STEM CELLS AND ITS

APPLICATIONS

SUBHA CHANDRA M.P

13-MSVM-08

M.Sc. APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY

WHAT IS STEM CELL…?

Ability to continuously divide and differentiate ( develop) in

to various other kinds of cells or tissues

BRIEF HISTORY OF STEM CELLS

Early 1900 - oral administration of bone marrow

(unsuccessful)

Mid 1900 - Defective bone marrow of mouse corrected with

intravenous administration of healthy bone marrow

1973 - Unrelated bone marrow transplant (successful)

1981 - Derive first embryonic stem cell from mouse

CONTND…

1998 - First human embryonic stem line

2001 - Clone first early human embryos for

generating embryonic stem cells

2003 - Discovers new source of adult stem cell in

children's primary teeth

2005 - Discovered the CBEs

2006 - Create first ever artificial liver cells using CBEs

CONTND…

2011 - Produce stem cells from endangered species.

2012 - Created mouse egg from mouse skin cells

2013 -First lab grown meat from muscle stem cells

it cooked and tasted

CHARACTERISTICS

Cells (unspecialized)

Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long

periods of time ( proliferation and removal).

Have the blank potential to give rise to specialized cell types.

KINDS OF STEM CELLS

Embryonic stem cells

Adult stem cells

EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS

Derived from epiblast of blastocyst

Pluripotent

Long term self renewal

Exhibit and maintain a stable diploid normal complement

of chromosome

TOTIPOTENT

PLURIPOTENT

MULTIPOTENT

This cell can form the

embryo and placenta

This cell can just form

the embryo

ADULT STEM CELLS

An undifferentiated cells found among specialized or

differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth.

Active by disease or tissue injury

Skin

Fat cell

Bone marrow

Many other organ/ tissues

ADULT STEM CELL SOURCESBRAIN

BREAST

INTESTINE

BONE

MARROW

SURFACE OF

EYE

SKIN

TESTICLES

MUSCLES

INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM

CELLS

• Reprograming adult cells using lab techniques

INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS

Cell from body

Genetic reprograming =

Add certain genes to cell

Induced pluripotent

stem cells behave like

an ESC

Culture ips cells

in the lab

Differentiate in to

all possible type of

specialized cells

BASED ON POTENCY

TOTIPOTENT

PLURIPOTENT

MULTIPOTENT

OLIGOPOTENT

UNIPOTENT

CLASSIFICATION OF STEM CELL BASED ON

POTENCY

CELL TYPE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES

Totipotent Each cell can develop

in to new individual

Cells from early (1-3)

days embryo

Pluripotent Cells can form (over)

cell types

Some cells of

blastocyst (5 -14 days)

Multipotent Cells differentiated but

can form a number of

other types

Fetal tissue cord blood

and adult stem cells

Oligo potent Ability to differentiate

in to few cells

Adult lymphoid or

myeloid cell

Unipotent Ability to produce cells

there own type , self

renewal

Adult muscle stem cells

IDENTIFICATION OF STEM CELLS

Transplanting the stem cell ( eg.HSCs) in to an individual

without hematopoietic stem cells

Clonogenic assay

Observing under microscope

Inject cells in to an immunosuppressant ones

STEM CELL CULTURE

Culturing of stem cells

Cells extracted from adult tissue or from a dividing zygote in

a culture dish.

Allow to grow , embryonic stem cells grow faster than adult

Stem cell lines

Cycle of sub culturing

STEM CELL APPLICATIONS..

Organ and tissue regeneration

Cardio vascular disease treatment

Rheumatoid arthritis

Skin

Type 1 diabetics

Cancer

Bone

CARDIO VASCULAR DISEASE

TREATMENT

Coronary heart diseases , hyper tension , stroke

Replacement of damaged heart cells

Adult bone marrow stem cells injected in to heart help to improve

cardiac function in victims of heart failure or heart attack

BLOOD DISEASE TREATMENT

Adult hematopoietic stem cells used

Against leukemia ,sickle cell anemia and other

immunodeficiency disease

Hematopoietic Hematopoietic stem cells are found in

umbilical cord & placenta

Umbilical cord blood bank

SKIN

Replace damaged skins

Faster wound healing repair serious burns

Can synthesize new skins in the lab from there own skin

cells ( take weeks)

Recently use embryonic stem cells to attempt to produce

skin graft

EYE

Repair cornea

Adult stem cells from the eye have proved to be good

treatment for corneal damage

Treat damaged retina (retinal cells ) from mesenchyme

cells

Disadvantage : Difficult to integrate them in to the light

detection and signaling problem

LIVER

Capacity to regenerate itself

From adult stem cells ,artificial regeneration can occur

Hepatocyte transplants from cadaveric donors

Certain signals stimulate hepatocytic generation

Isolation, expanding, storing

Transplant

BRAIN DISEASE TRAETMENT

Parkinson's disease , Alzheimer's disease

Produce dopamine producing stem cells in lab

Treatment by nigral dopamine producing fetal stem cell in to

animals or patients

Ips cells also used

BONE

Mainly used in osteoporosis (loss of bone density) during

ageing

Use stem cells in veterinary medicine

Used to repair injuries in race horses

Spinal chord injury

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Auto immune disease

Allogeneic mesenchyme stem cells to treat RA

Harvested from human umbilical cord

Adult stem cells help full in jumpstarting repair of corded

cartilage

TYPE 1 DIABETICS

Due to destruction of insulin producing beta cells of the

pancreas

Embryonic stem cell existing pancreas cells from patient ,

cells ,tissues ( liver) used to repair pancreas function

Other types of cells used are,mesenchymal cells, stored cord

blood cells

DISEASES TREATED WITH STEM

CELLS

Alzheimer's

Autism

Auto immune diseases

Diabetics

Stroke

Melanoma

Multiple myeloma

Spinal chord damage etc...

STEM CELL THERAPY

It is an application of stem cell

It involves transplantations of autologous or allogeneic stem

cells in to patients, either through local delivery or systemic

infusion

CONTND…

The main purposes are:

o Tooth regeneration

o Type 1 diabetics

o Blood immune system

o Eye treatment

o Skin

o Heart

o Liver

STEM CELL BANK

A stem cell bank

A persons stem cell stored in

certain period for future

need

Sources: amniotic fluid&

cod blood

stored by cryopreservation

RISKS

Chance of forming tumor, due to growth promoting factor

produced by neighboring cells

DNA mutations occur in laboratory conditions cause cancer

growth

Immune reactions – for rejecting cells called graft – versus –

host

CURRENT AFFAIRS

Adult cell can become a stem cell by dipping it in acids

Breast milk stem cells incorporated in to babies

Cellular alchemy turns skin cells in to brain cells

Artificial egg and sperm from embryonic stem cells

Hair growth from pluripotent stem cells

WHY THE CONTROVERSY OVER STEM

CELLS ?

Embryonic stem cells are derived from extra blastocyst that

would otherwise be described following IVF

Extracting stem cells destroy the developing blastocyst(

embryo)

QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATIONS

Is an embryo a person?

Is it morally acceptable to use embryos for research

When do we become human beings

Should we clone human embryos

Can we benefit from others destruction of embryos

IN FUTURE……

CONCLUSION

Unspecialized , self renewed

Embryonic , adult , ipsc

Classified based on potency

Identification and there culture

So many applications

Stem cell therapy

Stem cell banking

Obstacle's & controversy

REFERENCES

Van de Stolope,Mummery,I. Wilmut. Stem cells scientific

facts and fiction . 1st Edition 2011

Bruce.M.Carlson., Stem cell anthology,1st Edition 2010

Kamran Alimoghaddam , Stem cell biology in normal life

and diseases , 1st Edition 2013

Tanner Demier, Innovations in stem cell transplantation. 1st

Edition 2013

www.explorecuriocity.org

http//www.stemcellresearchnews.com/

www.eurostemcell.org

www.medicalnewstoday.com