stem cells revised for bio 1
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STEM CELLS
SD Jacinto
Bio 1
Institute of Biology
UP Diliman
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Stem Cells: ScientificProgress and FutureResearch Directions
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All about stem cells
Unspecialized cells
Capable ofrenewing themselves for long
periods by cell division Under special conditions can be induced to
differentiate into many types of cells withdifferent functions (e.g. myocardiocytes,
insulin producing cells) 2 types Embryonic and Adult
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Important Areas of Research
Why embryonic stem cells proliferate for a yearor more in the lab w/out differentiating but mostadult stem cells cannot
What are the factors in living organisms thatnormally regulate stem cell proliferation and selfrenewal
What are the signals in mature organism causing
stem cells to proliferate and remainunspecialized until the cells are needed for repairof a specific tissue
http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics3.asp
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Important Areas of Research (contd)
Are signals for differentiation similar forall stem cell types
Can specific signals be identified that
promote differentiation into specific celltypes
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Embryonic stem cell (ESC) research
E stem cells are derived from ICM blastocysts ofinvitro fertilization
Tested to measure fundamental properties
E.g. morphological stability, presence of molecular surfacemarkers, chromosomal number, viability after freezing andthawing, pluripotency
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ESC and directed differentiation
By changing chemical composition of culturemedium, alter the surface of culture dish or maketransgenic cells
If directed differentiation is reliable andreproducible, ESC can be used to treat certaindiseases in the future e.g. Parkinsons disease,
traumatic spinal cord injury, Purkinje cellsdegeneration, Duchennes muscular dystrophy,heart disease and vision and hearing loss
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http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics3.asp
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Adult Stem Cell (ASC) research
Also called somatic stem cells
Undifferentiated cells found among differentiatedcells in a tissue or organ Can renew itself
Can differentiate to yield major specialized cell types of thetissue or organ
1o role is to maintain and repair
Origin is unknown
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Adult Stem Cell (ASC) research (contd)
Research in mice showed that brain has stemcells that can differentiate into connectivetissue cells and neurons
Plasticitywas also discovered
http://stemcells.nih.gov/staticresources/info/scireport/PDFs/chapter8.pdf
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Where ASC are found
Brain, bone marrow, peripheral blood, blood vessels,skeletal muscles, skin and liver
ASC occur invery small number in each tissue; are
quiescent for many years until they are called to dutyduring injury or disease
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Potential Uses of SC
May yield information about events occurringduring human development
May yield information on how diseases arise andmay suggest new strategies for therapy
Used for drug screening
Generation of cells and tissues to be used for cellbased therapy
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Relevant alternatives
The case of the induced pluripotent stem cells
Cord blood banking
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http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.medgadget.com/archives/img/768768ccs.jpg&imgrefurl=http://karthikkn.wordpress.com/2010/07/24/induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-ips-cells-rewindreprogram-and-
replace/&h=473&w=468&sz=58&tbnid=mxcftLsiNU8LzM:&tbnh=129&tbnw=128&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dinduced%2Bpluripotent%2Bstem%2Bcells&zoom=1&q=induced+pluripotent+stem+cells&hl=en&usg=__647dquEKjGNl5DLiHRS2f0E2Pig=&sa=X&ei=AZuhTPXkFofyvQOizNjgAw&ved=0CDcQ9QEwBA
iPSC
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Proliferate extensively and generate sufficientquantities of tissue.
Differentiate into the desired cell type(s).Survive in the recipient after transplant.Integrate into the surrounding tissue aftertransplant.
Function appropriately for the duration of therecipient's life.Avoid harming the recipient in any way.
To be useful for transplant purposes, stemcells must be reproducibly made to:
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: www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/ primer.htm
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Oocytes/spermatozoa from stem cells
Possible issues for and against
In a development that could alter the ethical landscapesurrounding human embryonic stem (ES) cells, scientistshave found that mouse ES cells can develop into oocytes in
culture dishes.
It is not yet clear whether the cells can be fertilized anddevelop into embryos. But if so, and if human ES cells turnout to have similar powers, such cells might allow researchers
to get around some of the expense and ethical questions thatarise from using donated eggs for therapeutic cloningexperiments.
http://www.vetscite.org/publish/items/001224/index.html
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: easyweb.easynet.co.uk/ ~sfl/rlb_stem.htm
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The Woo Suk Hwang fraud
From National University of Seoul-fakedproduction of human cloned embryo
Faked production of11 patient tailored cell lines
from embryonic clones
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Thats all fornow