states of matter—gases, liquids and solids. the kinetic molecular theory the theory of moving...
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States of Matter—Gases, Liquids and Solids
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The Kinetic Molecular TheoryThe theory of moving molecules
-Use to explain the properties of solids, liquids, and gases in terms of the energy of particles and the forces that act between them
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The Kinetic Molecular TheoryMajor points: Supports the concept of an ideal gas…
An ideal gas is one that perfectly fits all the assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory.
Do not actually exist—in theory this is how they would behave:
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The Kinetic Molecular Theory
1. Gases consist of large numbers of tiny particles that are far apart relative to their size.
2. Collisions between gas particles and between particles and container walls are elastic collisions. Elastic collisions one in which there is no net loss of total kinetic energy.
3. Gas particles are in continuous, rapid, random motion. They possess kinetic energy, the energy of motion.
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4. There are no attractive forces between molecules (under normal conditions of temperature and
pressure)5. All gases at the same temperature have the same
average kinetic energy of particles.
Ke = ½ mv2
Ke = the kinetic energy m = mass v = the velocity
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The Kinetic Molecular Theory
Applies only to ideal gases
Most gases behave like an ideal gas under normal conditions
Gases with little attraction between molecules…He/H2/N2
Real gases
Deviate from ideal behavior
Due to intermolecular interaction (H2O, NH3)
High pressureLow temperature
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The Kinetic Theory and Changes of State
Gases—Attractions are insignificant
Liquids—Attractions are more important leading to a more ordered state
Solids –Attractions are most important with an ordered state
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Kinetic Molecular Theory and Changes of State
Solids, liquids and gases can undergo various changes in processes that are either endothermic or exothermic
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Kinetic Molecular Theory and Changes of State
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Kinetic Molecular Theory and Changes of State
The amount of heat energy required to melt one mole of a solid at the solid’s melting point is the solid’s molar enthalpy of fusion.
HfEnergy absorbed
represents potential energy
For water it is 6.009kJ/mol
Xj/g =6.009kJ/M x 1M/18g x 1000J/1kJ
= 333.8 j/g
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Kinetic Molecular Theory and Changes of State
The amount of heat energy required to vaporize one mole of a liquid at the liquid’s boiling point is the liquid’s molar enthalpy of vaporization.
HvEnergy absorbed
represents potential energy
For water it is 40.79kJ/mol
Xj/g =40.79J/M x 1M/18g x 1000J/1kJ
= 2266 j/g
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Solids and the Kinetic Molecular theory (10.4)Properties: Dominated by the fact that
Closely packed particlesRelatively fixed positionsHighest intermolecular or interatomic attractions
Properties areDefinite shape and volumeDefinite melting pointHigh density and incompressibilityLow rate of diffusion
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Solid structureSolids may be crystalline Solids may be
amorphousCrystals in which particles
are arranged in a regular repeating pattern
Particles are randomly arranged
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Solid structureCrystalsTotal 3-D arrangement
of particles is the crystal structureCUBICBODY CENTERED
CUBICTETRGONALHEXAGONALTRIGONALMONO
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4-Classes of Crystalline Solids
Ionic --Ions Hard and Britle
Covalent NetworkNetwork of
moleculesQuartz (SiO)Diamond
Metallic CrystalsFree moving e-
Covalent Molecular Crystals
Weak….Water, dry ice
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Amorphous solidsWithout shape No regular patternGlasses Plastics
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Kinetic Molecular Theory and Changes of State (Water- 10.5)
Compared to other substances water has a high specific heat.
Water has very strong intermolecular bonding
Hydrogen bonds between highly polar molecules
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Changes of State are Shown in Phase Diagrams
Changes of phase are depicted in phase diagrams
Show the relationship between state of matter, temperature and pressure
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Changes of State Shown in Phase Diagrams
Phase diagrams define:
Triple point=the T/P conditions at which all three phases coexist
Critical point = Critical temp and press
Critical temp = temp above which the substance cannot exist as a liquid
Critical press= lowest pressure at which the substance can exist as a liquid at the critical temperature
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Phase Diagram of WaterInteresting pointsAD—Ice and vapor in
equilibriumAC– Liquid and vapor
in equilibriumAB—Ice and liquid in
equilibrium. Note an increase in pressure lowers melting point
nbp=normal boiling ptmp =melting pointCritical temp =373.99
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Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide
Note the following:
Very different temp and pressure compared to water’s diagram
Liquid is only possible at high pressure
At normal room conditions CO2 only exists as a gas
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Phase Change vs Temperature change in a single phaseMelting/Fusion
…Molar heat of fusion6.009 kJ/mol
VaporizingMolar hear of
vaporization40.79kJ/mol
Raising the temperature of a homogeneous materialSpecific heat
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Phase ChangeHow much energy is absorbed when 47g of
ice melts? (at STP)
Energy =47g x 1 mol x 6.009kJ
18g 1 mol
= 15.7 kJ
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Phase ChangeHow much energy is absorbed when 47g of
water vaporizes? (at STP)
Energy =47g x 1 mol x 40.79kJ
18g 1 mol
= 106 kJ (vs 15.7 kJ—gases have a higher energy content)
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Phase ChangeWhat mass of steam is required to release
4.97 x 105kJ of energy when it condenses?
grams =4.97 x 105kJ x 1mol x 18g
40.79kJ 1 mol
= 2.19 x 105 g
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Temperature change in a single phaseSpecific heat of
water , Cp
Definition… the quantity of heat (q) required to raise 1 gram of water 1oC at a constant pressure.
Value will vary for each substance
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Temperature change in a single phaseQuantity of energy
transferred as heat while a temperature change occurs depends on
The nature of the substance
The mass of the material
The size of the temperature change.
Water has a high specific heat
Metals have low specific heat
Units = J/(g x oC)
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Temperature change in a single phaseSpecific heat of water (l) = 4.18 J/goCSpecific heat of water (s) = 2.06Specific heat of water (g) = 1.87Specific heat of ethanol (g) = 1.42Specific heat of ethanol (l) = 2.44Specific heat of mercury (l) = 0.140Specific heat of copper (s) = 0.385Specific heat of lead (s) = 0.129Specific heat of aluminum (s) = 0.897