Stem cells and its application

_PRESENTATION BY

:RONAK ANTALA

BASIC INTRODUCTION

Stem cells are undiffrentiated biological cells

that can differentiate into specialized cells and

can divide {through mitosis} to produce more

stem cells.

They are found in multicellular organisms.

In mammals, there are two broad types of

stemcells: 1 ) embryonic stem cells.

2) adult stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells are isolated from inner

cell mass of blastocysts .

Adult stem cells are found in various tissues.

Stem cells act as repair system for body,

replenishing adult tissues.

In a developing embryo, stem cells can

differentiate into all the specialized cells_

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm.

Also maintain the normal turnover of

regenerative organs, such as blood, skin or

intestinal tissues.

Sources of autologous stem cells in humans. 1} Bone marrow ,which requires extraction by harvesting

(typically the femur )

2} Adipose tissue,[LIPID CELLS] which require extraction by liposuction

3} Blood, which requires extraction through apheresis wherein blood is drawn from donor and passed through a machine that extract stem cells and return other portion of blood to donor

It can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth

Autologous harvesting involves lowest risks, also one can bank his or her own blood for elective surgical procedures.

Properties of stem cells

The classical defination of stem cells requires that it possess two properties:

Self renewal: the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division

Potency: the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types.

Thus stem cells should be pluripotent or totipotent thus to give rise to any mature cell type.

Although multipotent or unipotentprogenitor cells are sometimes referred to as stem cells.

Pluripotent stem cells.

These are not adult stem cells, but rather adult

cells (e.g epithelial cells) reprogrammed to give rise to

pluripotent capabilities.

Scientist carried out experiments, using different sets of

transcription factors and carried out experiments using

cells from human foreskin

Best example is first cloned animal DOLLY THE

SHEEP.(somatic cell nuclear transfer)

Difference between totipotent

,multipotent, pluripotent

Totipotent cells can form all cells type in a body plus extra embryonic or placental cells.

Embryonic cells within the first couple of cell division after fertilization are the only cells that are totipotent.

Pluripotent cells can give rise to all cell type that make up the body embryonic stem cells are considered pluripotent

Multi potent cells can give rise to more than one cell type, but are more limited than pluripotent cells ; adult stem cells & cord blood stem cells are considered multipotent .

Disease or condition where stem cell treatment is being investigated.

Diabetes

Rheumatoid arthritis

Parkinson’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease

Osteoarthritis

Stroke & traumatic brain injury repair

Wound healing

Anti-cancer

Replace missing teeth

Spinal cord injury

Heart infraction

Application

Stem cells treatment is widely used in brain

damage cancer, spinal cord injury ,

heamatopoiesis.

Deafness blindnes and vision impairment ,

Amyotropic lateral sclerosis graft vs. host

disease

Crohn’s disease , Neural and behavioral

birth defects diabetes, orthopedics wound

healing infertility

Spinal cord injury [ MSCs] mesenchymal

stem cells have the capacity to differentiated

into neurons and glial cells after injecting at

the spinal injury site.

In Liver disease like acute liver failure or end

stage liver disease.

Osteoarthritis - by using athroscopic in

treating cartilage defect.

Muscular dystrophy , autisms ,diabetes.

Therapy based on stem cells.

Stem cells therapy is the use of stem cells to

treat or prevent a disease or condition.

Bone marrow transplantation is a form of

stem cell therapy that has been used for many

years.

No stem cells therapies other than bone

marrow transplant are widely used.

Research is underway to develop sources of

stem cells and to treat diabetes , heart

disease and other condition.

Medical uses

For 30 years bone marrow have been used to

treat cancer patients with condition such as

leukaemia and lymphoma ;

During chemotherapy, most growing cell are

killed by cytotoxic agent

Another stem cells therapy called Prochymal

was conditionally approved in canada for

acute graft vs- host disease in children who

are unresponsive to steroids

Ten things to know about stem cELLS

1] There are different types of stem cells –each with their own purpose .

2] A single stem cell treatment will not work on a multitude of unrelated disease or condition.

3] Currently there are very few widely accepted stem cells therapies.

4] Just because people say stem cells helped them doesnot mean they did.

5] A large part of why it takes time to develop new therapies is that science itself is a long and difficult process.

6] To be used in treatment, stem cells will have

to be instructed to behave in specific way .

7] Just because stem cells came from your body

doesn't mean they are safe.

8] There is something to loose by trying an

unproven treatment .

9] An experimental treatment offered for sale is

not the same as clinical trial.

10] Stem cells science is constantly moving

forward.

Thank You