step forward in diesel engine emissions reduction: …
TRANSCRIPT
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Step Forward In Diesel Engine Emissions Reduction:
System Incorporating A Novel Low Emission Diesel Fuel
& Conventional Lubricant
D. A. Langer and E. A. BardaszThe Lubrizol Corporation
Wickliffe, Ohio
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Outline
• Test Program– Vehicle– Test Cycle– Test method– Fuel Matrix– Aftertreatment Matrix– Instantaneous effects
• Results– Legislated Emissions and Fuel Economy– Speciation / Non Legislated– Particulates detail (size v number)
• Summary
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• Low Viscosity
• Fuel in Contact with Tank and Engine
• Efficient Water Dispersion
• Mixes with Diesel Fuel
State-of-the-Art Technology
WaterDroplet
Fuel Soluble“Tail” of Additive
Water Soluble“Head”
of Additive
Water-in-Diesel Fuel
(PuriNOxTM Fuel)
Water
Fuel
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PuriNOx™
Additive Package
PuriNOx™
FuelPuriNOx™
Blending Unit
PuriNOx Performance Systems
Water
DieselFuel
Seasonal or Other
Components
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PuriNOx™ Performance Systems Fuel
Uniqueness of PuriNOx Fuel
Lubricity and Anti-CorrosionEquivalent to Diesel Fuel
Has Enhanced Safety PotentialCompared to Gaseous Fuels
Reduces NOx by 9 - 25% and Particulates by 25 - 50%
Handles Like Diesel Fuel and Remains Stable in Storage and Vehicle Tanks
Can be Used Immediately By Dispensing Fuel Directly into Vehicle Tanks
Uses Existing Storage, Distribution, and Vehicle Fueling Facilities
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Test Vehicle
• Euro 2 Volvo Olympian B10A bus, mechanically fuel injected with automatic gearbox
• Rated power Max. 183 kW @ 2000rpm, 1050 Nm torque @ 1450rpm
• Dynamometer road load simulated - 13,723 kg to represent vehicle weight + nominal 75 % passenger loading
• No changes were made to the engine set-up• No exhaust after-treatment on vehicle
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London Transport - Route 159
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London Transport Bus Cycle (LTB)
0
10
20
30
40
500
10
20
30
40
50
Speed (km/ h)Outer London (Phase 1) - Brixton to Trafalgar Square, 6.45km 1380 secs.
Inner London (Phase 2) - Trafalgar Square to Baker Street, 2.47km 901 secs.
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The V.T.E.C
Variable Temperature Emissions ChamberUnidirectional Air Flow system (-30 to +50ºC)
Fresh air make up
Air handling andconditioning
Ultra-high volumespeed tracking fans
26m long x 5.5 m high
Unique 48” Electric Dyno withHeavy Duty Vehicle Inertia Set(insulated and heated pit)
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PuriNOx Bus Program
• Fuels: – 1.Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD <50 ppm S), – 2. PuriNOx 10E (10% mass water),– 3. PuriNOx 20E (20% mass water).
• Exhaust after-treatment:– 1. None - Original Equipment (OE),– 2. Oxidation (AZ) Catalyst,– 3. Particulate trap.
• A two-stage programme looking at:– (i) MLTB Transient Cycle, (3 repeat tests in each condition)– (ii) Instantaneous changes from ULSD to PuriNOx fuels.
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Emissions Analysis
• Legislated emissions (THC, CO, NOx, CO2 PM) by bag
• Legislated emissions modal data• Volumetric fuel consumption• Exhaust gas temperature• HC Speciation and carbonyl analysis• Particulate Size via ELPI
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NOx Reduction (%) MLTB
0
9
18
1
15
21
-1
11
19
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
% R
edu
ctio
n
STD AZ cat PM trap
ULSD PuriNOx 10E PuriNOx 20E
13
0
20
43
22
49
70
84 8681
0
20
40
60
80
100
% R
edu
ctio
n
STD AZ cat PM trap
ULSD PuriNOx 10E PuriNOx 20E
PM Reduction (%)
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Fuel consumption (l/100km)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
OE exhaust AZ Catalyst Trap
ULSD PuriNOx 10E PuriNOx 20E
7.8%15.1%
2.4%6.7%
15.4%
2.7%5.3%
13.7%
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Non Legislated Emissions
Identified as Air Quality Parameters• Benzene• 1,3-Butadiene• Ozone• CO2 (Global Warming)• Formaldehyde (USA)• Specific interest in Particulate Size• VOF analysis of PM
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Speciation of gaseous emissions
• Protocol is as per that established at GM Milford laboratories with CARB approval
• Carbonyls - cartridge sampling of dilute exhaust to make 2,4 di-nitro phenylhydrazone, then HPLC
• Hydrocarbons - bag sampling then GC analysis separately for C1-C4 and C4-C12
• CARB procedure looks for 169 non-methane organic gas (NMOG) species
• Ozone forming potential is based on mass of chemical in gaseous stream multiplied by its CARB reactivity factor
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120E
mis
sio
ns
mg
/km
ULSD 116 22 5.2 2.8 4
PuriNOx 10E 90 21 5.3 2.6 4
PuriNOx 20E 70 16 3.1 1.6 5.2
Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acrolein 1,3 butadiene Benzene
EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants (OE)
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Typical size of Particulates
Particle Diameter in Microns (µm)
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
(1mm) (1cm)(1µm)(1nm)
Tobacco SmokePollen
Cement Dust
HumanHair
PM10
CombustionNuclei
Red BloodCellViruses
InsecticideDusts Beach Sand
Visible to Naked Eye
Wavelength ofVisible light
Typical Vehicle Particulates
PM2.5
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PM Mass v Size (AZ Catalyst)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0.01 0.1 1 10Size (µm)
Cu
mu
lati
ve M
ass
(mg
)
ULSD
PuriNOx 10EPuriNOx 20E
> 90% mass
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5 - 50 km/h Acceleration
14.3 15.8 17.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20Time (secs)
Sp
eed
(km
/h)
ULSD PuriNOx 10E PuriNOx 20E
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Lab Durability Test
• CAT C-12 Engine• CAT Highway Truck Cycle• 1000 hrs on PuriNOx
followed by 1000 hrs on Diesel
• Durability + Spot Emissions, Noise, Opacity
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Lab DurabilityOil Drain Wear Metals
Wear Metals - Iron and Copper in a Caterpillar C-12 Durability Test
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Engine Hours
PP
M
Iron (ppm)
Copper
Caterpillar Limit 100 ppm max
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Durability Test - Drain AnalysesTBN Retention
Caterpillar C-12 Durability Test
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Engine Hours
mg
KO
H/g TBN
TAN
Linear(TBN)Linear(TAN)
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PuriNOx Fuel Economy
In-Service Fuel Economy
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3
Duty Cycle
Fu
el E
con
om
y
Baseline(mpg)
PuriNOx(mpg)
%Penalty
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In-Service Opacity Results
In-Service Vehicle Opacity Test SAE J1667
0
20
40
60
80
100
JD 6059T Cummins
ISB230
Cat 3176 Cat
3208T
Pre Euro
T11
Engine Model
Opa
city Baseline
PuriNOx
%Reduction
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Morton Salt Drain Analyses
TBN Retention1995 Caterpillar 988F Wheel Loaderwith Caterpillar 3408 DITA Engine
using PuriNOx fuel
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
0 100 200 300 400 500Oil Hours
TB
N /
TA
N N
umbe
r (m
gKO
H/g
) TBN TAN
TBN TAN
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Morton Salt Drain Analyses
Viscosity @ 100 degrees C1995 Caterpillar 998F Wheel Loaderwith Caterpillar 3408 DITA Engine
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000Vehicle Hours
cSt-
100
C
Diesel PuriNOx
Upper Limit = 16.29
Lower Limit = 12.50
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Summary
• Relative to ULSD, PuriNOx 10 achieves a 9 % reduction in NOx and 20% reduction in particulates. PuriNOx 20 achieves reductions of 18% for NOx and 43% for particulates
• No detriment to exhaust after-treatment devices has been noted
• Non legislated emissions analysis shows further benefits
• Good engine durability performance is observed with conventional lubricant