to blend with the surroundings (10) 6. Cows belong to this category (9)

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n

37

Down

1. An animal that survives on other living organisms (8) 4. Animals whose feet and hands are adapted for seizing, grasping and holding

objects (8) 5. The act of imita ng another organism (7)

1

2

3 4

5

6

Project and ActivitiesProject and Activities

A. Divide your class into fi ve groups. Each group should select one habitat and collect informa on about the animals in it. Role play one animal from the habitat of your group. Talk about its special features and how they help the animal to survive in its habitat. You may make a mask of the animal you are role playing while giving your presenta on.

B. Go to the library and collect informa on and pictures about ex nct animals from various sources like encyclopedias, magazines, etc. Make a report.

You can use this weblink also: h p://ex nctanimal.com

Copyri

ght ©

Viva

Edu

catio

n