The design steps presented in the model have been applied to the former mining landscape, as can be seen on the plan map. Magnets like infrastructure, faciliti es, prepared plots, and public spaces that will att ract development are located in the potenti al urban areas, close to the urban area of Arnavutköy municipality. In this way, the fi rst developments can be close to the faciliti es of Arnavutköy, as well have a view on the scenic landscape. By placing the fi rst magnets here, the development will start to grow near the ridge of the diff erent centripetal lakes. This gives the opti on to keep an eye on the water quality when development conti nues [8].

For one of the centripetal lakes, a detailed design is presented. The form and locati on of vegetated earth-banked terraces, retenti on walls, orifi ce weirs, and drains is largely based on the underlying dump truck landscape. The steep slopes in the underlying landscape are also used as a guide for a large retenti on wall that creates a border for urban development. Vegetated earth-banked terraces are used to promote vegetati on development and soil development, which will purify the water. [9][10][11].

New development can profi t from the near recreati on area, while the water resource provided by this landscape is bett er protected by support of the new neighbourhood. In this way the design gives an answer to the organizati on of unplanned urban development, and to the protecti on of a valuable landscape resource.

The spati al elements that att ract urban development are shown on a smaller scale, to show the possibiliti es of the constructed water landscape for creati ng a neighbourhood with a lot of green public space, where ecological understanding can arise. Stone retenti on walls and drains can be clear borders, which can be designed in order to defi ne public spaces. Water fl ows are visible in the drains, while retenti on ponds create wett er places. At those wett er places trees are able to grow, to create shade, and to loosen the soil [12].

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The design creates a low-dynamic water framework that covers the enti re project area, where water is purifi ed and erosion is reduced. Potenti al urban areas are added when the quality of the water can be preserved. The higher edges in the dump truck landscape, formed by the edges of the micro-catchment of the centripetal lake, give opportuniti es for these potenti al urban areas. Here, the water can be purifi ed along its way to the out fl owing stream of the lake. So, the water framework is able to improve water quality, despite of the degree of urban development in the potenti al urban areas. In the model, the white areas represent the locati ons in the water framework that can be used as potenti al urban areas. The local projecti on of gated communiti es will be used for constructi ng a revitalized water resource landscape. This type of development considers a scenic landscape as important, and can be used to protect and fi nance the new landscape.

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Design soluti ons for erosion control appear in the enti re water framework. To create readable landscapes, the design soluti ons for erosion control of the potenti al urban areas are diff erent. In the water framework ‘vegetated earth-banked terraces‘ are used to reduce erosion, and have a green and more natural appearance. The design soluti ons used in potenti al urban areas are stone retenti on walls, and create an urban atmosphere. Part of the constructi on waste, which is now being dumped in the lakes, is used as a building material for those walls. The wall defi ning the edge of possible urban development is over-dimensioned to create a strong and readable border for development. This wall is also a mean for “framing nature”.

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To strengthen the functi on as a fresh water resource landscape, design soluti ons are again diff erent for the potenti al urban areas, to create a readable landscape. In the water framework, orifi ce weirs are constructed to slow down the discharge of rainwater, and to distribute the discharge over a larger ti me span. To increase water quality, also the cliff s are being protected from erosion. This is realized by constructi ng aquaducts (cut-off drains). In the water framework, water streams are allowed to fl ow freely through the landscape. To control water outf low, dams are constructed at the out-fl owing stream of the lakes. The dams acti vely regulate the water level of the lakes. In this way, a part of the rainwater can be stored, and a conti nuous water fl ow to the streams can be created. In the parts of the landscape that can be potenti al urban areas, drains and retenti on ponds are constructed for run-off control and water purifi cati on. Like the stone retenti on walls, these elements have an urban character to defi ne spaces for urban development.

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The local projecti on of gated communiti es will be altered by placing magnets that att ract and repel development. Magnets that repel development make a part of the landscape able to recover, in order to produce high quality fresh water. By adding recreati on routes and spots to this landscape, this landscape becomes accessible and multi functi onal. In this way, the water framework can also att ract recreants, an additi onal target group that is likely to support protecti on of the landscape. The recreati on routes and spots are based on the design soluti ons for erosion and run-off control. By doing this, the routes can give insights in the water system, and becomes educati onal. Elements that att ract development, give room to urban growth, and att ract high-class development. This target group is expected to support the protecti on of the local scenic landscape.

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S������� P��������� G�����Strong urbanizati on forces many metropolises around the world to explore their boundaries for growth. In Istanbul, chaoti c and unplanned urbanizati on threatens the water quality in the city’s surrounding water basins that provide clean fresh water for the city. The growing city is cutti ng its own lifelines [1].

Considering the city a complex adapti ve system, dependent on resources provided by the landscape, the city is studied. It appeared that ‘magnets’, which are oft en part of the city itself, can describe the behavior of the grow-ing, unplanned city. The defi ned magnets are spati al elements that guide and organize urban growth. Here we consider faciliti es, highway exits, waterways, bridges, scenic landscapes, but also disrupted or empty landscapes without a visible functi on, that can att ract urban growth [2].

Scienti fi c literature did not only confi rm the att racti ng eff ect of certain spa-ti al elements. Literature also shows the repelling side of the magnet: spati al elements that repel urban development. These can be spati al elements that educate people about the importance or functi on of a certain landscape. Mul-ti functi onal and accessible landscapes can create support for protecti on by involving larger group(s) of people. By making clear borders, people are more likely to accept nature [3].

This project investi gates the use of landscape architecture in steering un-planned development by making use of magnets that att ract and repel devel-opment, in order to secure the city’s fresh water resource. This means that urban development is not excluded. Instead, the project combines landscape interventi ons for securing water quality, with creati on of local support for landscape protecti on by involving urban development.

N����� �� ���������� The project locati on is located in the municipality of Ar-navutköy. The local landscape is not only being disrupted by the rapid urbani-zati on. Here, large empty lands recover from former mining acti viti es. Strong erosion results in a decreased quality of the fresh water resource in the Alibey basin.

F����� ������ ��������� [4] This man-made landscape is characterized by lakes with steep cliff s up to 50 meters, separati ng the old forests from the mining landscape. The many lakes and cliff s make the landscape ecologically and aestheti cally valuable. However, these lakes are endangered by construc-ti on waste from the city, which is dumped into the lakes. Between the lakes and the city of Arnavutköy the dump truck landscape can be found: A hilly landscape with small ponds, created by dump trucks that used to dump left o-ver material from the mines.

C���������� ����� ������ [5] Mining acti viti es resulted in a centripetal water system: The lakes collect the run-off water from the surrounding landscape. From the lake there is one out fl owing stream to the main stream towards Alibey reservoir, where the water is collected.

M���� [6] A model has been created based on one of the centripetal lakes. Here, the model summarizes the characteristi cs of the landscape.

E������� ����� ������ [7] Diff erent fabrics of urban growth have been iden-ti fi ed. In the project area, gated communiti es are most likely to develop. In Istanbul, this kind of isolated high-class development is att racted by scenic landscapes, earthquake safe areas, and is located near highway exits. Gated communiti es are being developed on acquired private and state property. This kind of development is an important threat for the recovering of disrupted for-ested lands, which are a crucial part of the water system. Some of those att rac-tors have been made visible on the aerial photograph above. One can see that gated communiti es are already being implemented in the area. These develop-ments do not provide soluti ons for fresh water protecti on.

Project locati on

Project locati on

Project locati on

P���������: 13,8 ������� (2012)

40%-90% �������� �� �����-�� ���� �� 2030

2013

2013

P��������� 2030

20 ��0

Fresh water basin in usePolluted fresh water basin

Fresh water basin in usePolluted fresh water basin

Repellers of urban developmentAttractors of urban development

C���� �������(Sijmons, 1991)

S������ ��������� ��������(Duchhart, 2007)

S���� ��������(Roggema, 2012)

E�������� �� �����������(Hill, White et al. 2002)

(Clayton, 2009)

A������������ (Clayton, 2009)

M�����������������(Lovell, 2009)

M����� �������(Nassauer, 1995)

Examples of magnets that att ract urban growth: Waterways, bridges, roads, highways, and earthquake-safe areas.

[1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5][6]

[7]

[8]

Forest on top of cliff with new aqueducts

Lake with a reed bank

Existi ng city

Framework landscape with vegetated earth-banked terraces

Potenti al urban area with retaining walls

Ridge

Dam to control water outf low of the lakes

Reed along stream

Main road to potenti al urban area in the

former mine area towards Arnavutköy and Istanbul

Placed magnets

500 M0

Retaining wall that defi nes the hilltop

Retaining wall between the potenti al

urban area and the framework landscape

Retaining wall inside the potenti al urban area

Access road from Arnavutköy

Retenti on ponds

Gralux recreati on path

Wooden recreati on path

Mosque directed towards Mecca as spati al

incenti ve to att ract development

Place reserved for local shop

Ori� ce weir with recreation route on top

Aqueduct on the cliff s along recreati on path

150 M0

100 �0

Landscape Architecture can provide the unplanned growing city with att racti ve and site-specifi c soluti ons for revitalizing disrupted landscapes, while allowing urban growth. This can be done by designing magnets that att ract or repel development, and by designing clear borders for development. By design, people can be involved in the protecti on of the valuable fresh water resource. Innovati ons in architecture and urban design can further increase the possibiliti es for living in a recovering water resource landscape. In Istanbul, it is crucial to promote the collaborati on between water authoriti es and project developers to realize neighbourhoods that protect their fresh water resources.

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- Infrastructure - Prepared plots - Reserved space for faciliti es - Presence of scenic views

M������ ���� ����� ����� �����������: - Paths and additi onal recreati on points create recreati on landscape - Educati onal water elements - Local support to protect scenic views

[9]

[12]

[9A]

[9A]

[9B]

[9B]

[12A]

[12A]

[11][10]

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