STATES of STATES of MATTERMATTER

KINETIC THEORYKINETIC THEORYGAS PARTICLES ARE IN RANDOM MOTION

MOTION ENERGY IS CALLED MOTION ENERGY IS CALLED KINETIC ENERGY (K. E.)KINETIC ENERGY (K. E.)

KINETIC ENERGY PROPORTIONAL KINETIC ENERGY PROPORTIONAL TO KELVIN TEMPERATURETO KELVIN TEMPERATURE

PHASE DIAGRAMSPHASE DIAGRAMS

SHOWS 3 STATES OF SUBSTANCESHOWS 3 STATES OF SUBSTANCE

TERMS OF TEMPERATURE & PRESSURETERMS OF TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE

REGIONS ARE PURE PHASESREGIONS ARE PURE PHASES

LINES SHOW 2 PHASE COEXISTANCELINES SHOW 2 PHASE COEXISTANCE

WaterWater

Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide

NATURE OF GASESNATURE OF GASES

GAS PRESSUREGAS PRESSUREPRESSURE PER UNIT AREAPRESSURE PER UNIT AREAMEASURED BY A MANOMETERMEASURED BY A MANOMETER

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSUREATMOSPHERIC PRESSUREAMBIENT CONDITIONSAMBIENT CONDITIONS

VACUUMVACUUMPRESSURE < ATMOSPHERICPRESSURE < ATMOSPHERIC

NATURE OF GASESNATURE OF GASES

BAROMETERBAROMETERMANOMETER TO MEASURE MANOMETER TO MEASURE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSUREATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

WILL VARY DUE TO WILL VARY DUE TO WEATHER CONDITIONSWEATHER CONDITIONS

MANOMETER MANOMETER BAROMETERBAROMETER

CLOSED MANOMETERCLOSED MANOMETER

OPEN MANOMETEROPEN MANOMETER

UNITS OF UNITS OF MEASUREMENTMEASUREMENT

1 ATMOSPHERE EQUALS 1 ATMOSPHERE EQUALS

101.3 Kilopascals (kPa)101.3 Kilopascals (kPa)

14.7 Pounds/Square Inch (PSIA)14.7 Pounds/Square Inch (PSIA)

760 mm Hg760 mm Hg

29.92 inches Hg29.92 inches Hg

33.9 feet of Water33.9 feet of Water

NATURE OF LIQUIDSNATURE OF LIQUIDS

LIQUID PARTICLES CAN MOVE, LIQUID PARTICLES CAN MOVE, WITH MUTUAL ATTRACTIONSWITH MUTUAL ATTRACTIONS

INTERMOLECULAR FORCESINTERMOLECULAR FORCES

MORE DENSE THAN GASESMORE DENSE THAN GASES

NOT COMPRESSIBLENOT COMPRESSIBLE

NATURE OF LIQUIDSNATURE OF LIQUIDS

EVAPORATIONEVAPORATIONHIGHER K.E. PARTICLES THAT BREAK AWAY HIGHER K.E. PARTICLES THAT BREAK AWAY

FROM NON-BOILING LIQUID SURFACEFROM NON-BOILING LIQUID SURFACE

MORE HEAT = MORE EVAPORATIONMORE HEAT = MORE EVAPORATION

HAS COOLING EFFECTHAS COOLING EFFECT

HIGHER K.E. PARTRICLES LEAVE LOWER K.E. HIGHER K.E. PARTRICLES LEAVE LOWER K.E. PARTICLES BEHINDPARTICLES BEHIND

NATURE OF LIQUIDSNATURE OF LIQUIDS

VAPOR PRESSUREVAPOR PRESSUREIN A CONTAINER DURING EVAPORATION, IN A CONTAINER DURING EVAPORATION,

COLLIDING PARTICLES ABOVE LIQUID COLLIDING PARTICLES ABOVE LIQUID CONDENSECONDENSE

WHEN RATE OF EVAPORATION = RATE OF WHEN RATE OF EVAPORATION = RATE OF CONDENSATION, EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHEDCONDENSATION, EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHED

THE EQUILIBRIUM IS CALLED THE EQUILIBRIUM IS CALLED VAPOR PRESSUREVAPOR PRESSURE

NATURE OF LIQUIDSNATURE OF LIQUIDS

BOILING POINTBOILING POINTTEMPERATURE AT WHICH VAPOR TEMPERATURE AT WHICH VAPOR

PRESSURE EQUALS EXTERNAL OR PRESSURE EQUALS EXTERNAL OR ATMOSPHERIC PRESSUREATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

BOILING POINT INCREASES AS EXTERNAL BOILING POINT INCREASES AS EXTERNAL PRESSURE INCREASESPRESSURE INCREASES

VAPOR PRESSURE vs. VAPOR PRESSURE vs. TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE

NATURE OF SOLIDSNATURE OF SOLIDS

PARTICLE MOVEMENT VERY LIMITEDPARTICLE MOVEMENT VERY LIMITED

STRONG INTERMOLECULAR FORCESSTRONG INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

VIBRATE AROUND A FIXED POINTVIBRATE AROUND A FIXED POINT

HIGHER DENSITIES THAN LIQUIDSHIGHER DENSITIES THAN LIQUIDS

NOT COMPRESSIBLENOT COMPRESSIBLE

NATURE OF SOLIDSNATURE OF SOLIDS

MELTING POINTMELTING POINTTEMPERATURE AT WHICH DISRUPTIVE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH DISRUPTIVE

VIBRATIONS > INTERMOLECULAR VIBRATIONS > INTERMOLECULAR FORCESFORCES

PROCESS IS REVERSIBLE PROCESS IS REVERSIBLE FREEZING POINTFREEZING POINT

NATURE OF SOLIDSNATURE OF SOLIDS

MELTING POINTMELTING POINTIONIC SOLIDS MELTI NG POINTS > IONIC SOLIDS MELTI NG POINTS >

MOLECULAR SOLIDSMOLECULAR SOLIDS

SOME SOLIDS DECOMPOSE INSTEAD SOME SOLIDS DECOMPOSE INSTEAD OF MELTINGOF MELTING

WOOD, SUGAR, TEFLONWOOD, SUGAR, TEFLON

NATURE OF SOLIDSNATURE OF SOLIDSCRYSTALSCRYSTALS

PARTICLES ARRANGED IN PATTERNPARTICLES ARRANGED IN PATTERN

THREE DIMENSIONAL, REPEATINGTHREE DIMENSIONAL, REPEATING

PATTERN CALLED CRYSTAL LATTICEPATTERN CALLED CRYSTAL LATTICE

SHAPE DEPENDS ON ARRANGEMENTSHAPE DEPENDS ON ARRANGEMENT

MELTING POINT BASED ON TYPE OF MELTING POINT BASED ON TYPE OF

BONDINGBONDING

NATURE OF SOLIDSNATURE OF SOLIDSALLOTROPESALLOTROPES

2 or MORE FORMS OF SAME ELEMENT2 or MORE FORMS OF SAME ELEMENT

IN THE SAME STATEIN THE SAME STATE

CARBONCARBONDIAMONDDIAMOND

GRAPHITEGRAPHITE

FULLERENESFULLERENES

DIAMONDDIAMOND

GRAPHITEGRAPHITE

FULLERENES FULLERENES (BUCKYBALLS)(BUCKYBALLS)

NATURE OF SOLIDSNATURE OF SOLIDS

AMORPHOUS SOLIDSAMORPHOUS SOLIDS

LACK INTERNAL ORDERLACK INTERNAL ORDERExamples: RUBBER, PLASTIC, GLASSExamples: RUBBER, PLASTIC, GLASS

MAY NOT HAVE DEFINITIVE MELTING POINTMAY NOT HAVE DEFINITIVE MELTING POINT

NATURE OF SOLIDSNATURE OF SOLIDS

SUBLIMATIONSUBLIMATION

SOLIDS ALSO HAVE A VAPOR PRESSURESOLIDS ALSO HAVE A VAPOR PRESSURE

SOME SOLIDSSOME SOLIDS’’ VAPOR PRESSURE HIGH VAPOR PRESSURE HIGH ENOUGH TO ALLOW TRANSITION FROM ENOUGH TO ALLOW TRANSITION FROM SOLID DIRECTLY TO GASSOLID DIRECTLY TO GAS