stats 10 ee sample

8/9/2019 Stats 10 Ee Sample

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Data Analysis Project


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Misleading Statistics

Companies and media often manipulate and skew certain statistics

to their advantages in order to deliver their messages more

convincingly.

Because there are many ways of presentation of statistics, it is quite

easy to manipulate the information in a misleading way. If the statistics include surveying, a proper way of selection of

population is important (Simple Random Sampling, Clustered

Sampling, Stratified Random Sampling, and etc..

!e all must "e aware of these misleading graphs and in what forms

they are presented to us, and "e a"le to analy#e, and fi$ suchgraphs so that they are no longer misleading, to the "enefit of our

society.


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Two different bar graphs are made from

the same survey of favorite foods:


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The same information can be accurately

presented in a non-misleading way :

If we take the same

information and present

it in a pie graph, we can

see the more accurate

result of the survey.

%nlike the previousgraph which depicted

hot dogs as the favorite

food "y misrepresenting

the origin on the y&a$is,

this pie graph shows

that all three foods areequally preferred, a

more realistic result.

Favorite Foods

Pizza33%

Hot Dogs

34%

Hamburgers

33%

Pizza

Hot Dogs

Hamburgers


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omparative auses of Annual Deaths in

the !nited States " Provided by D

Certain crucial

information are

missing. 'here is no

way for us to know

whether or not CC

has counted smokers

who have died fromdiseases or accidents.

'here is a good

chance that any

smoker that died from

a disease has "een

counted as those that

died from smoking.

)ere is a question to

ask the CC*

+ simple glance at this graph willmake us conclude that smoking

is the leading cause of death

among +mericans. )owever, an

in&depth analysis of this graph

will easily tell us that it is greatly

misleading.

+ person who smokes has died from a heart disease. !hat was

his cause of death


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#ays to fi$ misleading graphs - %

-ne way to fi$ a

misleading graph is to

present in a different

way, like what we

have done for the

previous

information(favorite

foods. )owever, it

seems there is no

significant change in

the information even

after we have made a

pie graph from theinitial "ar graph. !e

now have to question

the method of

construction of the

graph "y the CC.


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#ays to fi$ misleading graphs - %%

& )ow the CC has collected their data is very dou"tful. 'hegraph does not provide any information a"out the num"erof deaths caused "y smoking. If smoking is not the primarycause of death, then it should not "e the cause of death.

& 'he CC may say that /0,111 people who have diedwere smokers, "ut they cannot say that they have diedbecause ofsmoking.

& 'he graph presented on the ne$t slide is a more accurategraph regarding the causes of annual deaths in the %nitedStates*


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&evised 'raph " Percentage of

Smo(ers in )ach ause of Annual

Death in the !nited States


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Analysis of the &evised 'raph

2rom the revised graph, we can tell that

certain percentages of people who havedied from each disease smoked. 'his

graph does not imply that smoking is the

leading cause of death in the %nited

States. It does, however, imply that

smoking contri"utes to deaths in the

%nited States.

2or instance, we can assume that smoking is closely related with cardio

vascular diseases such as heart disease and cancer, for chemical included in a

cigarette such as tar is a"le to "lock "lood vessels, ultimately causing heart

diseases. !e can also assume that smoking is intimately related to deaths

cause "y usage of drugs.

!e cannot draw a 3fact4 from most statistics. It is important to conduct the

survey and the construction of presentation as in the most realistically accurate,

relia"le, and non&misleading way as possi"le, and the conclusions drawn from

the presentation, must not "e general, "ut acutely specific.


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Price Per *arrel of +ight rude ,il

+eaving Saudi Arabia on an. /

'he pictograph on the left indicates the

amount of increase in crude oils in

transport from Saudi +ra"ia. 'he ratio of

the si#e of the "arrel to the actual price is

not in proportion. 'he difference in si#es

of the "arrels are conveyed toe$aggerate the increase or decrease in

the price of a "arrel of crude oil. It is,

moreover, hard for readers to visually

compare prices in each year. 'herefore,

this pictograph is potentially misleading.

Year Price Increase

1973 $2.41

1974 $10.95 354.36%

1974 $10.46 -4.47%

1976 $11.51 10.04%

1977 $12.09 5.04%

1978 $12.70 5.05%

1979 $13.34 5.04%


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&evised 'raph

Instead of using

"arrels with

different si#es to

descri"e the

increase in prices,

a properly

constructed "ar

graph would

present the

information moreaccurately.

Price Per *arrel of +ight rude ,il +eaving Saudi Arabia on-an. /

51.1156.11

5.11

57.11

50.11

5/1.115/6.11

5/.11

5/7.11

/89: /89 /89; /897 /899 /890 /898

0ears

PricePer*arrel


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&evised 'raph - %%

Price Per *arrel of +ight rude ,il +eaving SaudiArabia on -an. /

51.11

56.11

5.11

57.11

50.11

5/1.11

5/6.11

5/.11

5/7.11

/89: /89 /89; /897 /899 /890 /898

0ears

PricesPer*arrel

- Another ade1uate way of fi$ing the graph2 showing the gradual

increase in the oil prices effectively through a line graph.


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hevy Advertisement

'his is a misleading graph to serve a purpose

which is to indicate that Chevy is the most

preferred car among people, thus possi"ly

persuading many others to purchase Chevy.

)owever, if we look at the graph closely, it can

"e seen that the y&a$is does not start at #ero.

'he viewer of this graph may take thismisleading graph for how it looks, and will

procure a false and inaccurate information.

In order to fi$ this misleading graph, we would

have to possess a precise and accurate

information with which we could organi#e a

properly designed graph. 'he y&a$is of the

graph must also "egin from 1, in order to

display an accurate comparison. !ithout

sufficient information, we cannot "ut simply

"e aware that graphs such as this are

misleading "ecause of their o"scurity of the

origin on the y&a$is.


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#hat ma(es some statistical

information accurate and reliable3

Statistics is a set of methods that are used to collect and analy#e data.

Because it is used to help many people to make good decisions a"out

uncertain situations, many people tend to "elieve any statistic that is

presented to them "y a company. )owever, as you have seen through our

presentation, statistics are very easy to manipulate< without an adequate

understanding and analysis of the statistical information, it is easy for us to

take misleading statistics seriously. +ccurate and relia"le statistics come from

proper procedure of defining the problem2 collecting the data2 analy4ing

the data2 andreporting the data.

'hese procedures must "e done rationally and as accurately as possi"le, inorder to prevent the statistics from "ecoming misleading.

!e will e$plain the adequate ways to conduct the procedures, and

ultimately to make accurate and relia"le statistics.


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Defining the Problem

=very word in a statistical pro"lem must "e definede$tremely specifically and accurately. 2or e$ample,if the pro"lem was 3counting the num"er of

inha"itants of >errisdale, ?ancouver, on a specificdate, we would have to define inhabitantsto knowwho to count into the survey. +lso, >errisdale must"e defined specifically in order to decide where tostop the survey. 2actors such as new"orn "a"ies in

the hospital must "e taken into consideration. If oneof these pieces of information is not clearly define, itwould "e e$tremely difficult to "egin gathering data.


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ollecting the Data

2or each kind of pro"lem, different information isneeded, and so is the method of collecting the data.-ne of the most important parts of esta"lishing astatistic is to design an effective way of collecting data.!e collect data from a population or from a sample.!hen the population of the survey is selected from asample, the selected population must "e a"le toprovide e$actly required information for the purpose of

the survey. 'he most e$acting and informative form ofdata collection for comparisons is randomizedcontrolled experiment. 'he population is divided intorandomly separated groups, and are selcted randomly.


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Analy4ing the Data

5 )$ploratory Methods 5

'his method often involves a lot of calculating averages and percentages, and displaying

the information on a graph. +lthough =$ploratory methods may provide many pieces

of information, it may not answer specific questions or make definite statements

a"out a pro"lem.

5 onfirmatory Methods 5

'his method is used to conclude the results of the survey and the statistical information

"y answering specific questions. 2or e$ample, using a confirmatory method, a

statistician can say 3-il @rices leaving Saudi +ra"ia has "een increasing, and will

increase in prices.4

Aot one of these methods should "e overlooked. Both methods should "e used

e$tensively to analy#e the results of a statistical activity and will have to come to

varieties of e$tremely specific conclusions with credi"ility and accuracy.


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&eporting the &esults

Inference is used to draw conclusion from a statistical activity

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