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Page 1: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore
Page 2: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

2

State Strategies to End Child Poverty as a Barrier to Education Success

Kristin Anderson Moore, Ph.D.

February 20, 2014

Presented to Council of State Governments

Page 3: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

3 State strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

Discussion topics

• Quick overview of Child Trends

• Child poverty by the numbers

• How poverty harms children

• What we know about poverty and educational outcomes

• Policy considerations

Page 4: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

4

About Child Trends

Child Trends is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research center that improves the lives and prospects of children and youth by conducting high-quality research and sharing the resulting knowledge with practitioners and policymakers.

childtrends.org

We . . . 1. take a whole child approach 2. study children in the real world 3. want children to flourish 4. value objectivity and rigor 5. pursue knowledge development and knowledge transfer

Infants and Toddlers: An Action Agenda David Murphey

Page 5: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

5 State strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

Poverty remains high among children (17 and under)

27.3

14.0

22.3 19.5

22.7

16.2

22.0

21.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013

Pe

rce

nt

Percentage of Children Living Below Poverty Thresholds, Selected Years, 1959-2012

Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Income, poverty and health insurance in the United States: detailed tables. Available at

Sources: Poverty level data for 1959-2001: U.S. Census Bureau. Historical poverty tables-People: Current Population Survey. Table 3. Available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/historical/people.html. Other data 1975-1985: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. (2002). Trends in the well-being of America's children and youth 2001. Table ES 1.2.A. Author. Available at: http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/01trends/ . Other data for 1990-2000: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population

Page 6: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

6 State strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

Children are more often poor than adults

Page 7: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

7 State strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

Younger children are more often poor

Page 8: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

8 State strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

Poverty varies by race/ethnicity

12.3

37.9

33.8

13.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

Non-Hispanic White Black Hispanic Asian

Pe

rce

nt

Percentage of Children who are Poor by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2012

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. CPS Table Creator (online tool), available at:

Note: Estimates reflect the new OMB race definitions, and include only those who are

Page 9: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

9 State strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

Highest state-level poverty rates are found in the South

Page 10: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

10 State strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

5 ways poverty harms children

1. Poverty harms the brain and other body systems

• Poverty can negatively affect how the body and mind develop and alter the fundamental architecture of the brain.

• Children who experience poverty have an increased likelihood, extending into adulthood, for numerous chronic illnesses and for a shortened life expectancy.

Page 11: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

11 State strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

5 ways poverty harms children

2. Poverty leads to poor physical, emotional, and behavioral health. • Growing up poor increases the likelihood that children

will have poor health, including poor emotional and behavioral health.

• Poor children are more likely to lack "food security," as well as have diets deficient in important nutrients.

• Rates of several chronic health conditions, such as asthma, are higher among poor children.

• Poor children are less likely to receive preventive medical and dental care.

Page 12: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

12 State strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

5 ways poverty harms children

3. Poor children are more likely to live in neighborhoods with concentrated poverty, which is associated with numerous social ills, including:

• Exposure to environmental toxins and crime and violence

• Schools in districts with fewer resources, with facilities that are grossly inadequate, and with school leadership that is more transient.

Page 13: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

13 State strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

5 ways poverty harms children

4. Poverty can harm children through the negative effects it has on their families and the home environment. • Poor parents report higher stress, aggravation,

and depressive symptoms than higher-income parents.

• Parents with scarce economic resources face difficulty planning, preparing, and providing for their families material needs.

• Poor families have fewer books and other educational resources at home, and children are less likely to experience family outings, activities, and learning enrichment

Page 14: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

14 State strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

5 ways poverty harms children

5. Poverty creates and widens early achievement gaps.

• Children growing up in poverty, when compared with their economically more secure peers, fall behind early.

• Poor children lag behind their peers at entry to kindergarten, in reading ability at the end of third grade, and in school attendance in eighth grade.

• Poor children are more likely to drop out of school, or fail to obtain post- secondary education.

Page 15: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

15 State strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

Policy considerations

• Programs that increased family income found improvements in children's social and academic outcomes.

• Integrated student supports models that target academic and non-academic supports are promising approaches for improving educational outcomes.

• High-quality early childhood education has been proven to improve outcomes for at-risk children.

Page 16: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

16 State strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

The value of family support

• The family is the child’s first developmental context: material, social, and emotional

• Poverty, low parental education, and stress can compromise the quality of family relationships and the child’s involvement in experiences that enrich development

• Family support programs can increase family engagement and parents’ knowledge of child development; provide job training and work supports; help parents access health and nutrition services or treatment for substance abuse; and reduce stress

Page 17: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

17 State strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

Policy choices for family support

• Voluntary, evidence-based home visiting for new and expectant mothers at risk for negative child outcomes

• Parent education and parent-child interaction programs that are linguistically and culturally sensitive

• Access to child care assistance, with provisions for quality and continuity of care

• Enrollment in programs that promote family economic stability and parents’ participation in education or training

• Prevention programs and services for children at risk for maltreatment and their families

• Access to health care and education programs for children cared for by grandparents and other relatives

Page 18: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

18 State strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

Accountability systems

• Evaluate the quality of learning environments, caregiver/child interaction, and teaching strategies

• Collect data for children and families

• Assess program elements and the workforce

• Consider longitudinal, linked data systems between programs and state agencies that can be disaggregated by risk factors

• Early warning systems can allow timely intervention

• Professional development for data users (teachers, front line workers, and administrators)

Page 19: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

19 State strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

Thank you!

Kristin Anderson Moore, Ph.D.

Senior Scholar

Child Trends

Bethesda, MD

[email protected]

Visit us at: childtrends.org

Page 20: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

State Strategies to End Child Poverty as a Barrier to Educational Success

CSG Webinar

Ron Haskins

Senior Fellow, The Brookings Institution

Senior Consultant, The Annie E. Casey Foundation

February 20, 2014

Page 21: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

21

Poverty Rate of People 65 Years and Over

35.2

9.1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Perc

en

t in

Po

vert

y

Source: Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Poverty Tables, "Table 3. Poverty Status of People, by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to

2012."

Page 22: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

22

Employment-Population Ratios for Never-Married Mothers, 1980-2012

61%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

19

80

19

81

19

82

19

83

19

84

19

85

19

86

19

87

19

88

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

Perc

en

t o

f P

op

ula

tio

n E

mp

loyed

Year

Source: Brookings tabulations of data from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey, 1980-2010.

Notes: Only includes noninstitutionalized civilians ages 16 and up who are heads of household or the spouses of heads. Never-married mothers are female heads of household

at least 16 years of age who are never married and have at least one never-married child under age 18 in the family. Never-married mothers who are not heads of households,

for example those in subfamilies, are excluded from this analysis. Single mothers include all women who are never-married, separated, divorced, or widowed and have at least

one never-married child under age 18 in the family.

Page 23: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

23

Poverty Rates for All Children, Black Children, and Female-Headed Households with Children, 1975-2011

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011.

40.9

38.8

21.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

19

75

19

76

19

77

19

78

19

79

19

80

19

81

19

82

19

83

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84

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85

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86

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87

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88

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89

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90

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91

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92

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93

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94

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95

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96

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97

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98

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99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

Perc

en

t in

Po

vert

y

Year

Female-Headed Families with Children

Black Children

All Children in Poverty

Page 24: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

24

What Accounts for Success?

1-2 Norms 23%

30%

The Three Norms

•Complete high school

•Work full time

•Wait until age 21 and marry before children

Income Class, by Adherence to Social Norms, 2007

0 Norms

77%

4%

Poor

(< 100% poverty level)

Middle class and above

(> 300% poverty level)

3 Norms 72%

2%

Source: Authors' calculations based on the U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey.

Page 25: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore

Senate Majority Leader John Unger West Virginia

Page 26: State Strategies to End Child Poverty - CSG Knowledge Centerknowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Webinar2014_ED_ChildPoverty_0.pdfState strategies to end child poverty K. Moore