state standard sb5c. explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory evidence of...
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State Standard
SB5C. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory
Evidence of Evolution (15.2)
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15.2 Evidence of Evolution
The Fossil Record
Evolution
Fossils provide a ____________ record of species that lived long ago.
Only the ____________ parts of an organism are likely to leave fossils – ex: shells, bones, thick cell walls.
Very few fossils capture the details of ____________ or internal ____________.
Sometimes ____________ are left behind in sediments along rivers and lakes.
Chapter 15
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15.2 Evidence of Evolution
The Fossil Record cont’d
Evolution
Glyptodont
Fossils show that ancient species share ____________ with species that now live on Earth.
One problem w/ the fossil record is the lack of any “____________” or transition forms. This could be due to many organisms being too ____________ or due to fossils being ____________ by the erosion or pressure.
Armadillo
Chapter 15
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15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Determining Fossil Age
Evolution
Biologists use ____________ dating to determine the approximate age of fossils.
The isotopes act as ____________ for measuring time. To use this method, scientists must know:
1. The ____________ of the isotope being measured.2. how much of the isotope was ____________ present in the fossil or in the rock containing the fossil.3. how much of the isotope is ____________..
Half-life is the amount of time it takes for half of the isotope to ____________.
Chapter 15
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15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Determining Fossil Age Cont’d
Evolution
Biologists most often use ____________ for radioisotope dating, but its half-life is relatively ____________.
Other isotopes like Uraniaum 235 are often used to help determine the age of older fossils.
Relative dating determines the relative age of rocks/fossils by ____________ them to known older or younger layers.
Chapter 15
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Evolution
Common ancestry can be seen in the complex metabolic ____________ that many different organisms share.
Comparative Biochemistry15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
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Evolution
Comparisons of the similarities in these molecules across species reflect evolutionary ____________ seen in comparative anatomy and in the fossil record.
Organisms with closely related ____________ features have more closely related ____________ features.
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
Comparative Biochemistry Cont’d
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Evolution
Vertebrate ____________ exhibit homologous structures during certain phases of development but become totally ____________ structures in the adult forms.
Many scientists believe this is evidence that all vertebrates ____________ a common ____________.
Comparative Embryology
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
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EvolutionChapter 15
Anatomical Evidence
Homologous Structures
• ____________ similar structures that may or may not have the same ____________.
• Indicate possible ____________ ancestry
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Evolution
Show that functionally similar features can evolve independently in __________ environments
Similar in function but __________ in __________ so they do not indicate shared ancestry
Chapter 15
Anatomical Evidence
Analogous Structures
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Evolution
Anatomical Evidence
Vestigial Structures
Structures that are the ____________ forms of functional structures in other organisms.
Chapter 15
Evolutionary theorypredicts that features of ancestors that no longer have a function for that species will become ____________ over time until they
are lost.
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Evolution
Anatomical Evidence
Adaptations
An adaptation is an ____________ trait that may increase an organism’s survival and reproductive success.
____________ is a measure of the relative contribution an individual trait makes to the next generation.
Chapter 15
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Evolution
Camouflage Allows organisms to become almost ____________ to predators
All about ____________
Leafy sea dragon
Chapter 15
Anatomical Evidence
Adaptations Cont’d
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Evolution
Mimicry One species evolves to ____________ another
species. All about ____________/warning (not hiding).
Western coral snake California kingsnake
Chapter 15
Anatomical Evidence
Adaptations Cont’d
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Geographic Distribution
Evolution
The distribution of plants and animals that Darwin saw first suggested evolution to Darwin.
Rabbit Mara
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
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Geographic Distribution Cont’d
Evolution
The Mara & Rabbit fill the same ____________ on 2 different continents.
Darwin observed that the Mara was more ____________ to other South American species than it was to the rabbit, and vice versa.
Rabbit Mara
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
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15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Phylogenetic Trees
Evolution
A ____________ is a description of the line of descent of a group of organisms.
Fossil collections are often not ____________ enough to determine any evolutionary patterns or traits, so biologists will ____________ likely phylogenies by comparing morphological features, DNA sequences, and chromosomal characteristics.
____________ is the permanent loss of a species.
Chapter 15
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Evolution
____________ traits are newly evolved features, such as feathers, that do not appear in the fossils of common ancestors.
____________ traits are more primitive features, such as teeth and tails, that do appear in ancestral forms.
Anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor are called ____________ structures.
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
Types of Characters (traits)
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Cladogram - a diagram showing possible relationships between organisms based on shared traits (characters)
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How to Read – if the organism is above the trait, it has the trait. If it is below the trait, it doesn’t have it.
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Ancestral Character – shared by all species on the diagram.
Derived Character- only shared by some
Outgroup – least in common
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Bat Wing
Human Arm
Homologous or Analogous?
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Bat Wing Bird Wing
Homologous or Analogous?
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Dragonfly WingHummingbird Wing
Homologous or Analogous?
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Dragonfly WingBumblebee Wing
Homologous or Analogous?