status of bioenergy technology in california · 9/10/2013 · status of bioenergy technology in...
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Status of Bioenergy Technology in California
California Biomass Collaborative 6th Annual Forum12 May 2009Sacramento, California
Bryan M. Jenkins, Director, UC Davis Energy InstituteProfessor, Department of Biological and Agricultural EngineeringUniversity of California, Davis
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…I saw the riches of the earth crumble before picks and taken away by shovel. It came to me that presently, as with all other things, those riches would have an end. The money would not be paid, for there would be none for master or man. The pick and shovel would rust. The collieries would be left to flood-water and rats. The men would go. The houses would empty…The grass would try to cover all, out of pity.
And I was afraid.…Richard Llewellyn
How Green Was My Valley (1940)
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DisclaimerAny errors are my own.
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Feedstock complexity allows for diversity of products and conversion strategies
Crude Biomass
Moisture Dry Matter(Total Solids)
StructuralComponents
Lignin
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Extractives
Ash (Inorganic)
Proteins
Simple Sugars
Lipids/Oils
AdventitiousMaterial (e.g. soil)
Other Minerals
Metals
Elemental Composition
PhysicalAnd
ChemicalProperties
Volatile Matter
Volatile Solids
Fixed Carbon
Salts
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Biomass Conversion Pathways• Conversion
– Thermochemical• Combustion• Gasification• Pyrolysis
– Biochemical• Anaerobic/Fermentation• Aerobic Processing• Biophotolysis
– Physicochemical• Esterification• Alkanes
• Final Demand– Energy
• Heat• Electricity
– Fuels• Solids• Liquids• Gases
– Products• Chemicals• Materials
• Biomass– Agricultural– Forest– Urban– Energy Crops
• Cereals• SRWC• Oilseeds• Sugar
crops• Forages• Grasses• Algae• …
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Integrated Biorefinery Concept
Source: US Department of Energy
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Miles per dry ton of biomass
Electricity (35% efficiency/IGCC/Cofiring)
Electricity (25% efficiency/current)
BTL-Syndiesel
Ethanol
Ethanol
(63 gals/ton)
Miles per dry ton biomass
(110 gals/ton)
(80 gals/ton)
Hydrogen Fuel Cell (62 kg/ton)
Is there a definitive conversion technology for biomass?
Transport range for bioenergy
Jenkins, 2005
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Science, 8 May 2009
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Bioenergy in California
• Electricity• Steam/heat• Ethanol/Mixed Alcohols• Biodiesel• Landfill gas/Digester gas/Biomethane• Syngas/Producer gas• Bioenergy crops/resources
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California Biomass Power Facilities
Electricity
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Progress toward RPS
CPUC, Q1 RPS Progress Report, 2009
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Solid-fuel biomass combustion• 33 biomass facilities operational
– 3 additional solid waste facilities• 4 restarts• approximately 600 MWe• Issues:
– Financing– Energy purchase price/contract provisions– Emission offsets– Fuel cost– Renewable fuel definitions
• Forest lands• Urban fuels
– PTC– Emission/GHG reduction credits
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Expansion/Repowering• New technologies
– IGCC, fuel cells• Co-firing
– Efficiency advantages in large fossil-based generators• Expansion
– Create emission offsets to allow facility capacity increase• Demand-following
– Seasonal, daily peaking• Integration
– Biorefineries, co-location– Statutory definitions?
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Distributed thermal power systems
• Several demonstration or semi-commercial operating or in start-up
• Policy/Contract effects– Feed-in tariff
• Capacity cap– Rule 21/Net metering
• Lack of equity in existing law
– Departed load/demand charges
– Green attributes/RECs
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Dairy Biogas/Biomethane
Courtesy N. Drake, B&N Enterprises
• 12 operational– approximately half operating
• Project types– Electricity– Pipeline injection– Vehicle fuel
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Dairy Digesters• Air emissions for IC engines
– San Joaquin Valley• Older engines replaced with newer lean burn engines
to meet rule limit at 150 ppm• New engines need to meet BACT: 0.15 g/bhph (9 - 11 ppm) NOx• BACT: achieved in practice and technologically feasible
– Microturbines with controls considered cost effective» Food processor with biogas microturbine currently reported to be
below BACT limit– Fuel cells not yet considered cost effective– Some systems achieving BACT using ICE with H2S scrubbers and
catalytic after-treatment» 3-way catalyst for rich-burn» SCR for lean-burn» Additional systems (e.g. Noxtech NSCR)
• At least 3 systems under variance from district– 2 operating, 1 start-up – Air-fuel excursions with rich-burn engine causing exceedances in NOx– Experimental systems
» adjustment if cannot meet BACT• Uncertainty high
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Corn price Ethanol price
Corn price Ethanol price
Corn price Ethanol price
Corn price Ethanol price
http://www.pacificethanol.net/site/index.php/facilities/facilities_article/106/
Alcohols• Corn-ethanol facility operations suspended• Estimated GHG emission reductions (16%) below the 20%
required under EISA/RFS2 estimates• Cellulosic-ethanol still pre-commercial
– Authority to Construct air permit for Lancaster 3.7 MGY facility
• 4 of 6 large-scale cellulosic-ethanoldemonstrations continuing– Increased DOE support pending
• Other pilot and research projects http://www.rangefuels.com/our-optimization-plant.html
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DOE Cellulosic Biorefinery Demonstration Project Awards, 2007-2010, $385M (initial)Awarded to
Ethanol Capacity(MGY) Technology Feedstock
(tpd=tons per day)Location
Award($ Milliion)
Abengoa 11.4 (cellulosic)85 (starch)
+ power and syngas
Enzymatic hydrolysis +
biomass gasification for process energy
700 tpd corn stover, wheat straw, switchgrass,
others
Kansas 76
ALICO 13.9+ power, 8 tpd
hydrogen, 50 tpd ammonia
Gasification followed by syngas
fermentation(BRI)
770 tpd greenwaste and energycane
Florida 33
BlueFire Ethanol
19 Concentrated acid hydrolysis
(Arkenol process)
700 tpd sorted greenwaste and wood
waste from landfill
California 40
POET (Broin) 31 cellulosic94 starch
engineered Zymomonas bacteria
(Dupont)
842 tpd corn fiber, cobs, stalks
Iowa 80
Iogen Biorefinery Partners
18 Enzymatic hydrolysis(Iogen)
700 tpd wheat and rice straw, other ag. residues,
switchgrass
Idaho 80
Range Fuels 40+ 9 methanol
Gasification followed by catalytic
syngas upgrading
1,200 tpd wood residues and energy wood
Georgia 76
WITHDRAWNWITHDRAWNWITHDRAWN
WITHDRAWNWITHDRAWNWITHDRAWN
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EPA Proposed Rulemaking: RFS25 May 2009
Cellulosic biofuel 0.06%
Biomass-based diesel 0.71%
Advanced biofuel 0.59%
Proposed Standards for 2010
“Based on information from the industry, we believe that there are sufficient plans underway to build plants capable of producing 0.1 billion gallons of cellulosic biofuel in 2010, the minimum volume of cellulosic biofuel required by EISA for 2010.”
“However, we recognize that cellulosic biofuel is at the very earliest stages of commercialization and current economic concerns could have significant impacts on these near term plans. Therefore, while based on industry plans available to EPA, we are not proposing that any portion of the cellulosic biofuel requirement for 2010 be waived, we are seeking additional and updated information that would be available prior to November 30, 2009 which could result in a change in this conclusion.”
0.1
0.65
0.95
Billion Gallons (2010)
12.95 Total RFSRenewable Fuel 8.01%
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-140
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0
20
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(Red
uctio
n)EPA RFS2 Lifecycle GHG reductions
Required:
Renewable fuel
Biodiesel/ (Cellulosic)Cellulosic fuels
(NG corn)
100 year/2% discount
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California LCFS
Los Angeles Times, 22 April 2009
California Air Resources Board Resolution 09-3123 April 2009
Whereas,…
…
…
…
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Biodiesel
• 100 year/2% discounted EPA RFS2 soydiesel GHG emission reduction only 22% – below the 50% required
• Biomass-based diesel (EISA/RFS1/RFS2)– Made from renewable biomass– 50% lower GHG emissions than gasoline or diesel
displaced– RFS2 revises co-processing with petroleum restriction
in EISA/RFS1• Serial co-processing/blending allowed• Only renewable fuel volume counted
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
Cor
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Mill
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Cor
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Perc
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(Red
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Biodiesel/ (Cellulosic)
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Jurisdiction of the State
Conversion System
Emissions
Products
Waste
Resources
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Biorefinery optimization modeling
LCE = Lignocellulosic ethanol. LCMD = Lignocellulosic middle distillates (FT diesel). BP = direct combustion for electricity (biopower). CHP = combined heat and power. FAME = fatty acid methyl ester. FAHC = hydrotreated lipids (hydrocarbons). GE = grain ethanol.
Feedstock Category Feedstock Type Conversion
Technologies
Clean Lignocellulosics
Forest biomass Straw, Stover, and Vegetable Ag. Residues Dry food processing wastes Orchard/Vineyard Wastes Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW)
• Clean Mixed Paper
• Clean Wood Wastes
• Clean Yard Wastes
LCE LCMD BP CHP
Lignocellulosics Remainder of Biomass MSW, Remainder from sorting
LCE LCMD BP CHP
Lipids Yellow Grease Animal Fats
FAME FAHC
Grains Corn Dry Mill Ethanol
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Conclusions• Technology improvements realized in all
bioenergy sectors• Supply objectives still in many cases based on
pre-commercial and uncertain technology outcomes, incentives with market opportunities have encouraged innovation
• Regulatory, interconnection, and other integration issues remain, awareness of issues improving, jurisdiction of the state needs to be carefully considered in relation to flexibility of future technological development.