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Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSDNBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy and Statistical Perspective Beijing, China November 1517, 2018 Presented by Dylan G. Rassier

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Page 1: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts

UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy:  A Policy and Statistical Perspective

Beijing, China

November 15‐17, 2018

Presented by Dylan G. Rassier

Page 2: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Focus on Two Areas of Preliminary Work

• Digital Economy Satellite Account

• Treatment of Data in National Accounts

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Page 3: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Digital Economy Satellite Account(Barefoot, Curtis, Jolliff, Nicholson, Omohundro 2018)

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Page 4: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Step 1:  Conceptual Definition

• Digital‐enabling infrastructure:  Goods and services needed for an interconnected computer network to exist and operate

– Computer hardware – Software– Telecom equipment and services – Structures– Internet of Things (IoT) – Support services

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Page 5: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Step 1:  Conceptual Definition

• Digital‐enabling infrastructure:  Goods and services needed for an interconnected computer network to exist and operate

– Computer hardware – Software– Telecom equipment and services – Structures– Internet of Things (IoT) – Support services

• E‐commerce:  Digital transactions that use the computer system– Business‐to‐business (B2B) – Peer‐to‐peer (P2P)– Business‐to‐consumer (B2C)

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Page 6: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Step 1:  Conceptual Definition

• Digital‐enabling infrastructure:  Goods and services needed for an interconnected computer network to exist and operate

– Computer hardware – Software– Telecom equipment and services – Structures– Internet of Things (IoT) – Support services

• E‐commerce:  Digital transactions that use the computer system– Business‐to‐business (B2B) – Peer‐to‐peer (P2P)– Business‐to‐consumer (B2C)

• Digital media:  Content that users create and access– Direct sale – Big data– Free

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Page 7: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Steps 2 and 3:  Identification

• Step 2:  Identify digital goods and services– 200 categories of primarily digital products

• Exclude categories that include digital and non‐digital• Exclude structures and IoT infrastructure• Exclude P2P transactions• Exclude advertising‐supported “free” digital media and big data

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Page 8: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Steps 2 and 3:  Identification

• Step 2:  Identify digital goods and services– 200 categories of primarily digital products

• Exclude categories that include digital and non‐digital• Exclude structures and IoT infrastructure• Exclude P2P transactions• Exclude advertising‐supported “free” digital media and big data

• Step 3:  Identify digital industries– Gross output:  Sum of gross output for all in‐scope products– Value‐added– Compensation– Employment– Price and quantity indexes:  Double deflation method

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Derived from ratios of digital economy gross output to total gross output

Page 9: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Results:  Growth Rates

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Total Economy Digital Economy

Gross Output 1.1% 4.4%Value‐Added 1.5% 5.6%Prices 1.5% ‐0.4%Employment  1.7% 3.7%U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Average Annual Growth

Page 10: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%

  Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting    Arts, entertainment, and recreation

    Educational services  Mining  Utilities

    Management of companies and enterprises  Other services, except government    Accommodation and food services

  Transportation and warehousing    Administrative and waste management services

  Construction  Information  Retail trade

  Wholesale trade  Digital economy

    Professional, scientific, and technical services    Health care and social assistance

    Finance and insurance  Manufacturing  Government

    Real estate and rental and leasing

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Results: Share of GDP

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Share of total gross domestic product, 2016

The digital economy accounted for 6.5% ($1.21 trillion) of total U.S. GDP in 2016.

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Results: Employment

110% 5% 10% 15% 20%

  Utilities

  Mining

  Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting

    Real estate and rental and leasing

   Management of companies and enterprises

    Arts, entertainment, and recreation

  Information

     Educational services

  Transportation and warehousing

  Digital economy

  Wholesale trade

    Finance and insurance

  Construction

   Other services, except government

    Professional, scientific, and technical services

     Administrative and waste management services

  Manufacturing

   Accommodation and food services

  Retail trade

     Health care and social assistance

  Government

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Share of total employment, 2016

In 2016, the digital economy supported 5.9 million jobs, or 3.9 percent of total U.S. employment. 

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$0 $50,000 $100,000 $150,000

        Accommodation and food services

        Retail trade

        Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting

        Other services, except government

        Administrative and waste management services

        Arts, entertainment, and recreation

        Educational services

        Health care and social assistance

        Real estate and rental and leasing

        Transportation and warehousing

        Construction

    Government

        Manufacturing

        Wholesale trade

        Professional, scientific, and technical services

Digital economy

        Information

        Finance and insurance

        Mining

        Management of companies and enterprises

        Utilities

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Results: Compensation of Employees

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Average annual compensation per employee in the digital economy totaled $114,275 in 2016 compared to $66,498 for the total economy.

Average annual employee compensation, 2016

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Treatment of Data in National Accounts

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Page 14: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

SNA Recommendations on Data

• Databases are within scope of the SNA asset boundary– Exclude value of data in own‐account databases– Include value of data in market purchases of databases

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Page 15: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

SNA Recommendations on Data

• Databases are within scope of the SNA asset boundary– Exclude value of data in own‐account databases– Include value of data in market purchases of databases

• Data as capital formation– Canberra II Group focused on data as a knowledge asset  (Ahmad 2004, 2005 and Ahmad and Schreyer 2016)

– Is data a knowledge asset or an information asset like R&D?

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Page 16: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

SNA Recommendations on Data

• Databases are within scope of the SNA asset boundary– Exclude value of data in own‐account databases– Include value of data in market purchases of databases

• Data as capital formation– Canberra II Group focused on data as a knowledge asset  (Ahmad 2004, 2005 and Ahmad and Schreyer 2016)

– Is data a knowledge asset or an information asset like R&D?

• No guidance on data as intermediate consumption– May be exchanged in traditional B2B transactions– May be exchanged in non‐traditional C2B transactions

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Page 17: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Considerations for Data

• Ownership of data may depend on institutional factors– Who should have access?– How should access be managed?

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Page 18: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Considerations for Data

• Ownership of data may depend on institutional factors– Who should have access?– How should access be managed?

• Non‐rival features of data– Supply‐use identity does not hold (Mandel 2017)– Non‐scarcity:  fusion, no wear and tear

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Page 19: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Considerations for Data

• Ownership of data may depend on institutional factors– Who should have access?– How should access be managed?

• Non‐rival features of data– Supply‐use identity does not hold (Mandel 2017)– Non‐scarcity:  fusion, no wear and tear

• Third product category for data (Mandel 2012, 2017)– Goods:  tangible and storable– Services:  intangible and non‐storable– Data:  intangible and storable

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Page 20: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Roles of Data

• Marketing– Users exchange data for “free” content

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Page 21: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Roles of Data

• Marketing– Users exchange data for “free” content

• Artificial intelligence– Output = f(capital, labor, data)

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Page 22: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Roles of Data

• Marketing– Users exchange data for “free” content

• Artificial intelligence– Output = f(capital, labor, data)

• Internet of Things (IoT)– “Smart” devices

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Page 23: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Roles of Data

• Marketing– Users exchange data for “free” content

• Artificial intelligence– Output = f(capital, labor, data)

• Internet of Things (IoT)– “Smart” devices

• Online platforms (Li, Nirei, Yamana 2018)– Summarize business models for 8 types of platforms

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Page 24: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Data Value Chain

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Source:  Moro Visconti et al. 2017

Page 25: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Financials for FATWINs and MAGAs

• Facebook• Twitter• Netflix

• Microsoft• Amazon• Google• Apple

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Source:  SEC filings and YCharts

B2C:social media,entertainment

B2B:cloud computing,hardware

Page 26: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Stats Canada‐BEA Collaboration on Data

• Five Questions– What is the role of data in a modern economy?– What is an appropriate typology of data?– What is the current state of play in valuing data in the national accounts and how are data valued by the private and public sectors?

– What are the different methods that national statisticians could use to assign a value to data?

– What specifically is the value of data in Canada and the United States?

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Page 27: Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. Accounts · Statistical Work on Digital Economy for the U.S. National Accounts UNSD‐NBS Seminar on The Digital Economy: A Policy

Stats Canada‐BEA Collaboration on Data

• Five Questions– What is the role of data in a modern economy?– What is an appropriate typology of data?– What is the current state of play in valuing data in the national accounts and how are data valued by the private and public sectors?

– What are the different methods that national statisticians could use to assign a value to data?

– What specifically is the value of data in Canada and the United States?

• Typology for online platforms (Li, Nirei, Yamana 2018)27

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References

• Ahmad, Nadim.  2004.  “The Measurement of Databases in the National Accounts.”  Issue paper prepared for the December 2004 Meeting of the Advisory Expert Group on National Accounts.

• Ahmad, Nadim.  2005.  “Follow‐Up to the Measurement of Databases in the National Accounts.”  Issue paper prepared for the July 2005 SNA Update Issue 12.

• Ahmad, Nadim and Paul Schreyer.  2016.  “Measuring GDP in a Digitalized Economy.”  OECD Statistics Working Paper 2016/07.

• Barefoot, Kevin, Dave Curtis, William Jolliff, Jessica R. Nicholson, and Robert Omohundro.  2018.  “Defining and Measuring the Digital Economy.”  BEA Working Paper:  https://www.bea.gov/system/files/papers/WP2018‐4.pdf.

• Li, Wendy, Makoto Nirei, and Kazufumi Yamana.  2018.  “Value of Data:  There is no such thing as a free lunch in the digital economy.”  Paper prepared for the 2018 IP Statistics for Decision Makers Conference.

• Mandel, Michael.  2012.  “Beyond Goods and Services:  The (Unmeasured) Rise of the Data‐Driven Economy.”  Policy Memo of the Progressive Policy Institute.

• Mandel, Michael.  2017.  “The Economic Impact of Data:  Why Data is not Like Oil.”  Paper of the Progressive Policy Institute.

• Moro Visconti, Roberto, Alberto Larocca, and Michele Marconi.  2017.  “Big Data‐Driven Value Chains and Digital Platforms:  From value co‐creation to monetization,” in Big Data Analytics, Arun K. Somani and Ganesh Chandra Deka, eds., Chapter 16.

• Nijmeijer, Henk.  2018.  “Issue Paper on Databases.”  Paper prepared for the Joint Eurostat‐OECD Task Force on Land and Other Non‐Financial Assets.

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