Stearns, page 119; Glencoe, page 197

1. How far north did the Islam empires spread?

2. How did the Arabs benefit from expansion?

Stopped by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in France in 732; ended Arab European expansion

Under the Abbasid Dynasty, the Arabs controlled some of the richest trade routes and provinces in the world

In the 7th Century. Muslims, conquered Palestinewhere Jesus Christ had lived and preachedMuslims were tolerantlet Christians/Jews and keep their faithsChristian pilgrims visited the Christian 'Holy Land‘ & shrines freely

In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks conquered JerusalemPersecuted Christian pilgrims1071, defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert; Threatened Byzantine Empire; Emperor Alexius asked the Pope for help Pope Urban II called for a “Holy War” or “Crusade” against the Muslim “infidels” (unbelievers) and occupiers of the Holy Lands1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics

The Crusade

s

The Crusades continuedBetween 1096-1212, there were 7 crusades

1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics & marched to fight/die for God

1st Crusade: (1096-1099) French, German, and Italian armies captured Jerusalem Sacked the city, slaughtered many Muslims & Jews; stole/ransacked goods Many Crusaders went home--left surrounding territories vulnerable Muslim leader, Saladin captured Edessa

2nd Crusade: (1147-1149) 2nd Crusade failed to win Edessa backAdditionally, Saladin re-captured Jerusalem in 1187 for the Muslims

3rd Crusade: (1189-1192) Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany drowned in a local river English King Richard & French King Philip II of France arrived by sea

captured the coastal cities unable to move inland & capture Jerusalem Saladin was impressed with King Richard’s fighting on the coast King Richard earned the nickname the “Lionhearted” here Saladin agreed to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem

The Crusades continued

Saladin (1138-1193)

Muslim leader

Established the Ayyubid Dynasty

Very devout

Legendary chivalry

Defeated Europeans in the 2nd & 3rd Crusades

Spared Jerusalem

Made Cairo a vibrant medieval city

The Crusades continued

4th Crusade (1202-1204) Venetian leaders used the opportunity to weaken their largest economic competitor Diverted Crusaders to Constantinople; sacked the city and ruled it until 1261 Byzantine army recaptured Constantinople in 1261 Byzantine Empire never regained their great power Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453

What was the main effect of the Crusades?

Italian port cities prospered economically

Opened Europeans to a variety of goods and products: silks, spices, coffee, tea, science, and knowledge

Access to the compass/astrolabe provided Europeans with the means to travel away from the coastline and to seek new goods

Access to information about gun powder will enhance their more aggression and lead to imperialistic tendencies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas

4th Crusade sacked Constantinople;

weakened the Byzantine Empire

Led to Anti-Semitism in Europe

Broke down feudalism;

Paved the way for the development of European nation-states

Lasting impact: bred centuries of distrust & enmity between Muslims &Christians

Hulegu (hoo-LAY-goo)

1258, Mongols seized Persia and Mesopotamia

Ended Abbasid Caliphate

Hulegu sacked Baghdad

Destroyed libraries, mosques, palaces

Turkish slave-soldiers (Mamluks) stopped the Mongols at the Red Sea

Mongolians inter-married with local peoples

Mongolians converted to Islam and spread the religion throughout Asia/southern Europe

Mongolian conquest ended Baghdad’s leadership

Cairo became the new center of Islamic civilization

BaghdadBaghdad

• New capitalNew capital– Ideal locationIdeal location– Close to Persian Close to Persian

capitalcapital– Spectacular citySpectacular city– Economic center of Economic center of

Muslim worldMuslim world• Banking – checksBanking – checks

– Academic centerAcademic center

Islam - WidespreadIslam - Widespread

• Urban expansionUrban expansion

• Long-distance Long-distance tradetrade

• Increase in Increase in handicraft handicraft productionproduction

• New convertsNew converts

Courtly ExcessesCourtly Excesses

• Untouchable rulersUntouchable rulers

– The “Shadow of God on earth”The “Shadow of God on earth”

• Taste for luxuryTaste for luxury

• Caliph Harun al-Rashid 786-809Caliph Harun al-Rashid 786-809

– ““Golden Age of Muslims”Golden Age of Muslims”

• Learning, trade, and Learning, trade, and governmentgovernment

Imperial BreakdownImperial Breakdown

• Civil war over successors with Civil war over successors with Rashid’s deathRashid’s death

• Political divisionsPolitical divisions

–Shiite revolts and Shiite revolts and assassination attemptsassassination attempts

• Slave mercenariesSlave mercenaries

• Taxes, famine, flood, bandit Taxes, famine, flood, bandit gangsgangs

• Ibn- Rushd – translated Aristotle’s works

• Spread the Indian # system with 0; easier to us than Roman numerals

• Europeans mislabeled the system “Arabic”

• Developed Algebra

• Knew the Earth was round

• Astrolabe = helped sailors calculate the angles of the sun and the stars.

• Armillary = Astronomers lined up the top rings of the sphere and calculated the time of day or year. This was useful for mapmaking and calendars.

Ibn Sina - wrote medical encyclopedia

-“The” University medical textbook

Al Qasim’s drawings of medical tools was the foremost text on surgery in Europe for nearly 500 years

Ibn Khaldun (14th C)

- Muslim historian

- Civilizations rise/decay in cycles

Omar Khayyam (12th C) - Rubiyat

- Arabian Nights

Mosque of Cordova, Spain

Center of learning & culture

Mosque in Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Calligraphy

Arabesques

Arab dhow with lateen sails

Most celebrated Muslim traveler in the postclassical world

Islamic scholar who recorded his travels throughout the dar al Islam (Muslim states)

Traveled over 75,000 miles; to Spain, Timbuktu, China, India, the Maldives Islands, East Africa, and the Mali Empire

Worked in government positions everywhere he went as an adviser or judge

Promoted the proper observance of Islam

1304-1349?

Key Terms

Shari'ah: The revealed and the canonical laws of the religion of Islam. The legislative power in the government lies in the hands of legislative assembly. The legislators are to make rules and regulations within the scope and dimensions of the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet. These rules constitute the Shari'ah.Mosque: Muslim building of prayer and worship.Jihad: Literally means, "struggle“ or “striving”; refers to the obligation of all Muslims to struggle against error and evil. In another sense it refers to the defensive military struggle against those who would attack Muslims and subvert their faith, hence the concept of the 'Holy war’.P.B.U.H. :These letters are abbreviations for the words Peace Be Upon Him which corresponds to the meaning of the Arabic expression “Alaihis Salam”, which is an expression that is said when the name of a prophet is mentioned. This expression is widely used by English speaking Muslims. It is to be noticed here that this expression does not give the full meaning of "Salla Allahu 'Alaihi Wa Sallam“ (may the blessing and the peace of Allah be upon him). Therefore it is recommended that people do not use (p.b.u.h.) after the name of prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.); they should use "Salla Allahu 'Alaihi Wa Sallam" instead, or they may use the abbreviated form of (s.a.w) in writing.

Comparisons: Holy men in Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism

1.Read page 13.2.Make a Venn diagram comparing the role of holy mystics in the 3 religions

“Perspectives: Gender Roles in Early Islamic Societies”

1. Read page 15.2. Describe the similarities and differences in gender roles in Muhammad’s era, the Umayyad dynasty, and the Abbasid dynasty.3. Give specific similarities and differences between all 3.4. Give specific details/evidence to support your similarities and differences.

- Had greater liberty than those of Byzantium or Persia

- Played important economic roles;

- Matrilineal descent in some clans

- Not secluded- Both males and

females allowed multiple marriages in some clans

- Women often fought beside men

- Under influence of Persian culture, women veiled and secluded- Increase in patriarchal authority- Only males permitted multiple marriages- Development of the harem- Lower class women enjoyed more freedom than upper class women

Abbasid Empire:

Pre-Islamic Similarities

- Patriarchal- - More urbane, the less freedom women have